Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PREFACE
In every organization management concerns with planning, organizing, directing and controlling of various marketing activities to attain the business objectives. It is the science and art of preparing plans and organizes then as well as direct the human efforts to control the force and utilize the materials for the benefits of human being. As an integral part of the curriculum, all MBA students are required to undergo a practical training in some industry. The main objective of this training is to supplement students theoretical knowledge with exposure to practical operation of an organization. This provide the student with better understanding of all functional areas of management and management skills applied in those functional areas. In pursuance of the said requirement, I did my Summer Training at Indian Farmers Fertilizers Cooperative Limited Aonla, one of the big producer of fertiliser in Asia. My project was INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATED RATIOS ANALYSIS of IFFCO. I had a contrast of both happiness and anxiety and had undergone difficulties also but with the immense assistance proper guidance and enough encouragement from the IFFCO officials and staff, the work went on smoothly and systematically. I really enjoyed working under congenial environment of IFFCO, Aonla.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Expression of sincere gratitude is just a partial acknowledgment. The
accomplishment of this project INVENTORY MANAGEMENT & ITS RELATED RATIO ANALYSIS would have not been possible individually without the encouragement, assistance & valuable support from various sources. My vocabulary falls short of word to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. RACHNA SAXENA who guided me continuously. She was my project guide in college. In IFFCO I got opportunity to carry out the present work under the guidance of Mr. SANDEEP GAMBHIR (Asst. Mgr.), Mr. AZEEM (Account officer) and Mr. A.K.DIXIT (Assistant Manager). I am very thankful to Mr. D. Kalia (Manager training) & Mr. K.K. Pandey (Sr. Training officer) who support me & helped me throughout the project. I am also thankful to Mr. D.R. Kundra (Sr. Manager-accounts) who helped me throughout the project with his supervision & guidance. I am thankful to Finance & Account staff & to all the employees of IFFCO who cooperated with me during my training period. I OWE A DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO ALL THE RESPONDENTS WHO GAVE ME VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR THE PROJECT.
LIST OF CONTENTS
1) List of abbreviation 2) Introduction to topic 3) INTRODUCTION ABOUT IFFCO 4) NEED OF THE STUDY 5) OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 6) HYPOTHESIS 7) METHODOLOGY a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) n) Inventory management Material department Purchase section Payment against purchase Delay in delivery Material coding Packing Inspection of material Accounting of raw material Insurance and verification Inventory control Techniques of Inventory control Different vouchers
m) Inventory software 8) DATA PRESENTAION AND ANALYSIS a) Ratio analysis of IFFCO 9) FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 10) SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 11) BIBLIOGRAPHY 12) ANNEXURE
LIST OF GRAPHS
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Q.C.S. T.O.I. T.O.P. F.O.R. M.P.R. N.I.T. S.O.R. B.O.Q. I.T.B. F.O.B. C.I.F. 5Rs Quotations comparison statement Telex of Indent Terms of Payment Free on Rail / Road Material Purchase Requisition Notice Inviting Tender Schedule of Rates Bill of Quantities Invitation to Bid Free On Board Cost Insurance & Freight Right Price, Right Quantity, Right Quality, Right Place, Right Source.
IFFCO IS:
1. 2. 3. Largest producer of fertilisers in the country No. of Plant Locations : Five Installed Annual Capacity (000 MT) a. b. c. d. UREA NPK/DAP TOTAL N - 4242.2 - 4335.4 - 2628.2
4. Only Fertiliser Institution in the country to produce 68.47 lakh MT of fertilisers and 93.24 lakh MT of sales during 2007-08. 5. Contributed about 20% to the total N and 25% to the total P2O5 produced in the country during the year 2007-08. 6. Fertilisers marketed through 39,564 Cooperative Societies and 158 Farmers Service Centers. 7. Service to the Farmers through a variety of programmes.
DIRECTORS
Shri Chandra Prakash Shri S.L. Dharme Gowda Shri Kartick Chandra Sarkar Shri Harminder Singh Jassi Shri M.Gopal Reddy Shri Ankushrao R.Tope Managing Director Dr. U.S.Awasthi Dy. Managing Director-cum-Marketing Director Shri D.K. Bhatt Dy. Managing Director Shri Rakesh Kapur Director (Technical) - Shri V.K. Bali Director (Coop. Development) Dr. G.N. Saxena Director (HRD) Shri S.K. Mishra
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BANKERS
India Overseas Bank State Bank of India Bank of Baroda Standard Chartered Bank The Maharashtra State Co-operative Bank Ltd. The West Bengal State Co-operative Bank Ltd. Madhya Pradesh State Co-operative Bank Ltd. The Karnatake State Co-operative Bank Ltd. The Punjab State Co-operative Bank Ltd. The Hongkong and Shanghai Baking Co-operation Ltd. ICICI Bank Ltd. IDBI Bank Ltd.
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The broad objectives of setting up this venture:1) Producing fertilisers. 2) Promoting the fertilisers distribution system in the co-operative sector. 3) Ensuring availability of fertilisers at the farmers doorstep. 4) Creating scientific awareness among farmers. 5) Promoting nations growth through modern family techniques. 6) Improving agricultural productivity through balanced fertiliser application. 7) Strengthening cooperation distribution system. 8) To promote the activity for enriching the life of the rural. IFFCO has grown steadily since its inception today. It has emerged not only as the largest fertiliser producing organization in India but also Asias largest fertiliser co-operative. IFFCO started with two modern plants at a cost of Rs. 976 million. One ammonia and urea complex at Kalol and NPK plant at Kandla both in Gujrat.
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Board of Directors
Managing Director
Director Marketing
Director Finance
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IFFCO Equity : 52% (Rs. 2.08 Crore) JPMC Equity : 48%, Activity : Phos. Acid Plant
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VISION To augment the incremental incomes of farmers by helping them to increase their crop
productivity through balanced use of energy efficient fertilisers; maintain the environmental health; and to make co-operative societies economically and democratically strong for professionalized services to the farming community to ensure an empowered rural India.
MISSION
IFFCOs mission is to enable Indian farmers to prosper through timely supply of reliable, high quality agricultural inputs and services in an environmentally sustainable manner and to undertake other activities to improve their welfare 1) To provide to farmers high quality fertilisers in right time and in adequate quantities with an objective to increase crop productivity. 2) To make plants energy efficient and continually review various schemes to conserve energy. 3) Commitment to health, safety, environment and forestry development to enrich the quality of community life. 4) Commitment to social responsibilities for a strong social fabric. 5) To institutionalize core values and create a culture of team building, empowerment and innovation which would help in incremental growth of employees and enable achievement of strategic objectives. 6) Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make working a stimulating and challenging experience for stakeholders. 7) Building a value driven organization with an improved and responsive customer focus. A true commitment to transparency, accountability and integrity in principle and practice.
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8) To acquire, assimilate and adopt reliable, efficient and cost effective technologies. 9) Sourcing raw materials for production of phosphatic fertilisers at economical cost by entering into joint ventures outside India. 10) 11) To ensure growth in core and non-core sectors. A true co-operative society commitment for fostering co-operative
Emerging as dynamic organization, focusing on strategic strengths, seizing opportunities for generating and building a past success, enhancing earning to maximize the shareholders value.
VISION 2010
In order to maintain the sustained pace of remarkable growth being achieved under mission-2005 the society is in the process of formulating another growth plan VISION 2010 which aims at:
1. Attaining an annual turnover of Rs.15000 crore by 2010 2. Installation of Ammonia and Urea plants including acquisition of fertilisers units. 3. Backwards integration to meet feedstock requirements such Phosphoric acid. 4. Generation of Power. 5. Exploration /Distribution of marketing of Hydrocarbons. 6. Value addition to agro-products and marketing. 7. Manufacturing of Petrochemicals, Banking and Financial services. 8. Information technology and IT enabled services. 9. Production and marketing of micronutrients seeds, biofertilisers, pesticides etc.
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APPROACH
To achieve our mission, IFFCO as a Cooperative society, undertakes several activities Covering a broad spectrum of areas to promote welfare of member cooperatives and farmers. The activities envisaged to be covered are exhaustively defined in IFFCOs Byelaws.
COMMITMENT
Our thirst for ever improving the services to farmers and member co-operatives is insatiable, commitment to quality is insurmountable and harnessing of mother earths bounty to drive hunger away from India in an ecologically sustainable manner is the prime mission. All that IFFCO cherishes in exchange is an everlasting smile on the face of Indian Farmer who forms the moving spirit behind this mission.
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Production of fertilisers
(previous best 70.13 lakh tonne in 2006-07) Highest production of urea 39.63 lakh tonne
(previous best 37.87 lakh tonne in 2006-07) Production of NPK/DAP/NP28.84 lakh tonne
(previous best 32.26 lakh tonne in 2006-07) Highest sale of fertilisers 93.24 lakh tonne
(previous best 86.10 lakh tonne in 2006-07) Highest sale of urea 54.29 lakh tonne
(previous best 52.41 lakh tonne in 2006-07) Highest sale of NPK/DAP/NP38.95 lakh tonne
(previous best 33.69 lakh tonne in 2006-07) Highest turnover Rs. 12163 crore
(previous best RS. 10330 crore in 2006-07) Profit before tax Rs. 380.52 crore
(previous best Rs. 807.09 crore in 2006-07 ) Profit after tax RS. 257.59 crore
(previous best Rs. 557.21 crore in 2006-07 ) Highest marketing productivity 6158 tonne per employee
Plant productivity
(previous best 1669 tonne/employee in 2006-07) Lowest energy consumption-urea - 5.907 G cal/tonne (previous best 5.992 G cal/tonne in 2006-07 )
IFFCO ASSOCIATES
1. INDUSTRIES CHIMIQUES DU SENEGAL 2. OMAN INDIA FERTILISER COMPANY S.A.O.C. 3. INDIAN POTASH LTD. 4. NATIONAL COMMODITY & DERIVATIVES EXCHANGE LTD. 5. NATIONAL COLLATERAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES LTD. 6. COOPERATIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT TRUST 7. KISAN SEWA TRUST 8. IFFCO FOUNDATION 9. LEGEND INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS INC
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AWARDS GALORE
KALOL UNIT
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Seven awards received for overall performances from FAI. Two awards for industrial safety from GOI. Award for technical innovation from FAI. Two Rajya Bhasha Shield for promoting Hindi. Award for safety from National Safety Council, Chicago. Indo German greentech environment excellence award.
