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    Final

    Uploaded by

    Jeff Durst

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 290

    

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    GAMMARAYBURSTS:NEWPARAMETERSFORMEASURINGENERGY
    DEPENDENTSPECTRALLAGTIMES
    
    
    
    By
    
    PhillipJeffersonDurst
    
    
    
    
    
    
    AThesis
    SubmittedtotheFacultyof
    MississippiStateUniversity
    inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
    fortheDegreeofMasterofScience
    inPhysicsandAstronomy
    intheDepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy
    
    
    MississippiState,Mississippi
    
    December2009

    GAMMARAYBURSTS:NEWPARAMETERSFORMEASURINGENERGY
    DEPENDENTSPECTRALLAGTIMES
    
    
    
    
    
    By
    
    PhillipJeffersonDurst
    
    Approved:
    
    
    
    _____________________________ 
    JohnPatrickLestrade
    
    
    ProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomy
    (DirectorofThesis) 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    _____________________________
    JeffryWinger
    ProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomy
    (CommitteeMember)
    
    
    
    
    __________________________
    
    DavidMonts
    
    
    
    ProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomy
    CoordinatorofGraduateStudiesin
    PhysicsandAstronomy 
    
    

    _____________________________
    ChunFuSu
    ProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomy
    (CommitteeMember)

    ____________________________
    GaryL.Myers
    DeanoftheCollegeofArtsandSciences
    

    Name:PhillipJeffersonDurst
    
    DateofDegree:December11,2009
    Institution:MississippiStateUniversity
    MajorField:PhysicsandAstronomy
    MajorProfessor:Dr.JohnP.Lestrade
    TitleofStudy:GAMMARAYBURSTS:NEWPARAMETERSFORMEASURING
    ENERGYDEPENDENTSPECTRALLAGTIMES
    
    PagesinStudy:279
    
    CandidateforDegreeofMasterofScience
    
    
    Anewmethodformeasuringthehardnessintensitycorrelation(HIC)
    presentingammaraybursts(GRB)isdeveloped.Thismethodisusedto
    measuretheHICfor100singlepeakgammaraybursts,17withknownredshifts.
    TheHICisthusshowntobeaconsequenceofenergydependentlagtimes
    betweenhardandsoftphotons.Parametersderivedfromtimeprofilefitsusing
    amodifieddoublesigmoidalfunctionareusedtocalculateanewsetoflagtime
    parametersforbursts,andtheseparametersareanalyzedstatisticallytolookfor
    correlationswithintrinsicGRBproperties.ThisanalysisshowsthatGRBred
    shiftisrelatedtolagtimesbetweenhardandsoftphotonsandthat,towithin
    65%accuracy,GRBredshiftcanbepredictedbytheequation:
    z

    2.49  .131( dpeak )  .473( MADS _ dpeak )  .143( decay _ lag )

    
    
    
    DEDICATION

    Formyfamily.

    ii

    
    
    
    
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    
    IwouldliketoexpressmydeepgratitudetowardstheentireMSUPhysics
    andAstronomydepartmentfortheirendlesssupportandencouragement,
    especiallymyadvisorDr.Lestrade.IwouldalsoliketothankWendellGrayand
    theERDCGSLMobilitySystemsBranchforsupportingandencouragingthis
    effort.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.GeorgeBeals,ShaneCreel,RobDyrdek,
    RobRiehle,andcountlessothersthathavehelpedandinspiredmealongthe
    way.
    

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    iii

    
    
    
    
    TABLEOFCONTENTS
    

    DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. ii


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. iii
    LISTOFTABLES............................................................................................................. vi
    LISTOFFIGURES.......................................................................................................... vii
    CHAPTER
     I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1
    
    1.1WhatareGammaRayBursts? ....................................................................1
    1.2TheStudyofGammaRayBursts ...............................................................7
    1.3PreviousStudiesofFREDtypeGammaRayBursts................................9
    1.3.1PeakLagTime .............................................................................10
    1.3.2HardnessIntensityCorrelation ................................................12
    1.3.3TheMADSFunction ...................................................................13
    1.4FocusoftheCurrentStudy........................................................................14
    
     II. METHODS ...........................................................................................................16
    
    2.1DataSet.........................................................................................................16
    2.1.1BATSE ...........................................................................................16
    2.1.2Swift ..............................................................................................18
    2.2FittingtheData............................................................................................20
    2.3GeneratingtheHardnessIntensityCorrelation .....................................23
    2.4HICModeling..............................................................................................28
    2.5SASParameterRegression.........................................................................30
    
    iv

    
    

     III. RESULTS ..............................................................................................................32


    
    3.1SourceofthePLHIC ...................................................................................32
    3.2MADSHICAnalysis...................................................................................40
    3.2.1TheHIC ........................................................................................40
    3.2.2PeakLag .......................................................................................42
    3.3TimeParameterRegressionAnalysis ......................................................45
    
     IV. CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................54
    
    4.1ThePLHIC ...................................................................................................54
    4.2AStandardLagFunctionforGRBs..........................................................55
    
    REFERENCES..................................................................................................................57
    
    APPENDIX
    
    A.BATSEBACKGROUNDFITS. .....................................................................59
    B.BATSEMADSFITS ......................................................................................112
    C.BATSEPLHICFITS......................................................................................207
    D.BATSEMADSHARDNESSINTENSITYCURVES............................223
    E.SWIFTMADSFITS.......................................................................................254
    F.SWIFTMADSHARDNESSINTENSITYCURVES ..................................273

    
    
    
    LISTOFTABLES
    
    1Correlationmatrixfortimelagparameters .........................................................46
    
    2ANOVAtableforthemodelincludinghardand
    softMADSparameters .................................................................................51
    
    3ANOVAtableforthemodelincludinghardand
    totalMADSparameters...............................................................................52
    
    

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    vi

    
    
    
    LISTOFFIGURES
    
    1.1Thefirstobservedgammarayburst ....................................................................2
    1.2GammarayburstB910519a,atypicalGRB ....................................................3
    1.3DistributionofBATSEGRBevents[2].................................................................5
    1.4Timeprofiles(counts/secondvstime)for
    severalGRBs[3] ..............................................................................................8
    
    1.5Gamma-ray burst b941026,atypicalFRED........................................................9
    1.6Soft(top)andhard(bottom)profilesfor
    gammarayburstb941026............................................................................10
    1.7Softphotonslagbehindhard ..............................................................................11
    1.8TheBandfunction[10] .........................................................................................12
    1.9TheMADSfunction[13] ......................................................................................14
    2.1TheComptonGammaRayObservatory[14] ...................................................17
    2.2Swiftexperiment[15] ...........................................................................................19
    2.3Backgroundfittothesoftprofileforgammaray
    burstb911111c ...............................................................................................21
    2.4Gammaray burst 911111hardandsoftMADSfits...........................................22

    
    vii

    2.5Comparisonofhard+softtototalMADSfitsfor
    gammarayburstb910725............................................................................23
    
    2.6Hardnessversusintensityforgammarayburst
    b910604,nonoiseremoval...........................................................................24
    2.7Thezoningprocessfornoisereduction.............................................................25
    2.8b910604hardnessversusintensityafterzoning ...............................................26
    2.9Effectsofzonesize ................................................................................................27
    
