1.

SALT Ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion, NH4+ 2.PREPARATION

3.QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Qualitative analysis is a chemical technique used to determine what substances are present in a mixture but not their quantities. a) colour and solubility in water Salt / Cation / Metal Oxide K+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+ CuCO3 Fe2+ .FeSO4, Fe(NO3)2, FeCl2 CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2, CuCl2 Fe3+..FeCl
3,

Colour in solid white Green Green Blue Brown White Black Yellow White Brown Yellow hot cold hot cold

Solubility in water soluble Insoluble soluble soluble Soluble Soluble in hot water Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Colour in Aqueous solution colourless green Blue Brown -

Fe(NO3)3, Fe2(SO4)3 PbCl2 CuO PbO ZnO

b) Effect heat on salt

Salt (heat)
Colour of salt before heating Green powder White solid White solid

residue (cation)

Gas (anion)

Colour of residue Hot Black Yellow Brown cold Black White Yellow

Salts CuCO3 ZnCO3 PbCO3

Test on gases liberated The gas liberated turns lime water milky/chalky

Type of gas produced CO2 O2 NO2 SO2 NH3

Type of ion present(anion) CO3 2 except Na2CO3 and K2CO3 NO3NO3- except NaNO3 and KNO3 SO4 2NH4+

Anion Test Cation + add little NaOH Colour precipitate Green Fe2+ Blue Cu2+ Brown Fe3+ Pb2+,Zn2+, Al3+ Mg2+ , Ca2+ AgNO3 HCl FeSO4 White precipitate HNO3 BaCl2 H2SO4 HNO3 ClSO42NO3CO32-

Add excess NaOH Coc. H2SO4 Soluble Pb2+ Zn2+, Al3+ Insoluble Mg2+, Ca2+ White precipitate formed Brown ring formed Efferves cence occur

Add KI solution

Add excess NH3

Add SO42- ions

DOUBLE DECOMPOSOSITION Yellow precipitate Pb2+ White precipitate soluble Zn2+ White precipitate insoluble Al3+ No change Mg2+ White precipitate Ca2+ insoluble salt + soluble salt solution NH3 Colour precipitate White precipitate Example: preparing lead(II) chloride Pb(NO3)2 soluble salt + soluble salt solution

Fe2+ Cu2+ Fe3+

green Blue Brown

Zn2+

Al3+,Mg2+, Pb2+ Add NH3 in excess NaCl

Soluble Zn2+ Al3+ , Mg2+

Insoluble Pb2+ Add KI solution Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl soluble Al3+ Insoluble Mg2+ Yellow precipitate Pb2+ Ionic eq: Pb2+ + ClPbCl2 + 2NaNO3 PbCl2

PbCl2 NaNO3

Add excess NaOH

SALT Ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion, NH4+

Effect on heating salt Metal oxide + C02 (residue) PbCO3 Carbonate salt nitrate salt Metal oxide + N02 +O2 (residue)

PbO + CO2 Brown(hot), yellow(cold)

Ca2+ Mg
2+

2Pb(NO3)2

2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 Brown(hot), yellow(cold)

Al3+
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 Yellow(hot), white(cold)

Zn2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ Cu

2+

2Zn(NO3)2

2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 Brown(hot), yellow(cold)

2CuCO3
-reactive metal -metal oxide/metal carbonate

2CuO black

CO2

2Cu(NO3)2

2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 Yellow(hot), white(cold)