PHULPUR UNIT
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Four awards for productivity from NPC. Six national safetys award from GOI. Two awards for overall performance from FAI. Two awards for technical innovation from FAI. FAIs Award for Best Overall Performance of an operating fertiliser unit for Nitrogen Three national energy conservation awards. Three awards for best environmental protection from FAI. Best environmental excellence awards from Indo German green tech foundation. Best technical paper award by FAI.
(Ammonia and Urea) Plant jointly with Zuari Industries Limited, Goa.
KANDLA UNIT
1) 2) 3) 4) Twelve safety awards from national safety council Bombay GOI. Twenty-three safeties award from Gujarat. Raj Bhasa award for promoting Hindi. Six awards for overall performance from FAI.
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AONLA UNIT
1) Award for best implemented project ( 2nd price) from GOI. 2) Award for conservation of energy from GOI.
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LOCATION State State Capital Distance from Lucknow Distance from New Delhi Nearest Airport Railway Station Road Area under Plant Area under Township Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 280 Km. 260 Km. New Delhi Aonla (10 Km. from the Plant) Plant is In BareillyAonla Bareilly highway. 260 Hectares 220 Hectares
: Ammonia- Urea Complex commissioned in 1988 : Rs. 651.6 Crore AONLA- I : 1996 : Rs. 954.7 Crore AONLA- II : Rs.149.2 Crore
PRODUCT
TECHNOLOGY
AMMONIA UREA N
The IFFCO AONLA Unit is located in the Gangetic Plains of Uttar Pradesh in Bareilly district about 28 Km. Southwest on Bareilly-Aonla Road. It was set up on 08 January
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1985 and started commercial urea production at 16 July 1988. The infrastructure of AONLA unit is very big and constructed on 713 acres of land. IFFCO Aonla unit is the most efficient and quality-wise as well as environmental oriented unit so that M/s KPMG Peat Marwick, a quality registrar has certified it as ISO: 9002 unit and M/s BVQI London has accredited it as ISO:14001 unit. The Aonla unit, an Ammonia- urea complex is comprised of the two phases: AONLA-1 AOLLA-2 AONLA -1 was established in 1988 and it was digested to nation by honourable Prime Minister of India late Shri Rajeev Gandhi on 17 May 1989. AONLA-2 was established in1996 December. This unit was designed to nation by honorable Prime Minister of India Shri I.K. Gujral on 28 Jan 1997.
Project zero date 08.01.1985 Mechanical completion 08.01.1988 Ammonia production 15.05.1988 started Urea production started feedstock 18.05.1988 Natural gas
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Following enhancement in capacity has been envisaged with a total annual increase in Urea Capacity by 5.115 lakh MT: Name of Unit Phulpur-1 Phulpur-2 Aonla-1 Aonla-2 Total Present Capacity ( MTPD) 1670 2620 2620 2620 9530 Proposed Capacity (MTPD) 2080 3000 3000 3000 11080 Increase in
The installed cost for the Enhanced Capacity is estimated at about Rs. 19 lakh per MTPD of Urea as against the Rs. 65-70 lakh per MTPD Urea in case of a Grassroots Plant. Therefore De-bottlenecking of existing Urea Units is the best route to create additional capacity. IFFCO has initiated action for De-bottlenecking of its plant at Aonla and Phulpur Units for Capacity Enhancement. We are awaiting final clearance from DOF. Incidentally this will also reduce the subsidy to Government vis a vis imported Urea.
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General Manager
General Manager
JGM/CM Technical
JGM/CM Comm.
JGM/CM F&A
Process
Purchase
F& A
Electrical
Offsite
Store
Product Handling
Traffic
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Organisation Structure
FINANCE & ACCOUNT DEPARTMENT
BOOKS/FICC CELL
FINANCIAL CONCURRENCE
BILL SECTION
PAYROLL SECTION
PSL SECTION
Supply Section
Work Order
Indigenous supply
Imported supply
Work contract
Service contract
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Manager (Account)
Manager (Account)
Manager (Account)
Manager (Account)
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BOOKS SECTION
This section basically deals with accounting function, maintenance and keeping of records. The various functions include: a. Books: Preparing and maintaining balance sheets. b. IFCC (Fertiliser Industries Coordination committee) c. Costing & Pricing Cells d. Reporting
Taxation Section
As per the status and operations of the society, It deals with the following Taxes:a. Central Excise Duty b. Income Tax c. Service Tax d. Sales Tax
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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The main aim of study is to check the efficiency and effectiveness of inventory management system. Investment in inventory incurs a high cost. Therefore effective management is necessary to minimize the cost and ultimately increases profitability of an organization. A part from our main objective our main objectives are: 1) To analyze the level of investment in inventory by IFFCO. 2) To analyze the financial position of the company. 3) To give suggestion if any, regarding effective inventory management. Or To give suggestions to ensures smooth and uninterrupted supply without making unnecessary investment of funds in inventory.
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HYPOTHEIS
IFFCO is a big organization. It is very typical for it to manage the inventory. This report is basically concerned on how to manage inventory in a more effective way. There is any alternative by which it can be managed in a better way or the tradition inventory management is better.
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METHODOLOGY
The data has been collected from the primary resources as questionnaire. Then it was distributed to all the employees of the finance department and purchase department. The questionnaire is built considering the availability of data and convenience. Data were collected through the inventory software, databases, net and by asking questions. The collected data is captured into the questionnaire for the analysis. There is no manual coding. I have also included some financial data with the help of annual report. The data is collected with the help of questionnaire and observation. In the questionnaire all the relevant questions regarding the inventory management are included. Here we have used convenience sampling that is we have selected the data according to our convenience. I have followed that results which are quite similar in responses.
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SOURCES OF DATA
There were various sources for collecting the data. But I have collected data from some of the resources that are as following1) Questionnaire 2) Internet 3) Annual report of IFFCO 4) Accounting manual of IFFCO 5) From the stores 6) By the inventory software (PSL) that is used in IFFCO
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Inventory of Finished Goods : All goods manufactured during a particular period may not be sold immediately. These are to be kept in warehouse. The idea is to uncouple the production and sales function so that it is no longer necessary to produce the goods before a sale can occur. The application of managerial function on the basis of management principles in the field of inventory is termed as inventory management. Managerial functions are performed with respect to inventory; it may be called inventory management. The objective of inventory management is to plan the optimum size of inventory which is neither excessive nor deficient and is timely available. For timely availability along with optimum size, there is need for controlling as well. Only on the basis of various control techniques one can ensures whether inventory would be timely available. But effective control in itself depends upon organizing and coordination. Thus, inventory management comprises the functions of planning, controlling and organizing the types of all goods, quantity, status, flow and time- sequence etc.
In marketing management, marketing manager aims at satisfying ever increasing demands for improved customers service by having large inventory of inside goods. In financial management, finance manager will effort towards to keep investments in different types of inventory at a minimum possible level so that the business concern may earn maximum return.
MATERIAL DEPARTMENT
Material Department is responsible for the proper handling of inputs and controlling of material inputs. Proper handling of input materials ensures the smooth running of plant. Material department recognizes the need of the input materials and arranges them for the plant. It includes the procurement, verification and controls of materials in right quantity and at right time to facilities the production function. Material management includes two important functions: Purchasing Storing and control of materials Purchase section ( It is responsible for purchasing of materials ) Store section ( It stores the inputs)
These both sections are interrelated and perform their function on coordination. All purchases are to be made only by the materials department except purchases of petty item through some vouchers and Department Managers within the limits prescribed in purchase procedure. Material purchase indent should give following information: 1) Quantity in stores 2) Average monthly consumption since last purchase for stock items 3) Maximum /minimum level 4) Last purchase order reference 5) Reorder level
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PURCHASE SECTION
The purchase department is at the interface of internal and external department. Purchase department do enquiry about the inputs whether it is required or not. This enquiry is done in two ways that are: 1) Single stage 2) Two stage After enquiry purchase department invites a tender. After confirmation of all terms and conditions the department contacts the supplier and orders for the inputs. Thus it is responsible for purchasing of materials and other raw materials whatever is required by the organization. Purchase department is responsible for the delivery of right amount of material at the right time and at the right location to avoid the hampering of the production. Purchasing is distinct from buying. Purchasing involves the extra knowledge as the tenders, various vendors, their prices, comparison between them, after sale service, dispatching follow up and payment terms. The purchase department considers various things before purchasing the raw materials. 1. Information about the input material 2. Sources of material- vendor 3. Reasonable price of that material 4. All terms and conditions Indentor is that person which raises the indent.
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PURCHASE PROCESS
The purchase process can be expressed as following:
INDENTOR
Opening
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1)
RAISING OF INDENT: First of all the indentor raises the indent. This
indentor may belong to any department. Now the indentor informs to the store. If that particular material is not available at the particular point of time then store informs to the purchase department. After it the working of purchase department starts. 2) RECOGNITION OF NEED: The purchase department recognizes the need of
indentor and checks whether that material is available in the store or not. The availability of input material at all points of time is the responsibility of purchase department. 3) REQUISITION TO PURCHASE: This is an intimation to purchase
department by the indentor that he has need of certain materials. He raises indent by filling a form Material Purchase Requisition (MPR). In this he gives several information like:a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Material description/ Proposed Reason Item code/ proposed code Unit Quantity required Value Budget code MPR No. Indentor
4) MRP SCRUTINY: Next step involves scrutinizing of the MRP to certified the genuinely of the need, for this, first approval to given by immediate higher authority of the indentor. Next, the MRP is send to the stores, to check whether the material is available or not. If it is not available the MRP goes to the purchase department. For further action. Here it is scrutinize in three ways : Approval scrutiny Budget scrutiny Technical scrutiny
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5) SENDING or ENQUIRY/INVITATION TO BID: Enquiry can be done by two types: I. II. Single stage Two stage SINGLE STAGE: Single stage is followed when there is no or very few chance of technical deviation. Here there is no restriction on supplier or vendor. This enquiry is done in case of nonproprietary items. TWO STAGE: Two stage enquiry is followed when there is more chances of technical deviation. This enquiry is done in case of proprietary items. Items can be classified in to two categories keeping in view the purchasing function Proprietary items: These are those items e.g. spares which have to be bought from particular supplier or vendor. Nonproprietary items: These are those for which there is no restriction on vendor. Enquiry is sent in order to know the prices and other terms and conditions of vendors. Bidding can be done in three ways-
I. II.
Proprietary bidding: This is for the proprietary items and is sent to only one vendor. Here the proprietor is invited to set a competitive price. Limited tender enquiry: This is done for non proprietary items and bids are invited from a limited no. of vendors selected from the registered vendors with the company.