    2.10Fromtoptobottom:experimentalhardnessintensity
    dataforgammarayburstsb920830,b930612,b941026.
    DashedlinesindicateBorgonovRydesfitwitherror
    boundswhilethesolidlineindicatesourPLHIC ....................................29
    
    2.11GeneratedGRBprofileswithknownlagparameters.....................................30
    3.1EffectsofrelativepeakintensityontheHIC ....................................................33
    3.2EffectsofrelativerisetimeontheHIC ..............................................................34
    3.3EffectsofrelativepeaktimeontheHIC............................................................34
    3.4EffectsofrelativedecaytimeontheHIC ..........................................................34
    3.5HICsgeneratedfrommultiplevariations .........................................................35
    3.6Clockwisefromtopright:experimentallymeasured
    HIC,MADSHIC,andcomparisonofexperimental
    andtheoreticalHICsforgammarayburstb911111.
    Solidlinesrepresenttheriseanddashedlinesthe
    decayportionoftheevent. ..........................................................................37
    
    3.7Gammarayburstb910725experimentalandMADS
    HICsbefore(top)andafter(bottom)MADSpeak
    intensityadjustment .....................................................................................38
    
    viii

    3.8HICforMADSfitstob911111withaddednoise .............................................39
    3.9PeakhardnessversusGRBduration..................................................................41
    3.10Peakhardnessversuspeakintensity ................................................................41
    3.11PeaklagtimeversusGRBduration...................................................................42
    3.12Observedpeakintensityversuspeaklagtime ................................................43
    3.13Peaklagdistribution............................................................................................44
    3.14Decaylagdistribution .........................................................................................44
    3.15Redshiftversushardphotondecaylag ............................................................47
    3.16RedshiftversusMADSfitpeaklag ...................................................................47
    3.17Redshiftversuspeaklag .....................................................................................48
    3.18RedshiftversusMADSpeakintensitydifference ...........................................48
    3.19RedshiftversuspredictedvalueforModel1...................................................53
    
    3.20RedshiftversuspredictedvalueforModel2...................................................53
    

    ix

    
    
    
    CHAPTERI
    INTRODUCTION
    
    1.1WhatareGammaRayBursts?
    FortyyearsagotheVelasatelliteswerelaunchedwiththemissionof
    monitoringnucleartestbantreaties.Theydidthisbysearchingforshortflashes
    ofgammarayandxrayradiation.Inthismissiontheyweresuccessful;
    however,theflashesofradiationobservedwerenotcomingfromtheearths
    surface.Instead,onJuly2nd,1967,theVelasatellitesdetectedashort,brightflash
    ofgammaradiationwhichhaditsoriginsdeepwithinouterspace(Fig1.1).This
    wasthefirstdetectionofthephenomenonnowknownasgammaraybursts
    (GRBs).
    Duringthefollowingfourdecades,numerousexperimentswerelaunched
    withthegoalofobservinggammaraybursts,andacatalogofsomethousandsof
    eventswasbuiltup.Eachobservedgammaraybursttimeprofileisinitselfa
    fairlysimpleevent,composedofanintenseburstofgammarayslasting

    anywherefromafewmstoseveralminutes(Fig1.2).Why,then,hassomuch
    timeeffortbeendedicatedtotheirstudy?
    

    
    
    Figure1.1Thefirstobservedgammarayburst
    
    
    Tobeginwith,andmostimportantly,theunderlyingphysicsbehindthese
    eventsisnotyetunderstood.SeveraltheorieshavebeenposedastotheGRB
    progenitor,butnoonemodeliscurrentlyacceptedascanon.Generalconsensus
    isshortGRBsarecausedbycompactobjectmergers,orCOMs,whilelongGRBs
    arecausedbysupermassivestarcollapse,calledhypernova.
    2

    
    Figure1.2Gamma-ray burst B910519a,atypicalGRB
    
    
    Then,thereisthequalificationoftheintenseinthestandardGRB
    definitionofshort,intenseburst.Assumingthatthegammaradiationis
    emittedisotropically,theamountofenergyreleasedisontheorderof1053ergs.
    Thisisequivalenttotheinstantaneousconversionofthemassofthesuninto
    energyusingthefamousE=mc2equationofEinstein.So,ifthesunis
    consideredtoilluminatethesolarsystem,andsupernovatheirgalaxy,thena
    GRBisbrightenoughtoilluminatetheentirevisibleuniverse.Nomatterhow
    distant,thelightfromaGRBwilleventuallyreachtheEarth.Infact,becausethe
    apparentbrightnessofGRBissogreat,thegeneralconsensuswastheyhadto
    3

    havetheiroriginwithintheMilkyWayGalaxy.However,asthecatalogof
    observedeventsgrew,thisassumptionwasshowntobefalse.Thedistribution
    ofobservedGRBsisuniformacrossthesky,notdenserinthegalacticplane(Fig
    1.3).TheirevendistributionmeansthatGRBsarehappeningdeepwithinspace
    orverynearoursolarsystem.Thelatterwasquicklyruledoutbymultiple
    spacecraftobservations.ItturnsoutGRBsarethemostdistanteventsobserved
    intheuniversetodate,withthefurthestplaced13billionlightyearsfromearth.
    ThisputsGRBsinauniquepositionwithinastronomyandastrophysics.
    Theycouldbeapowerfultoolforlookingatthedistant,andthereforeyoung,
    universe.Asanexample,thegammaraysfromtheaforementionedGRBwere
    producedwhentheuniversewasonly630millionyearsold.Thelightemitted
    bythatGRBhasexperiencedeverystageoftheuniversesdevelopment.
    Throughgammaraybursts,thehistoryoftheuniverseismadevisible.Gamma
    rayburstsarepotentiallyapowerfultoolforastronomyaswell.Astronomers
    wanttoknowthreethingsaboutanobservedevent:distance,apparent
    brightness,andintrinsicbrightness.Anyonevariablecanbecalculatedfromthe
    othertwo.Ifthesethreepropertiesareknown,inferencescanbemadeabout
    whattheeventlookslikeatitssource(thereforesheddinglightonthe
    underlyingphysicsinvolved)aswellastheeffectsofrelativityonthelight

    emittedasittraveledtoearth.Apparentbrightnessiseasy;gleaningtheother
    variablesisnotsosimple.
    

    Figure1.3DistributionofBATSEGRBevents[2]
    
    

    Tofindthedistancetoorinherentbrightnessofanevent,astronomersuse

    atypeofrulerknownasastandardcandleorastandardclock.Standardcandles
    areeventsthathavethesameintrinsicbrightness,suchastype1Asupernova.
    Likewise,standardclockshavethesameduration.Anyobservedtype1A
    supernovawillhavethesamebrightnessatsource,andthereforeitsdistanceis
    easilycalculatedusingitsobservedbrightness.Knowingthisdistanceallows

    inferencestobemadeabouttheeffectsofrelativityonthelightasittraveled,
    whichinturnallowscosmologiststostudytheexpansionoftheuniverse.
    

    Unfortunately,thecurrentstandardcandles/clocksareonlybrightenough

    tobeobservedatamaximumdistanceofabout3billionlightyears.Littlecan
    beknownabsolutelyaboutcosmologyortheuniversesexpansionatgreater
    distance.IfGRBscouldbeusedasanewstandard,theastronomicalrulerfor
    measuringdistancescouldbeextendedessentiallytotheendsoftheobservable
    universe.
    