III.
Press tender/Open bidding: If the amount involved in purchase is more than three lakhs and the item is non proprietary then press tenders are issued in various news papers. There may be global tenders also.
6) Receiving of offers: After all the bids have been submitted the tenders are opened before tender committee to compare the quotations44
Quotations comparison statement (QCS) is made and bid with lowest quotation is generally chosen. QCS is also sent to the technical department and in consultation with it one more than one offer are chosen, giving quality and price the top priority. Quotation must be technically acceptable. Generally technically acceptable L-1 bidder is chosen. 7) Purchase order: After selecting the best offer, purchase order is sent to that vendor with all the terms and conditions specified and details of the material to be purchased are also given. A bank guarantee of performance is taken from the vendor in advance which is usually 5% of the P.O.A. time limit is set for delivery of consignment and in case of delay a penalty is imposed @ 5% of P.O. per week.
8) Receipt of materials: After the consignment reaches the stipulated place, the payment is done by the organization according to the purchase terms agreed upon by the two parties. The material is checked for quality conditions, quantity and then sent to the store where the store releases the Stores Receipt Voucher (SRV). From here it is delivered to the indentor. Normal payment is done after 30 days from the receipt or acceptance of material.
9) Follow up done for every order: It may be regarding delay in supply, changes in price, defective or damaged items supplied etc. For every indent, a separate file is opened and correspondence goes on. For every step, recommendations of indentor, manager (F& A), materials manager & general manager are sought. In case of damaged input materials the store does not accept the materials. A rejection report is prepared in case of damaged items.
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1.
If both the parties are agreed upon advance payment that is specifically provided in the contract order, only then advance payment is given. The advance payment to contractors shall be made against submission of bank guarantee in the Performa provided by IFFCO. Advance payment against indemnity bond shall not be released as provided in the purchase procedure.
2.
In case the terms of payment provide for full payment or part payment against dispatch documents through bank, the supplier will be negotiating the documents through the bankers. After the documents are received by the bankers, they are forwarding bank intimation along with a copy of the purchase order to ascertain that the invoice is raised for the material ordered and conforms to the other terms and conditions of purchase order. After the intimation from the bank is received the invoice of the suppliers will be scrutinized by the finance and account department for the following-
Purchase order number Whether materials supplied are as specified in the purchase Whether materials supplied are as specified in the purchase order. Quantity supplied. Price basis whether F.O.R. or Ex-works Whether excise duty, sale tax and other taxes are as per the order. Whether bank charges are claimed as per the purchase order. Other terms and conditions of the purchase order.
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Where there is delay in supplying the material and the payment through bank is 90% to 95%. It should be ensured that penalty for delay, as provided in the purchase order, is recovered before releasing the balance payment. Where payment required to be made, a clarification is to be sought from materials department and proper approval taken for waiving of penalty or otherwise before retiring documents. The payments under the contracts must be regulated as per the expressed terms and conditions. Any payment not covered by the contractual terms and conditions should not be released.
In case the purchase order provides the 100% payment after receiving of materials and accepted payment is to be released after the MRR is received from the stores department. In case the purchase order dispatch documents and the balance payment after receipt of materials, the balance payment may also to be released after the MRR is received and it is confirmed that the material has been accepted after inspection and taken on charge.
Before released of the payment, the invoices should be scrutinized as the case of payments released through bank. In addition it should also be verified whether all the items invoiced have been received, inspected and accepted per the MRR.
DELAY IN DELIVERY
In any contract, the time and date of the delivery is the essence of the contract. In the event of delay in the execution of the order beyond the date of delivery as stipulated in the order, the project authorities may take following actions 1. Accept delayed delivery at price reduced by a sum equivalent to 0.5 % if the value goods not delivered for every week of delay or part thereof limited to a maximum of 5% of the contract value.
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OR 2. Cancel the order in part or full and purchase such cancelled materials from elsewhere on account and at the risk of the suppler without prejudice to his right inspect of goods delivered.
IMPORTED MATERIAL
Materials procured may be either indigenous or imported. For major projects the foreign contracts are normally finalized at head office level and payment against these contracts are made by the concerned unit. Where the order has been placed by the unit directly, they will make the payment to the foreign party by debiting to the appropriate advance account. If the payments are made through L/C against documents, the same shall be debited to advances to foreign suppliers account. On receipt of material at site, project engineer shall prepared the MRR and sent same to project accounts for clearing the suppliers advance account for material. Clearing and handling of imported material is the responsibility of material department on the arrival of ship the materials will be cleared with reference to the invoices and bills. For any short landing or breakage between the port of dispatch and port of destination, claim action shall be taken by them.
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MATERIAL CODING
It is very typical for the every organization to maintain the stock items in case of large number of items. It will be very typical to identify them at the time of requirement. So the items are coded to avoid confusion. For the coding of materials the account person assigns code for every item of store. Thus every item has a code that is called its material code. Material coding facilitates the account persons and store manager to maintain the transactions of the items whether of receiving or of issuing. Every item maintained by its code in the stock as well as in the store accounting section. The item/material code remains same in stores and accounting section. Whenever a transaction is done in store for the inventories the full details of that transaction is send to store accounting section also, because the computers of stores and accounting section are connected through Local Area Network. (LAN) In this way it is very comfortable task to maintain the inventories on the inventory software with the help of material coding.
Advantages of codification
1. Lengthy descriptions are replaced by a simple code. 2. It economizes space in forms and reduces clerical work. 3. Ease in identification of stores. 4. It is comprehensive. 5. It facilitates, mechanized accounting. 6. Secrecy of description can be maintained. 7. It ensures clarity.
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CODING
There are different types of coding that are as follows: a) Numeric: Each item is given a number. b)Alphabetic: Each item is denoted by a combination of alphabets. If the alphabet selected indicates the inventory sound when it is pronounced, it is known as mnemonic system. This helps in remembering the codes. c) Alphanumeric: It is a combination of alphabets and numeric code. d)Decimal System: It is basically a numeric system; sub-group may be indicated by decimals. In IFFCO 12 digits coding is done. The various codes for the different materials are as follows: 1. Ammonia 11 2. Urea 3. Offsite - 12 - 13
4. Product handling -14 5. Power plant -15 2 digits = for the plant location 3 digits = for the equipment 3 digits = for the material 3 digits = for the size and 1 digit = for the item identification.
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Inspection of Material
The material department shall coordinate with other departments and arrange inspection of material at vendors shop prior to dispatch. Inspection of materials in other cases shall be carried out on receipt of materials at site. Only materials those cleared by the inspection will be taken on charge in stores. The person inspecting the material will sign
on the stores receipt voucher in token of having inspected and accepted the material. Generally indentor is called upon for the inspection of the material.
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Sometimes inspection is done at the gate of IFFCO. Only after inspection material enters into the store. If there is any damage in the material or they are insufficient in quantity then rejection report is prepared. Its copies are distributed among all the parties which are involved in it.
Damaged/Short/Rejected Materials
If the materials are received short or in damaged condition, there are some conditions in this regard. In cases where the responsibility for the transit insurance is on IFFCO, a claim should be lodged with insurance company for the value of material plus incidentals. This insurance is done by IFFCO TOKIO GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY. As soon as the shortage per damage of the materials is noticed the material department will lodge the provisional claim with the underwriters and pass on the relevant papers to the finance & accounts department for lodging monetary claim. In respect of transit insurance claims bill section will pass an adjustment Entry debiting claim recoverable account and credit the Advance to Vendors account. After the adjustments the bill section sent the copy of journal voucher along with all necessary details such as P.O. No. , MRR No. quantity and value, name of the supplier to the insurance section for following up the claim with the insurance company. Where the responsibility for short supply or damages in transit is of the suppliers, the material department should take up the matter with the supplier for arranging replacement. A report is prepared in this case. Its copies are sent to the supplier, purchase department and finance and account department.
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Indigenous Ammonia
The indigenous ammonia is supplied by KRIBHCO / GNFC to Kandla unit. The quantity received is accounted at the price payable to the party which is fixed by the Govt. of India. This price is fixed at par with the landed cost of imported ammonia.
Potash
Potash purchase orders are placed by the commercial department time to time depending on the material requirement. The material received valued at agreed price plus local sales tax and freight for transportation of material up to plant site. The finance department at head office ensure that payment for these raw materials are released on due dates to avoid interest liability. After releasing
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the payments the inter unit debit advice is sent to plant. On receipt of the payment advices the suppliers account is adjusted in the plant.
Natural Gas
Kalol and Aonla plant consume as feed stock and fuel. As per the contract with ONGC, gas is supplied to IFFCO at the price fixed by Govt. of India from time to time. The meters provided at the inlet point in the plants are the basis for monthly billing. Meter reading is carried out jointly by ONGC / GAIL and IFFCO representatives. The unit sends the telex to head office for making payment to ONGC / GAIL after due certification of bill by the head of technical department about quantity of gas received.
Naphtha
Naphtha is supplied by IOC against advance payment terms. There are excise duty concessions available for these items provided they are consumed for manufacture of fertilisers. Accounts department in coordination with production department shall ensure that all the excise duty requirements are fulfilled that the duty concessions are fully availed. The inventory is valued based on the quantity received as per MRR received from production department on monthly basis. The price payable to IOC for naphtha is fixed by the Govt. by time to time the naphtha is supplied to Kalol unit from Mathura refinery.