    Additionally,GRBshappenunderconditionsthatcouldneverbe

    recreatedwithinalaboratorysetting.Anyinformationgainedaboutthemcould
    helpshedlightontheunderlyingphysicsofextremeenergiesandintense
    magneticfields.
    

    Thefieldofgammarayastronomy,asitstandstoday,couldbestbe

    describedasarace.Theultimategoalofmoststudiesistofindsomewayof
    turningGRBsintoastandardcandleorclock.Thequestionishowcanthisbe
    done?
    
    1.2TheStudyofGammaRayBursts
    Unfortunately,thestudyofgammarayburstsisproblematicatbest.Of
    thethousandsofGRBtimeprofilescollectedsince1967,notwoprofilesarethe
    6

    same(Fig1.4).GRBtimeprofilesspanawiderangeofdurationandapparent
    brightness.Moreover,eachindividualGRBcanbehighlyvariable,having
    multiplepeaksandverylowsignaltonoiseratios.
    Also,thedistancetoonlyahandfulofGRBshasbeenmeasured.Hence,
    theabsoluteluminositiesofonlyafewGRBsareknown.Havingnowayof
    seeingtheGRBatsourcemakessolvingtheprogenitorproblemquitedifficult.
    Inturn,thismeanstheunderlyingphysicalmechanismoftheseamazing
    explosionsremainsablackbox.
    Forexample,itisnotknownwhetherGRBemissionsareisotropicor
    jetted.Someevidencepointstojetemission,butthisimpliesonlyafraction
    (about1/1000)ofGRBswouldbeobserved.Ontheotherhand,ifGRBemission
    wasisotropic,thentheenergyinvolvedbecomesinconceivablymassive,i.e.the
    1053ergsexampleinSec1.1.WithoutsomemeansoflocalizingGRBswithin
    space,thesequestionswillcontinuetolackadequateanswers.
    SomemethodoffindingaGRBsabsoluteluminosityordistancemustbe
    found.BecauseanobservedGRBtimeprofilecontainsverylittledirect
    information,clevertricksareusedtopulloutintrinsicproperties.Thisisdone
    throughstatisticsandtimeprofileparameterization.Parametersaremeasuredor
    calculatedfromtheobservedtimeprofile.Thentheseparametersaretestedfor
    correlationtoinherentGRBproperties.
    7

    Figure1.4Timeprofiles(counts/secondvstime)forseveralGRBs[3]
    
    
    ThereisasmallsubsetofGRBsthatlendthemselveseasilytothistypeof
    study.SinglepeakedGRBscharacterizedbyafastincreaseingammarayflux
    followedbyaslowerdropoffarecalledFREDs(Fig1.5).FREDisanacronym
    forfastrise,exponentialdecay,andaround20%ofthecurrentGRBcatalogis
    FREDs.ComparedwithotherGRBs,FREDsarerelativelysimple.Furthermore,
    anyparametermeasuredforoneFREDcanbemeasuredforallFREDs.This
    allowsacomparisonofapplestoapples.Forthisreason,severalGRBstudies
    focusonFREDtypebursts.

    Figure1.5Gamma-ray burst b941026,atypicalFRED


    
    
    1.3PreviousStudiesofFREDtypeGammaRayBursts
    Foralmosthalfacentury,gammarayastronomershavebeensearching
    foraway,eitherthroughfinesseorbrutemathematicalforce,toforceGRBtime
    profilestorevealsomestandard.Parametersarecreatedandcalculatedfrom
    timeprofiles(DabkowskiandPosiewnik1998),andasearchforcorrelationto
    meaningfulGRBpropertiesisundertaken(Lestradeetal1992).Twosuch
    parametersexploredindetailforFREDsarepeaklag,andhardness.Detailson
    theseparametersareoutlinedbelow.
    
    9

    1.3.1PeakLagTime
    Whenthisisdone,atrendisseenwhereinthesoftphotonslagbehindthe
    hardinarrivaltimes.Thepeakinintensityoccurssoonerforthehardprofile,
    andthehardprofiledecaysbacktobackgroundlevelfasterthanthesoft.The
    differenceinpeaktimesisoftenreferredtoaspeaklag.
    

    
    
    Figure1.6Soft(top)andhard(bottom)profilesforgammarayburst
    b941026
    
    
    Numerousstudieshavebeenmadeintothisobservedpeaklag,most
    notablybyBradSchafferandJ.P.Norris.Norrisetal(1999)showapossible
    anticorrelationbetweenpeaklagtimeandburstdistance,orredshift.GRBs
    withlongpeaklagsaredimmerthanGRBswithshortpeaklags,andGRBswith
    10

    longpeaklagsaretypicallysofter.Thislagluminosityrelationshiphassince
    beenincorporatedintosometheoreticalGRBmodels(Norris2002).
    

    
    
    Figure1.7Softphotonslagbehindhard
    
    
    
    Schafer(2004)proposedthatpeaklagisrelatedtoacoolingoff
    timeforGRBpulses,withbrighter,shorterpulsescoolingofffasterandhence
    exhibitingasmallerpeaklagtime.Manyotherstudieshavelookedintothis
    relationship(Tingfengetal2006)andshownthatdurationandlagarecorrelated
    forlongGRBsbutnotforshort.Thisphenomenonhelpssupportthetheorythat
    shortandlongGRBshaveseparateprogenitors.
    

    
    11

    1.3.2HardnessIntensityCorrelation
    AfteraGRBisseparatedintohardandsoftprofiles,anothermeasure
    oftencalculatedistheburstsHardness.Hardnessservesarobustmeasureofa
    GRBsenergy.Hardnessistypicallycalculatedoneoftwoways.Mostoften,
    hardnessisextrapolatedfromagammarayburstsenergyspectrum.Thepeak
    energy,denotedEpeak,istakentobetheburstshardness.
    TheEpeakvalueforaGRBisgeneratedusingtheBandFunction(Bandetal
    1993).GRBenergyspectraareplottedandfittoabrokenpowerlaw(Fig1.8).
    ThepowerlawgoesasEpeakatlowenergiesandEpeakathighenergies,withEpeak
    takentobetheGRBsHardness.
    

    
    
    Figure1.8TheBandfunction[10]
    

    12

    Amoresimplemethod,andtheoneusedinthisstudy,istotakethe
    numberratioofhardphotonstototalphotonsreceivedduringagiventime
    interval:
     Hardness

    Hard counts
    
    total counts

    (11)

    Eithermeasureofhardnessshowsastrongpositivecorrelationtoinstantaneous
    burstintensityduringthedecayphaseoftheGRB.Thisrelationshipiscalledthe
    hardnessintensitypowerlawcorrelation,orPLHIC.
    ThecanonicalPLHICstudywasmadebyBorgonovoandRyde(2000),in
    whichthePLHICfor82GRBpulseswassampledfrom66BATSEFREDsusing
    theEpeakmethod.Likepeaklag,thePLHICalsobehavesdifferentlybetween
    longandshortGRBs,withshortGRBsbeingharder(Cuietal2005).
    
    1.3.3TheMADSFunction
    Daniel Logue developed asinglefunctionforfittingFREDtypeGRBsinhis
    2006Mastersthesis[13].Thisfunctioniscalledamodifiedasymmetricdouble
    sigmoidal,orMADS,andisstatedinEquation2.

    1
    A0
     I (t ) (
    )
    ) * (1 
    t  A1
    t  A1
    1  e A2
    1  e A3

    13

    (12)

    TheMADSfunctioncontainsthreeGRBtimeparameters:rise,peak,anddecay,
    andalsoapeakintensityparametertime(Fig1.9).Thecurrentstudyisthefirst
    tomakeusetheMADSfitvaluesasparametersforGRBstatistics.
    

    
    
    Figure1.9TheMADSfunction[13]
    
    1.4FocusoftheCurrentStudy
    Thepurposeofthisstudyistogenerateanew,morerobusttime
    parameterforGRBtimeprofilesusingnewmethodsofcalculationforthePLHIC
    andpeaklag.MADSfitstoFREDgammarayburstscontaintimemeasuresof
    rise,peak,anddecaytimesofthebrightnessprofile.TheseMADSparameters

    14

    canbevariedtoshowtheeffectsofrelativehardandsoftprofiletimingonthe
    PLHIC.Indeed,exploringthisrelationshipshowsthatpeaklagandthePLHIC
    areinterrelated,andbothparametersareintruthseparatemeasuresofasingle
    phenomenon.Acombinationofpeaklags,PLHICparameters,andMADSfit
    parametersisexploredinanefforttogenerateuniform,standardtimeparameter
    forgammaraybursts.Thisnewtimeparameteristhencheckedforcorrelation
    withintrinsicGRBproperties.

    15

    
    
    CHAPTERII
    METHODS
    
    2.1DataSet
    Thedatasetusedforthisstudyiscomprisedof94FREDgammaray
    burstsspanningtwoexperiments:BATSEandSwift.TheGRBsstudiedare
    chosentooverlapwiththosestudiedpreviouslybybothLogue[13]and
    BorogonvoRyde[11].Theburstintensitiesaregivenincountspersecond,with
    eachtimebinhavinga64mstimewidth.Thetimeperiodduringwhich90%of
    gammarayfluenceoccursisdenotedT90andtakentobethedurationofthe
    GRB.Theburstprofilesarealsodividedintofourenergybands.
    
    2.1.1BATSE
    TheBurstandTransientSourceExperiment(BATSE)wasoneofthe
    experimentscarriedontheComptonGammaRayObservatory,whichflewfrom
    1991toJune2000.Itconsistedofeightdetectorsplacedonthecornersofthe
    satellite(Fig2.1).Duringitsnineyearflight,BATSEdetectedalmostoneGRB

    16

    perday.ThisisfromwherethebulkofthecurrentGRBcatalogcomes.BATSE
    profilesbreakdownintofourenergybands,withenergiesrangingfrom2050
    keV,50100keV,100300keV,and>300keVrespectively.Forthisstudy,
    countswithenergygreaterthan100keVareconsideredhard.
    

    
    
    Figure2.1TheComptonGammaRayObservatory[14]
    
    Thefirstpartofthisstudyfocuseson83FREDtypeGRBschosenfromthe
    BATSEcatalogthatformasubsetoftheonesstudiedbyLogue[13].Thereisalso
    someoverlapbetweenthecurrentdatasetandthatusedbyBorogonovoRyde

    17

    [11].Thischoiceofdatawasmadeinordertocompareresultswithpervious
    researchinordertoensurethemethodsusedinthisstudywerevalid.
    
    2.1.2Swift
    

    Swiftisanongoingmissioncontainingthreeseparateexperimentsusedin

    conjunctiontoobserveGRBsandtheirxrayandUVafterglows(Fig2.2).Unlike
    BATSE,Swiftisnotanacronym;thenameinsteadcomesfromSwiftsabilityto
    rapidlylocalizeandslewtoaneventspositionwithinthesky.Thisability
    allowsSwifttorapidlytransmitaGRBslocationtogroundobservatories,which
    inturncanlookforGRBafterglows.Theseafterglowscaninturnprovide
    distancemeasuresfortheGRBevent.
    LiketheBATSEcatalog,SwiftGRBsarereportedat64mstimeresolution
    anddividedintofourenergybands.TheenergybinningofSwiftisdifferent,
    withrangesof1030keV,3050keV,50100keV,andgreaterthan100keV.
    TheSwiftexperimentwasabletoresolvemuchsofterbursts,andforthisreason,
    countswithenergygreaterthan50keVareconsideredhardfortheSwiftdata
    set.
    

    18

    
    
    Figure2.2TheSwiftexperiment[15]
    
    
    
    Sinceitslaunchin2004,thisabilitytorapidlylocalizeeventshashelpedto
    determinethedistancetoover100GRBs.OftheseGRBswithknowndistances,
    17areFREDsreasonableforthisstudy.Thesecondpartofthestudyfocuseson
    thesebursts.ParametersdevelopedusingtheBATSEburstsaremeasuredfor
    theSwiftdataset.Theseparametersarethentestedforcorrelationtodistance
    andthereforeintrinsicluminosity.
    
    
    

    19

    2.2FittingtheData
    Forthe83BATSEevents,thebackgroundgammarayfluxwasfittoa
    quadraticfunctionusingTableCurve2D.EachGRBwasbrokendownintohard,
    soft,andtotaltimeprofiles,andthebackgroundtoeachprofilewasfitseparately
    (Fig2.3).Asacheckofgoodnessoffit,thesumofthehardandsoftbackground
    fitswascomparedwiththetotalbackgroundfit.Foreachparameterofthe
    backgroundfit,theratioofthesumofthehardandsoftparameterstothetotal
    parameterwascalculated.Ineverycasethisratiowasbetween0.95and1.05,
    meaningthehardplussoftbackgroundwasequivalenttothetotalbackground
    withinfivepercent.Thistestalsoservedasavalidationofthelaterassumption
    thatthetotaltimeprofilewasinterchangeablewiththesumofthehardandsoft
    timeprofiles.AspublisheddataforSwifteventsisbackgroundsubtracted,no
    fitstobackgroundwerenecessaryfortheSwiftdataset.
    Forbothdatasets,BATSEandSwift,MADSfunctionswerefittothehard,
    soft,andtotaltimeprofiles(Fig2.4).Again,thesumofthehardandsoftMADS
    fitswerecomparedwiththeMADSfittothetotaltimeprofileasagoodnessoffit
    check.However,thiscomparisonwasfoundtobeinaccurateduringthe
    beginningandendoftheburst(Fig2.5).Thisdiscrepancyevidencesatrendfor
    hardandsoftprofilestobehavedifferentlyintime.Itturnsoutthatthetotal

    20

    MADSfittimeparametersarenotthesumbuttheaverageofthesoftandhard
    MADSfittimeparameters.ThisrelationshipisdiscussedindetailinChapterIII.
    

    
    
    Figure2.3Backgroundfittothesoftprofileforgammarayburstb911111c
    
    
    

    21

    
    
    Figure2.4Gammaray burst 911111hardandsoftMADSfits

    22

    
    
    Figure2.5Comparisonofhard+softtototalMADSfitsforgammarayburst
    b910725 
    
    2.3:GeneratingtheHardnessIntensityCorrelation
    OneofthepurposesofthisstudyistoobservethePLHICduringnotjust
    thedecayphaseofaFREDbutinsteadoverthecourseoftheentiregammaray
    burst.Severaldifficultiesarisewhenattemptingtocalculatehardnessatlow
    intensities.Atlowsignaltonoiseratios,hardnesscanvarywildlyandalso
    returnunphysicalresultsofH<0orH>1(Fig2.6).
    