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STORE SECTION
Store of any organization is of vital importance. It is the responsibility of stores to receive the material required by the organizations operations to keep it properly & to issue it as when required. The stores are divided in two subsections for greater flexibility like receipt and custody section. In IFFCO there are two stores. a. Store A for Aonla-1( this store contains that spares which are used by Aonla-1) b. Store B for Aonla-2 unit.( it contains mainly catalysts used by Aonla-2 ) Store has the following warehouses: Main Store Cement godown Petrol Pump Cable yard Chemical godown Paint godown PDIL store
A.
RECEIPT SECTION This section is responsible for receiving the materials and inspecting them. The process involves following steps.
1)
The document regarding the material may be sent to the stores, purchase, concerned department. But ultimately they have to be send to stores. The documents may be: Goods receipt / railway receipt / challan Form Excise duty
2) 3) 4)
The particulars of the document are noted in the carrier receipt register (CRR). After the entry in the register, the document is given to an agent termed as handling contractor. He will collect the material. Consignments cases are intact. If not he will ask for open delivery. Then he has to deliver the goods to stores. In case of damage he has to give a certificate. Some
55
consignment may without document i.e. door delivery and is some cases it may be face to face delivery. 5) CRR. 6) The next operation is filling the stores receipt vouchers (SRV). Here the quantity mentioned in challan and purchase order are compared, SRV Has 7 copies, two for accounts and one for each purchase, stores, indentor, master file & custody section. 7) Inspection is done by the indentor: Suppose all items are accepted then the material is handed to custody section after putting identification & giving a SRV control number. If some items are defective then the accepted items will be sent to custody and for defective ones, information is sent to supplier, accounts, indentor & insurance company and the particulars noted in rejection register. If there is some breakage then either item may be replaced by company or claim against insurance is obtained, when an item is replaced, its dispatch advice is made. 8) Direct charge SRV (DCSRV) is prepared when indentor wants material directly from receipt section. If any discrepancy is found during checking, the accounts section is informed for necessary action and getting claim from insurance company. The date of receipt is filled in
B)
CUSTODY SECTION -
This section is responsible for proper keeping of materials and issuing them when required by different department and contractors. The material received here is first checked as per SRV for every material there is a card. These cards are located in bins according to code of material is received in custody the card information is updated. When someone wants to issue certain material he has to fill the store issue voucher (SIV). Once the item is issued again information is updated in the kardex. When a particular part is returned then this received in stores, by internal stores return voucher (ISRV). After issuing the material the number of issue and the quantity issued is noted in SIV control registers. Custody section takes care of spares.
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SPARES About 36848 spares of Aonla Unit-1 are housed in store and 17799 spares of Aonla Unit-2 are housed in store. Spares have been classified plant wise. The first digit of the code of item is numbered according to given criterion Ammonia Urea Product handling Power Sp. Equipments General items
In IFFCO inventory is divided into two types: i. ii. General and Spares General are those inputs which can be used at various sites as wire, pipe etc. Spare are those inputs which are specific to a particular plant and are of particular size.
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AONLA UNIT -1
Verified A Class in the General Spar year e 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 0 Total 134 0 0 0 0 1 0 402 0 403
B Class
General Spar e 0 0 0 22 72 49 384 23 550 0 0 0 20 122 0 630 112 884
C Class
General Spar e 0 7 3 8323 3512 41 3982 229 16097 1 1 6 1038 1 1277 0 4072 613 1638 1
Unclassified
General Spar e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 523 523 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1876 1876
Total
General Spare 0 7 3 8345 3584 90 4500 775 17304 1 1 6 10401 1400 0 5104 2631 19544
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Verified A Class in year 2001-02 2002-03 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 0 0 0 0 0 134 0 Total 134 the General Spar e 0 0 0 1 0 389 0 389
B Class
General Spar e 110 0 0 0 0 257 0 367 271 0 0 0 0 626 0 897
C Class
General Spar e 203 2 2713 1185 13 1428 159 5703 393 11 5353 311 4 2204 219 9055
Unclassified
General Spar e 0 0 0 0 0 0 139 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 1115 1115
Total
General Spare
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General Outline of stores Function: a. The authority of receipt, store and issue of all material is centralized in the materials department subject to exception in permitted in certain cases. In certain cases a nominal stock of few consumable items can be permitted with uses departments such as maintenance, laboratory and administration department for meeting emergencies. In addition certain chemicals are permitted to be stored in production department due to the operational needs. b. The authority of storage of packing materials like bags is vested with bagging department. The bagging department receives the material, gets it inspected in laboratory, issued the same for product bagging and maintains the stocks. c. Maintenance of records for all quantitative transaction of packing material is the responsibility of bagging department. Similarly the raw materials are handled by production department with all responsibilities in respect of quantity accounting.
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account. A monthly abstract also be prepared and passed on to works accounts group for check. g) Details for receipts and issue of materials received / issued on loan shall be maintained by the store account section loan transactions shall be approved by the competent authority. It is the responsibility of material department to take action to square up the transactions within the reasonable time. h) Inter unit transfer of material shall be accounted at cost basis freight and other incidental charges shall be borne by the transferee unit. i) Materials issued to contractors shall be priced at the monthly weighted average rate and debited to materials issued to contractors account. The accounting for the difference between issue price and recovery price provided in the contract shall be Cleared by the accounts section dealing with the works. Recovery should be predefined basis and must be uniform. j) For material returned to stores, return note shall be priced by the stores accounting section at the same rate which it was issued and the Value shall be debited to the relevant code of stores and spares parts inventory accounts by credit to the cost center / job number where the material is received back. The return note shall be priced on the basis of the original issue requisition against which the material was drawn if such reference is available, otherwise the same should valued at the prevailing average monthly rate applicable to that material. k) No material shall be transferred to one card to another card without giving proper information to the stores account section. Such transfers shall be made by means of a transfer voucher on receipt of such transfer voucher and pass adjustment entries by debiting and crediting respective accounts. l) Under the mechanized system of store accounting, all documents, such as MRRs issue notes return notes and transfer vouchers shall be sent to the EDP section after exercising the prescribed checks. The EDP section shall prepare the all accounting abstracts with the summary figures with monthly journal entry. In addition, it shall
62
prepare the priced store ledger. Ledger abstract for all items transacted during the month giving the opening stock, receipts, issues and past closing balance shall also be prepared. A copy of this statement shall be forwarded to store section for verification of the bin card balances. Discrepancy if any shall be reconciled by the store section with the stores accounts section. m) The price store ledger balance for each category store shall reconciled value wise with the control account balance in the ledger wherever possible. The accounts section shall draw out reconciliation on monthly basis. After reconciliation a monthly material consumption statement, cost center wise, is prepared and circulated to concerned department by the 10th of following month for verification of its correctness and for monitoring the budgeted expenditure, if any discrepancy is reported, the same is adjusted in the ensuring month.
Verification of Inventories
The officer of stores will coordinate the job of physical verification and the accounts officer in charge shall render all assistance to ensure that the physical verification of inventories is carried out as per the policy and the policy and the approved program. The store department will ensure that the posting in the Kardex are updated before the verification of inventories. Kardex contains all the information that is in the store. The inventories are classified in three categories for verification purpose. Raw material & Packing materials Stores, Chemicals & Spare parts Finished products
The stocks of raw materials, packing materials and finished products are to be verified on quarterly basis by an independent surveyor by the society. No adjustments need be carried out in the books of accounts unless the discrepancies in liquid raw materials and solid raw material are in excess of 1% to 5% respectively. This is as per guidelines issued by the head office. In case of finished goods also the same principle applied except that no adjustments in the books of accounts shall be made. However the stock registers shall be adjusted on the basis of actual stock in order to replace the notional figures of stocks by more accurate estimate based on physical verification. The inventories for other items such as stores, spares, construction materials etc. are also verified every year keeping in view ABC analysis of stock items value and exercise of verification may be completed by March every year.
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For the purpose of verification of stores, chemicals & spare parts shall be classified in to A, B, C categories. Categories A B C Value (Rs. per unit) Above Rs. 50,000/10,001 to 50,000/Below Rs. 10,000/Quantum of Verification 100% 70% 25%
A team of stock verifiers shall prepare a stock verification sheet giving the kardex balance and the physical balance of each item covered in the stock verification. After filling up the particulars of the value and quality discrepancies with reference to the priced stores ledger balance, the stock verification sheets shall be forwarded to the materials department for scrutiny and reconciliation and adjustment in consultation with finance department accepted shortage shall be processed for the approval of the competent authority.
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Internal Check
1) One set of document for receipts, issues and return of materials shall be sent to the
accounting section of finance department. Based on these documents, priced store ledger shall be prepared for each item for stores. The material code number between stores and accounts shall be identical. The priced store ledger shall provide value of each receipt, Issue and return transaction along with quantity ledger. The quantity balance appearing in priced store ledger shall serve as counter check for accuracy of bin card balance in store which is essential for proper functioning of inventory control system 2) The priced store ledger shall not be maintained for large number of low value
items such as stationery, medicines, canteen stores etc. in this case the expenditure shall be charged to the appropriate expense account at time purchase. Quantitative record shall be kept by the concerned department and shall be produced as and when required for audit purpose.
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Inventory Control
Inventory control is concerned with minimizing the total cost of inventory. The three main factors in inventory control decision making process are:
a. b.
The cost of holding the stock (e.g., based on the interest rate). The cost of placing an order (e.g., for row material stocks) or the set-up cost of production. The cost of shortage, i.e., what is lost if the stock is insufficient to meet all demand.
c.