    23

    
    
    Figure2.6Hardnessversusintensityforgammarayburstb910604,nonoise
    removal
    
    Therefore,inordertoaccuratelymeasurehardnessduringtherisephase
    andlateintothedecayphaseofaGRB,astatisticalbinningalgorithmwas
    developedforthetimeprofiletolessentheeffectsofnoise.AtypicalGRBtime
    profileisdividedinto64msbins.Forthisstudy,theGRBtimeprofilewasre
    binnedintovariabletimewidthbins(Fig2.7).
    Foreachzonewithinthetimeprofile,thetotalaccumulatedhardcounts
    wasdividedbythetotalaccumulatedcounts.Thisratiowasusedasthezones
    hardness.Thetotalaccumulatedcountsdividedbythenumberof64mstime

    24

    binsinazonewastakentobethezonesaverageintensity.Thetimeofeachbin
    wastakenasthemidpointofthezone.
    

    
    
    Figure2.7Thezoningprocessfornoisereduction
    
    Thiszoningmethodallowedforafinerresolutionathigherintensityand
    acoarserresolutionatlowS/Nareas.Althoughthismethodleadstoapoorer
    timeresolution,itgeneratesmeaningfulresultsinareasoftheGRBnot
    previouslystudied.Specifically,thisallowedforastudyofthehardness
    intensitycorrelation,orHIC,duringanentireGRBevent,notjustthedecay

    25

    phaseasinpreviousstudies.Figure2.8showshardnessversusintensityforthe
    sameGRBasFigure2.6,thistimeusingthezoningalgorithm.
    

    
    
    Figure2.8b910604hardnessversusintensityafterzoning
    
    Thenumberof64msbinsincludedintoeachtimezonewasbasedonthe
    timezonesaccumulatedintensity.Eachzonecontainedtotalaccumulated
    countsequaltothepeakintensityoftheGRBdividedbyten.Thatis,the
    minimumzonesizewasten64msbinsandtheminimumzonewaslocatedat
    thetimeprofilespeak.Foreachzone,anaveragehardnessandintensitywhere
    recorded,andfromthesevaluesahardnessintensitycorrelationwasderived.

    26

    Thiszonesizewasdeterminedempirically,andFigure2.9showstheeffectsof
    zonesizeonthehardnessintensityrelationship.
    

    
    
    Figure2.9Effectsofzonesize
    
    Usingthiszoningmethod,hardnessintensitycurvesweregeneratedfor
    theentiredataset,bothBATSEandSwift.Toensuretheresultsgeneratedusing
    thiszoningmethodwhereaccurate,aPLHICwasfittothreeburstsalsofitby
    BorgonovoRyde[11].Acomparisonofthefitsobtainedfrombothmethodsis
    showninFigure2.10,withthesolidrepresentingthecurrentfit,thedashedlines
    representingBorgonovoRydesbestfitandupperandlowerbounds,andthe

    27

    experimentalhardnessandintensitydatameasuredusingthezoningalgorithm.
    Giventhatitreproducestheresultsfoundinothermethods,thezoningmethod
    provestobenotonlysoundbutalsobeneficialinenablingabroaderstudyofthe
    HIC.
    
    2.4HICModeling
    AfterfittingMADSfunctionstothedatasetandgeneratingHICs,the
    effectsofrelativehard/softprofilestimingontheHICwereobserved.Tostudy
    theseeffects,artificialGRBswerecreatedusingtheMADSfunction.Anartificial
    MADScurvewastakentobethesoftprofile.Theparametersofthissoftprofile
    werethenvariedtogenerateahardprofile(Fig2.11).Inthisway,eventswith
    knownhard/softtimingdifferenceswerecreated.TheHICforthesetwocurves
    wasthengenerated.Usinglargepopulationsofmodeledcurves,adetailed
    analysisoftheinterrelationshipbetweentimelagsandtheHICwasperformed.
    TheresultsofthisanalysisarediscussedinChapterIII.
    

    28

    
    
    Figure2.10Fromtoptobottom:experimentalhardnessintensitydatafor
    gammarayburstsb920830,b930612,b941026.Dashedlinesindicate
    BorgonovRydesfitwitherrorboundswhilethesolidlineindicates
    ourPLHIC
    
    

    29

    
    
    Figure2.11GeneratedGRBprofileswithknownlagparameters
    
    2.5SASParameterRegression
    

    Finally,afterdetailedHICmodelingwasperformed,alargesetofnew

    GRBparameterswasgeneratedusingbothPLHICandMADSfitparameters.
    ForeachGRB,theMADSrise,peak,anddecaytimeparameterswererecorded.
    Lagtimesbasedofftheseparameterswerethencalculatedbytakingthe
    differencesandbetweenhardandsoftMADSparameters.Theratiooftherise
    andfalltimeparametersisalsocalculated,anditservesasameasureofthe
    compressionintimeofthehardprofilesinrelationtothesoft.Theseparameters
    serveasthefirstquantitativemeasureofthehardandsoftprofiletemporal
    differences.Additionally,theMADSfitswereusedtocalculatethepeaklagtime
    betweenthehardandsoftprofiles.AsopposedtousingaCCFbetweenthehard

    30

    andsoftprofiles,thepeaktimeforeachprofileistakentobepeakoftheMADS
    function.
    FortheSwiftdataset,thesenewMADSbasedparameters,alongwiththe
    decayphasePLHICslopeandinterceptparameters,wereanalyzedusingthe
    generallinearmodelinthestatisticalanalysissoftwarepackageSAS.Stepwise
    selectionusingbothrvalueandMallowsCpvaluewasperformedinanattempt
    todiscoveraregressiverelationshipbetweenGRBredshiftandGRBtime
    parameters.Theresultsofthisanalysisareoutlinedinthenextchapter. 

    31

    
    
    
    CHAPTERIII
    RESULTS

    
    3.1SourceofthePLHIC
    

    UsingcurvemodelingbasedonMADSfunctions,theeffectsoftemporal

    differencesbetweenhardandsoftprofilesontheHICwerestudiedindetail.
    Therelativerisetime,lagbetweenhardandsoftpeakintensitytimes,relative
    decaytime,anddifferenceinpeakintensityofthehardandsofttimeprofiles
    wereeachstudiedindividually.Theeffectsofeachparameteronthetheoretical
    profilearedetailedbelow.
    First,itwasfoundthattherelativepeakamplitudebetweenthehardand
    softtimeprofileshadnoeffectontheHIC.Infact,varyingonlytherelative
    intensitywhilemaintainingidenticalrise,peak,anddecaytimeparameters
    resultsinnoobservedHIC(Fig3.1).
    Variationoftherelativerisetimebetweensoftandhardprofilescreated
    anobservedHICduringtheGRBrisephase(Fig3.2).Themorethehardcounts
    leadthesoftcounts,themorepronouncedthehardnessintensityrelation

    32

    becomes.Interestingly,increasingordecreasingthelagbetweensoftandhard
    risetimesdoesnoteffectthepreviouslymeasureddecayphasePLHIC.
    Similarly,alagbetweentheintensitypeaktimesforhardandsoftcountsalso
    createsarisephaseHIC(Fig3.3).
    Furthermore,variationofrelativedecaytimescreatesaPLHICwhich
    followsthesametrendsasthoseexperimentallyobservedinpreviousstudies
    (Fig3.4).Aftertestingeachlagtimeindividually,MADScurvesweremodeled
    withvariationacrossallparameters(Fig3.5).Curveswithvariationbetween
    hardandsofttimingexhibitedacorrelationbetweenhardnessandintensity,
    whilethosewithidenticallytimingdidnot.
    

    
    
    Figure3.1EffectsofrelativepeakintensityontheHIC
    

    33

    
    
    Figure3.2EffectsofrelativerisetimeontheHIC
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.3EffectsofrelativepeaktimeontheHIC
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.4
    

    EffectsofrelativedecaytimeontheHIC

    34

    
    
    Figure3.5HICsgeneratedfrommultiplevariations
    
    MADSfunctionswerefurtherusedtogeneratelargepopulationsofhard
    andsoftprofiles.Iterationacrossawiderangeofdurations,intensities,andlag
    timesleadtothesameresultsasabove.Anydesiredhardnessintensity
    correlationcouldbegeneratedbyvaryingthetimeparametersofthehardand
    softprofiles.
    WehaveexpandedthepreviouslymeasuredPLHICtoafullGRB
    hardnessintensitycorrelation.ThisHIChasbeenproventobecausedbythelag
    timesbetweenthehardandsofttimeprofiles.Tofullydemonstratethis
    phenomenon,theexperimentallymeasuredHICswerecomparedtoHICsbased
    onMADSmodels.Specifically,foreachtestedGRB,theMADSfitstothatGRB
    wereusedtogenerateaHIC.ThisMADSHICwasthencomparedwiththe
    experimentallymeasuredhardnessintensitycurve.Iftheexperimentally

    35

    observedGRBhardnessintensitycorrelationisdueonlytotimelagsbetween
    hardandsoftphotons,thetwoHICsshouldmatch.
    Figure3.6showsthecomparisonofMADSandexperimentalHICsfora
    typicalBATSEevent.TheHICsforall100GRBstestedinthisstudyarelocated
    inAppendicesD(BATSE)andF(Swift).ThepeakintensityoftheMADS
    functionswastypicallylessthantheobservedintensity,soanadjustmenttothe
    peakintensityintheMADSHICwasmadeusingtheGoalSeekfunctionin
    Excel.TheshapeoftheMADSHICwasnotaltered,merelyshiftedinintensity
    toalignitwiththeexperimentaldata.Figure3.7showstheresultsofthis
    process.
    Toensurenoisewasnotaffectingthecomparison,gammaraybackground
    noisewasaddedtotheMADSfitforGRBb911111.TheHICforthisnoisy
    MADSwascalculatedusingthezoningmethod.TheMADSfunctionwithnoise
    addedwasalmostidenticaltotheexperimentaldata,andbothdeviatedaround
    thetheoreticalMADSHICbyaboutthesameamount(Fig3.8).
    ThePLHIChasbeenmeasuredforGRBssince1993[10].Whilemuch
    efforthasbeengiventotabulatingthePLHIC,thisphenomenonhasneverbeen
    explained.ThroughMADSmodeling,thePLHICisshowntonotbecausedby
    anyunderlyinggammarayburstphysics.Itisinsteadtheresultoftemporal

    36

    differencesbetweenthehardandsoftgammaraybursttimeprofiles.Previous
    measurementsofthePLHIChaveonlybeenobservingtheselagtimesbyproxy.
    

    
    
    Figure3.6Clockwisefromtopright:experimentallymeasuredHIC,MADSHIC,
    andcomparisonofexperimentalandtheoreticalHICsforgammaray
    burstb911111.Solidlinesrepresenttheriseanddashedlinesthe
    decayportionoftheevent.

    37

    Figure3.7 Gammarayburstb910725experimentalandMADSHICsbefore(top)
    andafter(bottom)MADSpeakintensityadjustment

    38

    
    Figure3.8 HICforMADSfitstob911111withaddednoise
    
    Eacheventwillhaveauniquehardnessintensitycorrelationdetermined
    byitsuniquesoftandhardtimeprofiles.InsteadofmeasuringthisHIC,which
    iscausedbylagtimes,anewsetofparametersshouldbedeveloped.Theuse
    MADStimeparameterstoderiveacharacteristiclagtimeforgammaraybursts
    isdetailedinSection3.3.
    
    
    

    39

    3.2MADSHICAnalysis
    

    TheMADSfunctionhasallowedforthestudyoftheoverallGRB

    hardnessintensityrelationshipasopposedtoonlyduringthedecayphase.The
    MADSfunctionalsoprovidesasimplecalculationofthepeaklagbetweenhard
    andsoftphotons.Furthermore,parametersforlagandcompressionbetween
    softandhardprofileshavebeencalculated.Detailedbelowisananalysisofthe
    HIC,peaklag,andtimeparametersmeasuredduringthisstudy.
    
    3.2.1TheHIC
    

    PreviousresearchhasfoundGRBhardnesstofollowsomegeneraltrends.

    Mostnotableistheseparationbetweenlongandshortevents,withshortGRBs
    tendingtobeharderthanlongGRBs[8,9].TherealsoexistsatendencyforGRBs
    withhighobservedintensitiestobeharder.ForeachGRBwithinthedataset,
    themaximumhardnesswasmeasuredandplottedagainstdurationand
    observedpeakintensity.Figures3.9and3.10showhardnesscalculatedusing
    Equation1(page13)doesnotfollowthesetrends.
    BothoftheseoveralltrendsarebasedoffofEpeakmeasuresofhardness.
    WhileEquation1doesprovideaccurateandmeaningfulmeasuresofhardness
    forhardnessintensitycorrelations,itdoesnotmimicallthebehaviorsofEpeak.
    Therefore,theEpeakdoescontaininformationaboutGRBeventsbeyondonlythe
    40

    HIC,andthehardnessmeasuredinthisstudypertainsonlytothehardness
    intensitydomain.
    

    
    
    Figure3.9PeakhardnessversusGRBduration
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.10Peakhardnessversuspeakintensity
    

    41

    3.2.2PeakLag
    

    Muchlikehardness,thetimelagbetweentheintensitypeaksofhardand

    softphotonsfollowscertaingeneraltendencies.Thepeaklagtimesmeasured
    usingMADSfunctionsexhibittwogeneralbehaviors.First,longereventstend
    tohavelongerpeaklags(Fig3.11).Thisfindingisincommonwiththefindings
    establishedinpreviousresearch[6,8].Second,GRBswithgreaterobserved
    intensitiestendtowardsshorterpeaklags(Fig3.12).Again,thisagreeswith
    previousresearch[7].Therefore,peaklagmeasurementsbasedonMADSfitsare
    assumedtobeaccuratemeasuresofthetrueenergydependentpeaklagtime.
    

    
    
    Figure3.11PeaklagtimeversusGRBduration
    

    42

    
    
    Figure3.12Observedpeakintensityversuspeaklagtime
    
    
    Ahistogramofpeaklagsillustratestheoveralltrendofsoftphotons
    lagginghard(Fig3.12).Similarly,hardprofileshaveanoveralltendencyto
    decayfasterthansoft(Fig3.13).Intermsofrisetime,however,thedistribution
    iscenteredonzero.Hardphotoncountratesdonotnecessarilyrisefasterthan
    soft.
    