The third element is the most difficult to measure and is often handled by establishing a "service level" policy, e. g, certain percentage of demand will be met from stock without delay. The Inventory Management system and the Inventory Control Process provides information to efficiently manage the flow of materials, effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate internal activities, and communicate with customers. Inventory Management and the activities of Inventory Control do not make decisions or manage operations; they provide the information to Managers who make more accurate and timely decisions to manage their operations. Inventory control is a systematic control and regulation of purchase and usage of materials in such a way so as to maintain an even flow of production at the same time avoiding excessive investment in inventories. Efficient material control reduces losses and wastage of materials that otherwise pass unnoticed. Inventory control is the core of material management. The need and importance of inventories varies in direct proportion to the idle time cost of men and machinery, and urgency of requirements. If men and machinery in the factory could wait and so could the customers, materials good not lie in want for them and no inventory need to be carried. But it is highly uneconomical to keep the men and machine waiting and the requirements for modern life are so urgent that they can not wait for materials to arrive after the need for them has arisen. Because materials constitute a significant part of the total production cost of the product. Thus, cost is controllable to some extent; proper planning and controlling of inventories are of great importance. If investment in inventory will be more then the company has to bear carrying cost and that finance can not be utilized.
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A good inventory management policy should ensure smooth and uninterrupted supply without making unnecessary investment of funds in inventory. This requires that inventory management policy must balance the requirements of the following two opposing and conflicting ends: i) ii) To maintain a large quantity for smooth operation and efficient customers services. To maintain only a minimum possible inventory because holding costs and opportunity cost of funds invested in inventory.
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Scientific control of inventories should serve the following purposes: 1) To provide the continuous flow of required materials, parts and components for efficient uninterrupted flow of production. 2) To minimize investment in inventories keeping in view operating requirements. 3) To provide for efficient store of materials so that inventories are protected from losses by fire and threat and handling time and costs are kept at minimum. 4) To keep surplus and absolute items to minimum. 5) To protect the inventory against deterioration, obsolescence and unauthorized use. 6) To ensure that finished goods are available for delivery to customers just to fulfill the orders.
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Reduction of surplus stock is an essential requirement inventory control. Various techniques are available to solve the various types of problems associated with inventory control:1) Min-Max plan 2) Order cycling system 3) Fixation of various levels 4) Use of control ratios 5) Review of slow and non-moving items 6) The ABC Analysis
1) Min-Max plan:
In this plan analyst lays down a maximum and minimum for each stock item. Minimum level establishes the reorder point and order is placed for quantity of material, which will bring it to the maximum level.
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It is the quantity of materials beyond which a firm should not exceed its stocks. If the quantity exceeds maximum level limit then it will be overstocking. Maximum Level = Re-ordering level + Re-ordering Quantity-(Minimum Consumption*Minimum Re-ordering period)
Cost of average stock = [Cost of opening stock + Cost of closing stock] / 2 Inventory turnover ratio [in days] =Days during the period /Inventory turnover ratio.
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Comprehensibility Inventory system range from the utterly simple to the complex ones. Irrespective of how simple or how complex a system is, regardless of whether it is automated or manual, it should be clearly understood by all affected parties. The system must be properly explained to all concerned people so that its purpose, logic and rationale are transparent. This generates enthusiasm for the system and enhances its credibility. Otherwise it is likely to be perceived as a mysterious Black box of dubious value. Adaptability The questions raised in this context are: 1. Is the system responsive to change? 2. Can new products, new situations and new requirements be handled by the system? A certain degree of flexibility and adaptability must be desired into the system to make it versatile. Of course this cannot be and this should not be carried too far. The system must not provide for every possible and imaginable contingency. If it is developed with this ideal, it is likely to be a complex monstrosity. Remember the caveat that the design of any system should ordinarily take care of about 90% of the cases, leaving the balance 10% to be handled by hand. Timeliness Inventories may suffer loss in value on account of a variety of factors. The more common sources of value decline are: Obsolescence caused by changes in technology & shifts in consumer taste. Physical deterioration with the passage of time. Price fluctuation because of inherent volatility of certain commodities
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The inventory system should be capable of inducing timely action. It should provide adequate forewarning which triggers appropriate corrective steps
Inventory Software
In IFFCO the PSL software is used for the management of inventories. This software holds all the transactions of the stocks. So this software helps much in maintenance of stocks. It makes very easy to account persons to maintain the transactions of inventories. A part of this software is installed on the systems of the stores, whenever a transaction is made in the store, the details of that transaction is reaches to the systems of the store accounting section, because both the systems are connected in the local area network (LAN). So with the help of LAN environment it is very easier to accountants to retrieve the information regarding the transactions made by the stores. Apart from this, this software has the variety of qualities which we can discuss with the help of menus of software. There are six different menus in this software these are as follows: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Data entry Queries Reports Processing Calculator Exit
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Data Entry
Document entry
Adjustment SIV
Adjustment ISRV
The very first menu that is data entry is used for the various types of entries of transactions. In the data entry menu there are several options shown in above diagram.
Document Entry:
This option is used to enter the data in various types of documents like SRV, SIV, ISRV, STV (in), STV (out) etc.
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Adjustment Entry:
With the help of this option we may easily make the adjustments in the stock issue voucher (SIV), due to any previous adjustment. If the value of material has wrongly feed in the documents or the valuation is high then it is used to decreases the value of that material.
Adjustment ISRV:
This option of data entry menu has the same working in issue stock return voucher (ISRV). This is used whenever the valuation of any material has to increase. Thus easily adjustments are made.
Physical Verification:
In case of verification of stock the person responsible for stock verification estimates a range of items for verification and after verifies the selected range of items, they punched the quantity verified or lock the verified quantity till the next verification.
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REPORTS MENU
Reports
Summary account head wise Month Report before PSL runs PSL JV Month Report after PSL runs Inventory Consumption Kardex Code wise inventory status Yearly summary for HO Issue above Issue more than Other reports
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PSL JV:
After processing of PSL run all the documents becomes updated and all the transactions also gets updated. So that by this option we can see all the journal voucher of the entries of inventories. .
Inventory consumption:
This option of the report menu shows the data regarding the consumption of materials according to the date. We can see the consumption of a particular item. This report helps in forecasting of material purchasing for the future consumption of the materials. It helps in deciding the re-order level of inventory.
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Kardex:
The kardex is the very useful tool for showing the current status of all the items. Kardex shows the update inventory and also shows the past status of every past tears. The accountant may see the past status as on any past date. The kardex retain all information about the material. As when the material was received i.e. receipts, when the material was issued i.e. issues, its balance in the store, vendor, its current stock, its value, location in the store and as well as its minimum, maximum and reorder level. Thus it reserves every information about the materials. It is in form of software in IFFCO. Here I have given a example of kardex in which each detail of material is written. It is as follows.
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01/01/1900
Material code: 998574907100 * MOTOR 1.5KW,CGL,ND112M2 Current stock: R.O.L : 15.000 1.000 NO Location: MA-PF-64-4R Min. Level : 10.000
date
Issues Doc. No. Dept Qty. . code 1.00 0.00 1.00 ISRV SAV SBV in 901B*0175 0.00 4310 1.00 4310 0.00 SIV STV
Bal. Qty.
CRG3
SAV Out
1.000
1.00
0.00
0.000
1.00
0.00
0.000
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QUERIES MENU
Queries
This menu has single option that is brows inventory master. In this option we may see the status of various materials or items. As the name of this menu, we can perform the query task, on the basis of material codes, that are of twelve digits number. This option is very helpful in search of any particular transaction in inventories. In a query task we are supposed to enter the material code in the material code box and then click over the retrieve button. As soon as we click over the retrieve button the whole in formation regarding that code is appears on the screen. The appearing statement contains the material code, material description, opening quantity, closing quantity, values, PSL rate that is the per unit price and also the location of that material.
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PROCESSING MENU
Processing
group
in
Reverse stock for Physical Kardex mismatch Cumulative process Reverse stock for PSL Kardex mismatch PSL Process 1
Processing is the most important task of this software, because all the reports which are forwarded to the concerning authorities and are the basis for the further actions are made only after the processing or the PSL run. PSL processing makes update all the documents.
PSL Process I:
The option process I update and calculate the values for all documents and makes available to create the final reports. Once a PSL run is processed the data can not be changed, So that this task is very sensitive so the operating person should have the great care and responsibility in processing task. PSL Process is done for tallying codes and value of the material.
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DIFFERENT VOUCHERS
In IFFCO there are 3 types of receipt and 1 issue voucher are generally used for the particular receipt and issue material. These are listed as below: 1. RECEIPT VOUCHER SRV (Store receipt voucher) ISRV (Internal store receipt voucher) DCSRV (Direct consumption store receipt voucher)
3. ADJUSTMENT VOUCHER SAV (Stock adjustment voucher) STV (Stock transfer voucher)
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When material is checked with challan / invoice and the purchase order for quantity SRV (store receipt voucher) is prepared and the material kept in section. SRV can be of two types: (a) FIS (Receipt from supplier voucher)
These vouchers are generally generated by the store whenever the material is received from the supplier/ vendor in stores. (b) H.P (Receipt voucher for direct consumption) These vouchers are generally generated when material is directly received by the indentor for direct consumption of raw material. The copy of these SRV will be dispatched departments such as: (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 copy to purchase department. 1 copy to indent department. 2 copy account department. 1 copy lies with stores itself.
If the hundred percent of the issued material have not been utilized by the particular department or parties, in this stage the concerned party or department will revert back the remaining raw material to store by using such type of issue voucher. These ISRV can be of 5 types which are as follows: BD: Such types of ISRV are generally used by the particular department for the general item. BB: Such types of ISRV are used for the spare return by the particular department. BC: Such types of ISRV are generally used by the contractor for return of remaining raw material. BE: These vouchers are used for stationary items. BA: these are also used by controller for spares.
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Note: The copy of these ISRV will be send to the following departments mentioned as: (a) (b) (c) One copy to store. Two copy to account department. One copy lies with the indentor itself.
to take permission from its immediate officer. After that he may purchase that product and form DCSRV i.e. Direct Consumption Store Receipt Voucher.
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No. Deptt.
Exp. code
department
See.
S no.
1 2 3 4 Please use one voucher for max. Hash Total four items Preferable same group Authorised by Name Received Issued Kardex by by posted by Checked by MGR/ J.S.O./ S.O. MGR(S) Sr. P.S.L. Posting
Designatio n
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Date Date
Job/work order
Vendor Code
Exp. code
department
See.
Qty Retu rn
Reason for Return- New/Serviceable/Recondition/Scrap/Empty cylinder Inspected by Name Authorise d by Returne d by Received by Kardex Posted P.S.L. Posted by Certified by
Designatio n
90
No. Deptt.
Job/ order
Exp. code
department
See.
S. no.
1 2 3 4 Please use one voucher for max. Hash Total four items Preferable same group Authorised by Name Received Issued Kardex by by posted by Checked by MGR/Sr. J.S.O./ S.O. MGR(S) P.S.L. Posting
Designatio n
91
CRR Date
RECD Date
Freight From: DEPT CODE: Truck/Trailer/Wagon Paid DEPT Name FARIDABAD DESCRIPTION Unit No Qty. Po: Challan: Received: Accepted: Rejected:
DIS/REJ No.
PO SNo
Card balance
No
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PO No.& Date
IFPH
Inter unit trans. IFFCO PHULPUR UNIT GR/RR No. Date:, Transporter S.No. DESCRIPTION PO SNo Freight From: Paid TRK/WGN
CRR Date
RECD Date
PHULPUR
Value
Inspection remarks
PO SNo
No
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DESPATCH ADVICE
NO: TIN NO: KER ENGG. WORKS RAMPUR ROAD, BAREILLY S.NO 1 2 3 4 CASE MARK DIMENSIONS& TOTAL NO PKG NET WT. PKD.BY DESCRIPTION 2RE-69 NO) ROUND RAR(5 C.B.GUNJ. BAREILLY P.O/W.O.NO: AUTHORITY DISPATCH:GM UNIT MR MR MR MR PREP. BY FOR
QUANTITY
REMARKS FOR MACHINING -DO-DO-DODESPATCH THROUGH: DOOR DELIVERY RR/GR NO: GATE PASS: FREIGHT
THE AFORESAID ITEMS HAVE BEEN RECEIVED IN GOOD ORDER & CONDITION COPY TO: 1) CONSIGNEE 2) TRANSPORTER 3) CM (F &A)/ INSURANCE 4) INDENTOR 5) G.M.APP./W.O.FILE. RECEIVERS SIGNATURE& STAMP
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REJECTION/DISCREPENCY REPORT
DATED:
M/S AB SALES & SERVICES FAX: CRR NUMBER: SUB: OUR P.O. NO:4410/1294/WS0137//071125 YOUR REF/INVOICE/BILL.CHALLAN NO. 10/SP/TAX/08 RR/LR NUMBER: GR 8319469 Transpoter: SOUTH EASTERN ROADWAYS BOMBAY Dear Sir, Please refer to the supply of materials against your invoice/Challan No. as mentioned above. On opening the case/s and checking the contents the following discrepencies have been observed. S.No Material Description Desp. 1. 2. Received Excess Short Rejected Unit QUANTITY Remarks DATE: DATE:
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Payment Terms:
Location
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INDIAN FARMERS FERTILISER COOPERATIVE LIMITED Aonla Unit, P.O. IFFCO Township, Bareilly TENDER ENQUIRY MPR No 080380 Enquiry No: 6000/672/UT0044/IE/080308(*) This Enquiry is due on 14/07/2008 Desired Delivery: 4 Weeks
Enquiry Type Single Stage Dear Sir, Please submit your Sealed Quotation, with earliest delivery, as per terms and conditions and specification given below and enclosed herewith. S.No. 1 Item Code Description DC Liquid Chlorine 99% pure as per IS code 646/1988(latest version) in IFFCO. Quantity 220 Unit MT
PERFORMANCE BANK GUARANTEE: The seller on award of P.O./W.O., shall furnish a Performance Bank Guarantee equivalent to 5% of the P.O. value in our Performa enclosed. This bank guarantee shall be issued by any State Bank of India and its associates. Nationalised/ Scheduled Commercial Bank/ Cooperative Bank who are members of IFFCOs consortium of Banks (Except other cooperative and Gramin Banks) having branch in India and be valid to cover the guarantee period with a claim period of further six months.
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INDIAN FARMERS FERTILISER COOPERATIVE LIMITED PURCHASE ORDER Thru Courier M/s : JASUBHAI ENGINEERING PVT. Add: 803-4, Chiranjiv Towers, Nehru place City: New Delhi E-mail: Code: JASU Test Copy Pin: 110019 Order No. Your Quot: Our Enq No: Delivery Dely Pd. Consignee: Destination: Dear Sir, Please arrange to supply the following as per your quotation referred above subject to conditions mentioned herein and enclosed herewith. S.No Description 1 2 Total Value Quantity Unit Rate Amount
Price Basis
: Ex-Works Ahmadabad
P& F Charges : P&F Charges @ 2.00% extra Excise Duty 14.42% Sales Tax : Extra as applicable against form C : Extra as applicable against documentary evidence present rate is @
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Class: Stock, capital, D.C., Supply, Ordinary, Proprietory, Domestic, Single stage Indentor: ADMN SECTION Suggested Vendor Ctegory: Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Lucknow. MPR Description: Procurement of official furniture for the year-2008 Brief Justification: Office furniture are required for different section/deptt. Last Pos/WOs Ref Nos: Last Pos/WOs total value: S.No Item code Material decription DC DC DC Unit Quantity required Inventory Value Stk-oth.unit/ levels last 3yr consumption
1 2 3
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FROM TO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SIGN
STORE KEEPER
STORE
STORE OFFICER
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Financial ratio analysis groups the ratios into categories which tell us about different facets of a company's finances and operations. An overview of some of the categories of ratios is given below.
1.
Leverage Ratios which show the extent that debt is used in a company's capital structure. Liquidity Ratios which give a picture of a company's short term financial situation or solvency.
2.
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3.
Operational Ratios which use turnover measures to show how efficient a company is in its operations and use of assets. Profitability Ratios which use margin analysis and show the return on sales and capital employed. Solvency Ratios which give a picture of a company's ability to generate cashflow and pay it financial obligations.
4.
5.
Ratios are always expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or the equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Financial ratios allow for comparisons
between companies between industries between different time periods for one company between a single company and its industry average
relationship between net profits to sales as 1: 4. As Pure Number /Times - The same can also be expressed in an alternatively way such as the sale is 4 times of the net profit or profit is 1/4th of the sales
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1)
inventory is rotated during the relevant accounting period. This ratio is also called as stock turnover ratio or stock velocity. This ratio is calculated to consider the adequacy of the quantum of capital and its justification for investing in stock or Inventory. Inventory turnover is used to measure the efficiency of sales. Inventory turnover is the number of times obtained by dividing cost of sales by inventory. (Average Inventory/Sales) x 365 (Average Inventory/Sales) x 52 (Average Inventory/Sales) x 12 for days for weeks for months
Average Inventory or Stocks = (Opening Stock + Closing Stock) 2 Inventory Turnover ratiosales Inventory ( in crore ) Particular Sales Inventory Inventory Turn. Ratio 2007-08 5968.47 1577.10 3.78 times 2006-07 5554.53 2283.94 2.43 times
Interpretation: - It is revealed from above table that the stock turnover has been
increased to 3.78 times in the year 2007-08 as compared to 2.43 times in the year 200607. It shows better control over inventory and efficiency in sales. Since IFFCO is in the business of fertiliser manufacturing and in this sector a huge investment in plant and machinery is required. Keeping in view the investment in Plant & machinery in this sector for which number of spares and stores items are required to be maintained for upkeep of the plant, the above Inventory Turnover ratio is reasonable. However, IFFCO should efficiently use various inventory management tools to control the stock levels like ABC
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analysis, monitoring of stock levels i.e. ROL, EOQ, Min-Level, Max-Level system of verification of inventory etc.
2007- 200608 07
104
2)
105
1.35 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 2 007- 200 608 07 workingcapital turnover
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3)
Current Ratio- The ratio of current assets to current liability is called current
ratio. This ratio is an indicator of the firms commitment to meet its short-term liabilities. Current assets include cash and other assets convertible into cash during the operating cycle of the business. Current liabilities mean liabilities payable within a years time. An idle current ratio is 2:1.The ratio of 2:1 is considered as a safe margin of solvency. A very high current ratio would indicate the less efficient use of funds while a poor current ratio is a danger signal to the management.
Interpretation: - It appears from the above table that the current ratio of three
consecutive years2004, 2005 and 2006 is 2.84:1, 2.36:1, and 3.49:1. As general rule the ideal current ratio is 2:1 and we can see that the current ratio for three years is above idea ratio. So we can say that the liquidity position of the concert is sound and it is able to meet its short term debts and obligations.
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current ratio
2007- 200608 07
Current Ratio
108
4) Cash Ratio - This ratio measures the relationship between cash in hand and
current assets. A very high cash ratio indicates major items of current assets & may be a poor indicator of profitability because cash by itself does not earn any profit. Ideally the proportion should be kept as low as possible. But some amount of cash for daily requirements of the firm should be kept.
Cash Ratio
Interpretation:Form the above it can be seen that cash ratio is almost stagnant from year to year. It shows that the concern is efficiently using and monitoring cash for day to day transactions. But this increment in ratio is not satisfactory. Thus management should do some efforts to increase the cash ratio.
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0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 2007- 200608 07 cash ratio
Cash Ratio
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5) Solvency Ratio- This ratio highlights upon the long-term solvency of the concern
and this ratio shows the relationship between the total assets and total liabilities of the concern. This ratio is obtained by dividing total assets by total liabilities. Total assets include fixed assets and current assets. Total liabilities include both long term and short-term liabilities. Solvency RatioTotal Assets Total Liabilities Particular Total Assets Total Liability Solvency Ratio 2007-08 12354.26 1795 6.88:1 2006-07 11842.07 1717 6.89:1
Interpretation:In the year 2006-07 the total assets and total liability was 11842.07 and 1717 respectively while in the 2007-08 the total assets and total liability was 12354.26 and 1795 respectively. Form the above it can be seen that the concern is having a sound position. Its total assets have increased and liability has also increased. Due to it solvency ratio has not so much impact of it. Therefore the solvency position is good.