    43

    
    
    Figure3.13Peaklagdistribution
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.14Decaylagdistribution
    
    

    44

    3.3TimeParameterRegressionAnalysis
    

    TheMADSfitparametersmeasuredfortheSwiftdatasetwereusedto

    calculatetimelagparameters.Theseparametersincluderise,peak,anddecay
    lagtimes.Riseanddecaylagtimesarecomputedassimplythedifference
    betweensoft,total,andhardMADSfitparametersA2andA3,respectively(see
    Figure1.9).Alsomeasuredarehardphotoncompression,whicharecalculated
    astheratioofhardtosoftandtotalMADSfitparameters.Intotal,12new
    parametersweremeasuredforthe17eventswithknowndistances(givenin
    redshift).
    

    Thesenewparameterswerethentestedforrelationsusingthestatistical

    analysisprogramSAS.Specifically,eachparameterwasregressedontoredshift
    insearchofacorrelation.ThefinalcorrelationmatrixispresentedinTable1.Of
    allpossibleparameters,threecorrelatedtoredshiftata50%orgreaterlevel:
    MADSpeakintensitydifference(A0softA0hard),MADSpeaklag(A2soft
    A2hard),anddecaylagtime(A3totalA3hard).Manyoftheotherparameters
    alsoshowedsomecorrelationtoredshift,whichlendscredencetotheideathata
    standardlagfunctionforGRBsexists.
    

    Someinterestingtrendscanbeseenamongthenewtimeparameters.In

    general,thegreaterthelagindecaytimesbetweenhardandsoftphotoncount
    rates,thegreaterthedistancetoaGRB(Fig3.14).Additionally,redshifttendsto
    45

    increaseaspeaklagincreases.Thistrendisevidentinpeaklagasmeasuredby
    bothMADSfitparametersandrawGRBintensitytimes(Figs3.15and3.16).
    Lastly,thedifferenceofsoftandhardMADSfitpeakintensities(A0parameter)
    isinverselyrelatedtoredshift.AsA0softminusA0harddecreases,redshift
    increases(Fig3.17).Theuncertaintiesinthemeasurementsaretakensimplyto
    bethenaturalspreadofthedata.
    
    Table1Correlationmatrixfortimelagparameters

    variable
    dPeak
    A0softA0
    hard
    A1softA1
    hard
    A2softA2
    hard
    A3softA3
    hard
    A0hard/A0
    soft
    A1hard/A1
    soft
    A2hard/A2
    soft
    A3hard/A3
    soft

    z
    0.288
    0.609
    0.315
    0.561
    0.319
    0.334
    0.313
    0.356

    variable
    A0totalA0
    hard
    A1totalA1
    hard
    A2totalA2
    hard
    A3totalA3
    hard
    A0hard/A0
    total
    A1hard/A1
    total
    A2hard/A2
    total
    A3hard/A3
    total

    0.189 z

    46

    z
    0.293
    0.267
    0.414
    0.564
    0.252
    0.291
    0.312
    0.251
    1.000

    
    
    Figure3.15Redshiftversushardphotondecaylag
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.16RedshiftversusMADSfitpeaklag
    

    47

    
    
    Figure3.17Redshiftversuspeaklag
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.18RedshiftversusMADSpeakintensitydifference
    
    

    48

    Inordertoselectthebestpossiblemodelforredshiftasafunctionoflag
    timesandMADSparameters,astatisticalmodelingwasperformedinSAS.
    Specifically,aforward,stepwiseselectionmethodwasusedtodeterminewhich,
    ifany,oftheparameterscouldbeusedasapredictorforredshift.Twoseparate
    modelsweregenerated,oneusingtheMADSparametersforthehardandsoft
    GRBprofilesandanotherusingtheparametersforthehardandtotalGRB
    profiles.
    

    Model1wasbasedonlagtimesandcompressionsdiscussedabove

    betweenthehardandsoftGRBprofilesfortheSwiftsampleset.Usinga
    forward,stepwiseselectionmethod,amodelforredshiftwasdetermined.The
    bestmodelforredshiftisonethatincludesthedifferenceinrawGRBintensities
    (dPeak),thedifferencebetweensoftandhardMADSfitpeakintensities(dA0),
    andthedecaylagtime(da3).Table2showstheanalysisofvarianceforthis
    model,alongwithitsR2,MallowsCp,andFstatistic.AhigherR2valuedenotes
    abetterabilitytopredictredshift,andtheMallowsCpvaluewillbeclosetothe
    numberofindependentvariablesforameaningfulmodel.Figure3.18showsa
    plotofredshiftversuspredictedvaluesforthismodel.
    

    Anotherforward,stepwiseselectionwasdoneusingthelagtimesand

    compressionsbetweenthehardandtotalGRBprofiles.Inthiscase,abestmodel
    wasselectedasonecontainingthedifferenceinrawGRBintensities(dPeak),the
    49

    differencebetweentotalandhardMADSfitpeakintensities(dA0),theMADS
    peaklag(dA2),thedecaylag(dA3),andthecompressionmeasuresforrise,
    peak,anddecaytimes(rA1,rA2,andrA3respectively).Table3showsthe
    ANOVAforModel2,alongwithitsR2,MallowsCp,andFstat,andFigure3.19
    showsaplotofredshiftversuspredictedvalues.
    WhileModel2hasahigherR2statisticandabetterCpcriterion,thefirst
    modelistakentobethebestpossiblepredictorforredshiftusingGRBlagtimes.
    Thischoiceismadeforseveralreasons.Firstly,thenumberofparameters
    involvedinModel2isconsiderablylarge.Secondly,Model1hasahigherF
    statistic.ThissignifiesthateachparameterwithinModel1issignificantfor
    predictingredshift,andthattherelationshipbetweenredshiftandthese
    parametersisstatisticallysignificant.Additionally,themodelselection
    procedureusedasignificancelevelof0.5todetermineinclusionforparameters.
    Limitingthatvaluetoamorereasonable0.1forcesseveralparametersoutof
    Model2anddrasticallyreducedthegoodnessoffit.Andlastly,thesecond
    modelrequiresMADSfitstohard,soft,andtotalGRBprofileswhereasModel1
    needsonlyhardandsoft.
    

    Afinalmodelchosenforredshiftisthereforeafunctionofpeakintensity

    differencesandthedecaylagtime.ThismodelisstatedexplicitlyinEquation2:

    2.49  .131(dpeak )  .473( MADS _ dpeak )  .143(decay _ lag ) 


    50

    (31)

    Whilethismodelisnotironcladbyanymeans,itdoesprovideaframeworkfor
    areasonableestimateofredshifttowithinabout 35%error,andimpliesthat
    energydependentlagsarecausedbysomeunderlyingGRBmechanic.
    