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s olvency R tio a
2007- 200608 07
Solvency Ratio
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6) Stock to Current Assets Ratio- This ratio expresses the relationship between
Stock and Current Assets.
Stock
Current Assets Particular Stock Current Assets Stock to Current Assets 2007-08 1577.10 5775.74 0.27 2006-07 2283.94 6071.97 0.37
Interpretation: The following calculation shows that stock to current asset ratio is
decreasing. It shows that current assets and stock both are decreasing. Thus it is not a bad situation because a company always wants to retain stocks according the requirement. It does not want to do over investment in stocks. Every company prefers money in liquid form rather than over investment.
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7) Raw Material Turnover Ratio- The raw material turnover ratio represents the
relationship between raw material consumed and average stock of raw material. Here average stock of raw material is the average of opening stock of raw material and closing stock of raw material. Or Opening stock of raw material + closing stock of r.m. Average stock of raw material = 2
Raw material consumed Raw Material Turnover = Avg. stock of raw material
Year Raw material consumed Avg. stock of raw material Raw Material Turnover
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Interpretation: In the following table the sales is 5968.47 for the year 2007-08 and
5554.53 for the year 2006-07. Shareholders fund is increasing by 413.94 crores. As a result the owned capital turnover is increasing by 0.09. it clearly shows that the company is earning profit.
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2 07- 20 60 0 08 07
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9) Profit Before Tax To Sales- The ratio expressed the relationship between Profit
Before Tax and Sales.
Profit Before Tax to Sales- Profit Before Tax *100 Sales Particular Profit before Tax Sales P.B.T. to Sales 2007-08 380.52 5968.47 0.06 % 2006-07 251.25 5554.53 0.04 %
Interpretation: The following calculation shows that profit before tax to sales ratio is
increasing by 0.02 %. It is due to increase in profit before tax and sales. It indicates that profit is increasing because of sales. Thats why profit before tax is also increasing. If we shall do our efforts for increasing the sales then the profit for the shareholders will increase.
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P.B.T. to Sales
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10) Capital Turnover- Sometimes the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation
is judged by comparing the sales with the amount of capital invested in the business. Capital Employed is either equal to Shareholders Fund plus Long Term Loans or equal to Total Assets minus Current Liabilities. This is calculated by establishing the relationship between sales and capital employed. Capital TurnoverSales
Capital Employed Particular Sales Capital Employed Capital Turnover 2007-08 5968.47 5727.62 1.04 times 2006-07 5554.53 5752.21 0.96 times
Capital Employed = Equity Share Capital + Profit + Long term loan + Reserve & Surplus = 423.93+3264.73+1781.83+257.13 = 5727.62
Interpretation:From the above it is clear that Capital Turnover ratio has been increased 1.04 from 0.96. It shows that investment in Total assets as compared to the previous year has decreased even after that sale is increasing. Though the capital turnover is good in the year 2007-08 as compared to the year 2006-07. While calculating the return on investment ratio we have seen that IFFCO has made huge Investment in the assets in the year 2006-07 against which the return is expected in the coming years. We hope this ratio will also improve in the coming years when the pay back of the investment will start.
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1 4 .0 1 2 .0 1 0 8 .9 0 6 .9 0 4 .9 0 2 .9 20 7 2 0 0 - 0 60 8 07 Capital Turnov er
Capital Turnover
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Some organizations invest 60 to 70 % of its capital in inventories. Thus it is very important for the organization to manage its inventory through effective inventory control systems. The findings of studying inventory management of IFFCO are as follows: 1) There is used one inventory software (PSL) by the employees for efficient inventory management and to remove the paper work. But there are some employees including managers who do not know how to operate that inventory software while it should be known by all the employees that are related to inventory management segment. 2) It was observed one thing that there was not coordination among the employees even between those who lies in the same level. This feeling of human characteristics is normally seen but it is not good for the organization. For the better productivity there should be proper coordination. And through the coordination an organization can manage its all functioning including inventory management. 3) IFFCO is a semi-government organization. So there were some employees who have got the senior position because of experience. Even after having experience those people were not able to operate all the functions and work related to inventory. It was due to change in the technology. 4) Firstly in IFFCO paper work pattern was followed but now it has converted in soft form that is computers are provided to the employees. Now the kardex and other documents and details are entered in the computer as well as in the files. But due to lack of knowledge about new software, the working is not proper. 5) The inventories of IFFCO are divided into three parts that areI. II. Inventory of raw materials Inventory of finished goods
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III.
Inventory of spares Here I have studied the inventory of spares. Because the raw material that is used in IFFCO are gases and the measurement of its inventory level is very typical.
6) In the IFFCO the inventory are divided into spares and generals. Generals are those parts which are used normally in various machines, offsite while spares are unique to its machines. There are two stores in IFFCO. In one store the inventory of Aonla Unit 1 is stored while in other catalysts and various chemicals are stored. For the transfer of spares from one store to another, a voucher is used that is store transfer voucher (STV). 7) It clears that the person who raises the indent for the required material is known as indentor. Indentor plays an important role in this. The indentor checks whether that material that has purchased is according to his requirement or not. Indentor can be any person. 8) Before the purchasing of the material, firstly enquiry takes place. This enquiry can be done in two ways. Through the e-procurement or manual. After this enquiry a QCS (quotations comparative statement) is prepared in which normally technically acceptable lowest bidder is chosen. Thus the purchasing process completes and the working of store department starts. Now the storing and issuing is the responsibility of stores. 9) There is followed a coding pattern in IFFCO that is good for the proper inventory management. It helps the stores employees in identifying the spares and generals. This coding is of 12 digits. It avoids the confusion. Hence it is good for the organization to do coding of the inventory. It highlights the inventory management. 10) There are various formats as STV, ISIRV, DCSRV, SAI, SIV etc which are used for different purposes as for issuing the material from the store, store receipt voucher (SRV) is used, for the adjustment of the materials, the store adjustment voucher (SAV) is used.
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11) The whole study shows that there is a good inventory management system but nothing is perfect that why there are also some limitations. In IFFCO a history book of spares is used. It is prepared in both the form as a soft copy and a hard copy. 12) For the controlling of the inventory a technique is used in IFFCO that is ABC analysis. In ABC analysis spares and generals are divided in three categories on the basis of their values. Some items have 70% value while their quantity is 20%. The spares whose value comes under 20%, its quantity is present in 70%. While there are some spares whose value is 20% as well as quantity is also 20%. 13) For the verification of inventories a technique is used in which the material whose value is more is more than 50000, are verified 100%, the materials whose value comes under 10001 to 50000 are verified 70% and the remaining materials whose value is less than 10000 are verified 30%. 14) There is a company IFFCO- TOKIO General Insurance Company which is responsible for the insurance of damaged and short materials. Firstly there were different cooperatives which were associated with this task. 15) As we know that with the passage of time, some items becomes outdated or of no use. They are known as obsolete items. The items which do not move up to 7 years are not valued according to its original value. Theres 40% value is written off while they are valued at the 60% of their face value. The items which do not move up to 7 to 10 years, are valued at 55% of their original value while 45% of its value is written off. And the items which do not move more than 10 years, are valued at the 50% of their face value and 50% is written off. 16) In IFFCO to ensure the availability of items or spares, they are inventoried. There are decided various levels which shows the level of items that are stored in it. These levels are minimum level, maximum level and reorder level. Re-order level is that level at which new order is placed. These three levels are different for different items. The item which are frequently used that is generals have the high level of reorder. 17) Effective inventory management enables an organization to meet or exceed customers expectations of product availability while maximizing net profits or
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minimizing costs. And the annual report shows that the inventory has decreased. It shows that they are managing inventory in a better way due to which it has decreased in compare to last year. 18) In IFFCO there is three type of inventory but IFFCO does not preserve the finished goods inventory. IFFCO is a cost centre. Hence they do production but just after accomplishing the whole process i.e. after packing the urea, they transfer it in the rail bogie and send it to its marketing channel. And the responsibility of Bareilly unit completes. They have owned its own rail bogies and engine. 19) According to balance sheet It was found that the production has increased in compare to last year because of capacity enhancement and increased demand. Thats why the consumption of raw material as well as the inventory of raw material has also increased. It is good for the organization. 20) In IFFCO the stock has decreased and current assets have also decreased. It shows that the management has handled the inventory in the better and efficient way. It is good for the organization as well as for the management. 21) Whenever the purchase department raises the tender then the enquiry is done in two ways. First one is single stage, the items where there is no more chances of technical deviation then the checking is done before loading the material and indentor checks it later. While in two stage i.e. the stage where there are more chances of technical deviation, checking is done before loading and after receiving the materials. Expert performs this checking. 22) The ideal current ratio is 2:1 while the calculation as per the balance sheet shows that the current ratio is more than two times of ideal ratio. It shows that management of IFFCO is handing the all inventory, sales, and machines in a great way. Even in the current year the current ratio has decreased in compare to previous year but the organization is even in a good position. 23) The cost of production of urea is much more than its selling price. This difference in the cost is provided by the government that is subsidy from government. The whole report clears that the management of IFFCO is handling the inventory in efficient ways even there is also some drawbacks but
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even after the management is running the organization in a good way. The annual reports shows that the inventory is decreasing in compare to last year and there is no interruption in the production which shows the unavailability of inventory. It is a indication that management is handling the inventory in a better way in compare to previous year. And the investment has decreased in the inventory. This capital may be used in some other productive work.
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SUGGESTIONS
1) Every week a report should be produced listing the status of every product that has been in stock for less than six months. The report should list the following informationa. Items number and description b. Total consumption of items ( in units) c. Current-on-hand quantity d. Minimum stock level of the item e. Maximum stock level of the item f. Re-order level of the item g. Any new item that is required h. Reason why that item was added to stock 2) Detailed record should be maintained by the management of store as well as purchase department, for new stock items that do not meet six months consumption. Because in the organization the number of obsolete items has increasing because of outdated technology. Due to which the store department has to bear the maintenance cost and carrying cost of obsolete items. Thus the management should review the record time to time. 3) The management of IFFCO should conduct some development programmes for the knowledge of employees. IFFCO conduct various programmes for the farmers knowledge and their awareness but not for their employees. As I have observed that there were some managers who do not know the operation of inventory software due to which the working was hampering. And the remaining employees have to take extra load of that work. It should not be there.
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4) The management should not add new inventory. If it is deciding to store any new inventory then the management should give the reason why management is going to add new inventory. Thus the reason should be clearly stated. 5) If the cost of any inventory is high, then the management should find the substitute material to decrease the cost of inventory. 6) The management should provide the necessary information to the supplier. As I have noticed that the management of IFFCO tries to reserve its all information. Thus the management should provide the necessary information to the supplier so that the supplier can send the materials according to the requirement. 7) The business owner will need to do an initial count of everything in stock. The count of all items in stock should be completely documented as well as all items that are ready for sale. A recount can ensure accuracy. This will give the business owner a starting point for inventory tracking. At this point, it may prove to be an advantage for the business owner to use some kind of inventory tracking software application. 8) When new inventory is added to existing inventory, the first thing a business owner should do is to check it for quality. Are any of the items dented or damaged? If so, they will need to be returned so that the business can get appropriate creditdamaged items do no good sitting on storeroom or warehouse shelves. 9) The new inventory should be added to the count of the existing inventory, particularly in the business documentation. This will help the business owner to keep an adequate count of what is in stock. 10) When ordering it is advised not to over order or to under order stock; however, this does not mean that the business owner shouldnt take full advantage of whats available to them in terms of sales and discounts. If items bought in bulk are less expensive, it is sometimes a good idea to purchase them that way. Essentially, the business owner will need to make a judgment call and take the perish-ability of the product into consideration.
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11) When ordering stock it is important that a business owner does not substitute quality for quantity. In other words, cheap inventory is not necessarily good inventory and buying less expensive products to increase ones inventory could result in profit loss. No matter what measures of inventory control that one puts in place, its always imperative that quality products remain the first and foremost concern of the business. 12) Getting the right amount of inventory is going to require a bit of speculative projection on behalf of the business owner. The business operator is going to need to guess how much they think they may sell in the coming months in order to order the amount they need. By tracking inventory on a weekly or monthly basis, the business owner will be able to identify predictable patterns of product use and sale. They can then base their ordering process on such predictions. The end result is that over stock and under stock of inventory is minimized. 13) Diligent and regular tracking of inventory is recommended at all times. Further, when counting inventory in a warehouse or business location it is imperative that all counts are accurate. What good is inventory tracking if the calculations are all wrong? Essentially, inaccurate calculations of inventory result in significant losses of time and money for a business. Thus the calculation should be accurate and right. There should not be any deviation. 14) With so many other things that the business owner should be responsible for how will they manage the time for inventory control? Small inventories are usually fairly easy to manage, but what about warehouses and larger supplies? So the owner and the store manager should take care of it. 15) Inventory management is not a process that can or should be avoided; it may be a good idea for business owners to hire someone to be responsible for large inventories. The management should hire one inventory consultant. Because he can give better suggestion for inventory control. Inventory consultants know in a better way how to handle and in how much quantity they should be stored.
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16) The manager should be responsible for weekly or monthly stock counts and for ordering and reordering products. This allows for the business owner to focus on other aspects of the business operation. Thus the manager should take care of it. 17) The management should follow all the rules and instructions. Documents should be released at the issuing and other formalities. The management including the employees should be aware of all functions of software. 18) The management should do contract with the inventory consultancy. An inventoryconsulting agency can provide a business owner with a complete print out of their current inventory. Thus, business owners have access to vital business documents and the information they provide. When it comes time to insure the business or to run an inventory check, a business owner can feel confident in knowing precisely what they are expected to have. Some inventory consulting agencies will actually handle all of the ordering for the business. While this may seem like too much control to give to another agency, some business professionals like they idea of relying on a company to manage inventory. It leaves the business operator free to manage other aspects of the business. 19) Another factor that every business owner must consider is the cost to insure inventory. Lets face it; the bigger the inventory the higher the premiums are for insurance. Paying out additional funds for inventory can prove rather costly in the long run. Again, to save businesses money, good inventory and warehouse management are a must. Thus the management should take care that they should not order too much heavy inventory. If yes then it should be insured. 20) The store manager must decide firstly what products they will need in the future and precisely how much product to order. Thus they should order according to the requirement. 21) As we know that there is coding system in the IFFCO. They make the process of inventory simple. Items that are sold can be automatically subtracted from the existing count. Some software applications automatically create and print a reordering document. This type of software should be installed in IFFCO. Even there is PSL inventory software but the entry should be renewing time to time.
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22) The consumption of all materials do not remain same overall the year. Thus the maximum level, minimum level and reorder level should be review time to time. Depending on the situation these levels should be flexible. 23) The purchasing process is directly related to the consumption and it can be easily recognized only by reviewing their level in the store time to time. Before purchasing any material first of all the purchase department should conduct enquiry to know whether that material is present in the store or not. If present then in which amount that material is present. It will help the management to reduce the overinvestment in the inventory. 24) The materials which are not in use due to outdated technology, they should not be kept because they cover the unnecessary place of the stores. I have seen that there was a crane in the IFFCO and it was of no use because of outdated technology. But even after that they have kept it. They should sell it to get some money to reduce its maintenance and carrying cost. If the management of IFFCO will follow these instructions then it can handle or manage the inventory in a better way.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
www.businessin.com www.mapxl.com www.invatol.com www.inventorymanagement.com www.effectiveinventory.com www.toolwatch.com www.opsinventory.com Business world magazine Business today
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APPENDIX
INVENTORIES
As at 31-03-2008 As at 31-03-2007
Inventories (including goods-in-transit Rs. 277.63 crore) Previous year Rs. 283.93 crore Raw material Stores and spares Loose tools Chemical and catalysts Packing material Construction material Stock-in-process Finished goods: Traded products Own manufactured Total 59.56 114.68 174.24 1577.10 86.07 1234.83 1320.90 2283.94 950.80 336.42 1.83 28.94 33.26 14.72 36.89 551.27 311.74 2.25 30.81 28.08 12.45 26.44
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BALANCE SHEET
Year ended 31/03/2008 SOURCES OF FUNDS Shareholders Funds: Share Capital Share application money Reserve and Surplus Loan Funds: Secured Loan Unsecured Loans Deferred Tax Liability( net) Total APPLICATION OF FUNDS Fixed assets: Gross block Less: accumulated depreciation Net block Capital work-in-progress Investments Current assets, Loan and Advances: Inventories Sundry debtors Cash and bank balances Loan and advances Less: Current liabilities & provisions: Current Liabilities Provisions Net Current Assets Miscellaneous Expenditure TOTAL
Year ended 31/03/2007 423.93 3264.75 2404.67 4370.97 422.83 0.09 3218.92 2398.91 4087.21
8138.98 3400.04 4738.94 430.85 1577.10 413.76 243.32 3541.56 5775.74 1048.49 323.08
5169.79 1416.73
7808.44 3006.42 4802.02 227.68 2283.94 361.68 330.84 3104.82 6081.28 1028.47 172.76
5029.70 740.46
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Financial Ratios
200708
200607
200506 6.92 4.85 7.18 13.55 9.60 3.01 4.07 0.74 0.86
200405 6.52 6.37 10.58 14.27 9.68 3.57 4.58 0.90 0.79
200304 10.86 8.66 11.32 16.49 10.60 2.78 3.58 1.30 0.79
200203 8.15 13.26 18.56 24.65 17.02 2.74 4.04 1.88 0.68
200102 11.84 7.28 9.32 13.32 11.06 2.18 3.76 1.81 0.77
200001 12.34 4.54 5.60 9.12 9.00 2.12 3.53 1.60 0.63
199900 13.13 6.91 7.38 13.11 13.11 1.78 3.08 2.51 0.57
199899 17.72 9.06 8.71 16.49 16.49 1.61 3.07 1.83 0.86
Operating 7.67 6.69 profit to sale (%) Profit before 3.13 2.43 tax to sales(%) Return on 3.50 2.53 capital employed(%) Profit before 10.31 6.90 tax to net worth(%) Profit after tax 6.99 4.81 to net worth(%) Fixed assets 2.54 2.20 turnover(times) Working 2.62 2.50 capital turnover(times) Inventory of 1.50 1.48 finished goods Inventory of 1.25 1.01 raw material & packaging material Sundry debtor 0.78 0.90 Current ratio 4.21:1 5.06:1 Quick ratio 3.06:1 3.15:1 Debt equity 1.84:1 1.78:1 ratio Employees productivity No. of 6743 6826 employees Sales per 1.80 1.51 employee(in crore)
6506 1.77
5752 1.29
5977 0.99
6125 0.99
6326 0.81
6405 0.80
6403 0.71
6232 0.61
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2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
200405
200304
12162.8 2 354.77 12517.5 9 11336.7 7 1180.82 389.37 410.93 380.52 122.93 257.59 84.53
10220.1 1 244.66 10574.7 7 9578.09 996.68 353.94 391.49 251.25 76.23 175.02 84.45 1.75 0.25 88.57
9942.93 71.45 10014.3 8 9166.48 847.90 123.70 242.31 481.90 140.55 341.35 84.36 3.41 1.00 252.58
7396.9 8 85.03 7482.0 1 6809.4 8 672.53 34.02 167.59 470.92 151.28 319.64 83.92 2.98 0.25 232.49
6090.08 101.85 6191.93 5454.09 737.84 41.12 184.02 512.70 183.03 329.67 80.16 2.52 1.15 245.84
Cost of sales
0.75 169.74
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QUESTIONNAIRE
1) How is the Item coding done in IFFCO? 2) What is the normal classification methods of inventory followed in IFFCO? 3) What are the documents received along with the consignment. 4) How is the sampling for inspection done? 5) At what stage of goods arrival, inspection is done? 6) What are the internal documents made from the time of receiving materials till goods are moved to final location? 7) How do you handle rejections? Do you send materials back? 8) Do you allow sorting / repair? If yes, where is repair carried out? If repair is carried out at vendor site, what are the documents made for goods transfer and receipt?
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