    Table2ANOVAtableforthemodelincludinghardandsoftMADSparameters
    Rsquared=
    
    
    Source
    Model
    Error
    Corrected
    Total
    
    
    Variable
    Intercept
    dPeak
    SoftA0
    HardA0
    softA3
    HardA3

    0.6269 C(p)=
    Analysisof
    Variance
    
    
    Sumof
    DF

    Parameter
    Esitimates
    
    DF

    2.2644 
    
    Mean

    

    
    
    F
    Value
    Squares Square
    3 13.14388
    4.38129
    7.28
    13 7.82403
    .60185 

    
    

    16

    

    20.9679 
    
    

    

    Pr>F
    .0041
    

    
    1 
    1 

    
    
    Parameter 
    F
    Estimate
    Value
    2.49208 72.57
    0.13098 6.55

    Pr>F
    <.0001
    0.0238

    1 

    0.43725 15.71

    0.0016

    1 

    0.14265 1.79

    0.2035

    
    

    51

    
    

    Table3ANOVAtableforthemodelincludinghardandtotalMADSparameters
    Rsquared=
    
    
    Source
    Model
    Error
    Corrected
    Total

    0.7873 C(p)=
    6.3173 
    Analysisof
    Variance
    
    
    
    
    Sumof Mean
    
    F
    DF
    Squares Square Value
    7 16.5078
    2.35826
    4.76
    9
    4.4601
    0.49557 
    16
    Parameter
    Esitimates
    

    
    
    Variable
    Intercept
    dPeak
    TotalA0
    HardA0
    TotalA2
    HardA3
    TotalA3
    HardA3
    HardA1/
    TotalA1
    HardA2/
    TotalA2
    HardA3/
    TotalA3

    DF

    20.9679 
    
    

    
    1 
    1 
    1 

    

    
    
    Pr>F
    0.017
    
    

    
    
    Parameter 
    F
    Estimate Value
    0.79671 0.8097
    0.25009 5.79854
    0.46406

    

    1.991

    
    
    Pr>F
    0.2331
    0.0076
    0.076

    1 

    0.32457 1.43712 0.1228

    1 

    0.16678 4.23542 0.0169

    1 

    0.14158 1.50373 0.1155

    1 
    1 

    52

    0.4127 2.07569

    0.071

    1.93913 0.71405 0.2606

    
    
    Figure3.19RedshiftversuspredictedvalueforModel1
    
    

    
    
    Figure3.20RedshiftversuspredictedvalueforModel2

    53

    
    
    
    CHAPTERIV
    CONCLUSIONS

    
    4.1ThePLHIC
    

    Foralmostthreedecades,theobservedGRBhardnessintensitycorrelation

    hasbeenmeasuredandtabulated;however,thenatureofthePLHIChasuntil
    nownottrulybeenunderstood.ThePLHICisinfactcausedsimplybytemporal
    differencesbetweenthehardandsoftgammarayprofiles.Thefasterfallingoff
    ofhardphotonsrelativetosoftgeneratesanobservedPLHICduringtheburst
    decayphase.Likewise,aHICcanbeobservedduringtheriseportionoftheGRB
    event.Thisisinturnduetodisparaterisetimesbetweenhardandsoftphotons.
    

    Intruth,theHICdoesnotbelieanyunderlyingGRBphysics.Whilesome

    trendscanbemeasuredfortheoverallHIC,theyarenotmeaningfulintermsof
    theGRBevent.Ontheotherhand,theHICdoesnotmimicallobservables
    containedwithinEpeakmeasures.TheEpeakparametermaycontaintrue
    informationaboutGRBs,butthehardnessintensitycorrelationdoesnot.The
    HICismerelyanobservedproxyfortheenergydependentlagtimes.

    54

    However,thetimelagsthatgiverisetotheHICseemtobeduetosome

    underlyingGRBmechanic.WhiletheHICisjustanartifactofspectral
    differences,thetimelagsbetweenhardandsoftphotonspossiblypointtothe
    inherentnatureofGRBs.ByusingMADSparametersandHICmodeling,
    severalnewtimelagparametershavebeenmeasuredandtestedforcorrelation
    totrueGRBproperties.
    
    4.2AStandardLagFunctionforGRBs
    

    Afterperforminganindepthstatisticalanalysis,notruesilverbulletlag

    functionforGRBscouldbefound.Thatbeingsaid,severalmeaningfultrends
    werediscovered.Moreover,areasonablepredictionforredshiftwasdeveloped
    towithinabout65%accuracy.
    

    ThegreatertheoveralllagbetweenhardandsoftphotonswithinaGRB,

    thefartherawaythatGRBseemstobeoccurring.Thisisseeningeneraltrends
    ofincreasingredshiftwithrise,peak,anddecaylagtimes.Conversely,the
    greaterthedifferencebetweenhardandsoftpeakintensities,thelowerthe
    redshiftvalueforaGRB.
    

    Furthermore,anymodelforredshiftispotentiallyuseful.Currently,

    eventsmustbelocalizedinspaceusingGRBafterglowspectralanalysis.This
    processisbothtimeandlaborintensive,andthetimeneededtogleanthe
    55

    distancetoaneventcanbeanywherefromdaystoweeks.Theabilityto
    approximatethedistancetoaGRB,evenifonlywithin35%error,couldstillhelp
    toshortenthistime.
    

    Moreover,thefactthatlagtimesvarydependingonredshiftisitself

    interesting.Despitethefactthatlagtimesdontprovideafoolproofstandard
    clockmeasurement,theydosignifythathardandsoftlagtimesarephysically
    meaningful.SomethingabouttheunderlyingphysicsofGRBscausesthesoft
    photonstolagthehard.
    

    Thesearchforastandardwithingammarayburstastronomycontinues.

    Thecommunitywillcontinuetolooktotheseeventstoprovideatoolfor
    answeringquestionsabouttheyounganddistantuniverse.Whilethelagtimes
    betweenhardandsoftprofilesdonotprovidethistooloutright,theyarestill
    meaningful.Astimegoesby,thecatalogofeventswithknowndistancewill
    increase.Onceenoughoftheseeventsaremeasured,aparameterthatleadstoa
    standardcandleorclockwillbefound,possiblyinvolvingspectrallags.Itis
    onlyamatteroftime.

    56

    
    
    
    REFERENCES
    
    [1]http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/jbonnell/www/firstburst.gif
    
    [2]http://www.oulu.fi/astronomy/astrophysics/pr/grb_map3906.gif
    
    [3]http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/images/epo/gallery/grbs/
    grb_profiles.gif
    
    [4]Dabkowski,J.andPosiewnik,A.,OnSomeMethodofAnalyzingTime
    Series,1998,MarianSmoluchowskiSymposiumonStatisticalPhysics
    
    [5]Lestrade,J.P.etal,TheDurationvsIntensityDiagramforaSubsetof
    PHEBUSGammaRayBursts,1994,AstronomyandAstrophysicsSupp.
    Ser.,97,79.
    
    [6]Norris,J.P.etal,ConnectionBetweenEnergyDependentLagsandPeak
    LuminosityinGammaRayBursts,2000,Ap.J.,V534pp248257.
    
    [7]Norris,J.P.,ImplicationsoftheLagLuminosityRelationshipforUnified
    GammaRayBurstParadigms,2002,Ap.J.,V579,pp386403.
    
    [8]Schaefer,BradleyE,ExplainingtheGammaRayBurstLag/Luminosity
    Relation,2004,Ap.J.,V602pp306311.
    
    [9]Yi,Tingfengetal,OntheSpectralLagsoftheShortGammaRayBursts,
    2006,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc..
    
    [10]Band,D.etal,BATSEObservationsofGammaRayBurstSpectra,
    ISpectralDiversity,1993,Ap.J.,V413pp281292.
    
    

    57

    [11]Borgonovo,LuisandRyde,Felix,OntheHardnessIntensity
    CorrelationinGammaRayBurstPulses,2001,Ap.J.,V548pp770786.
    
    [12]Cui,etal,SequencesintheHardnessRatioPeakEnergyPlaneof
    GammaRayBursts,2005,Chin.J.Astron.Astrophys.,V5pp
    151158.
    
    [13]Logue,DanielB.,ASingleContinuousFunctionasaModelof
    FastRiseExponentialDecayGammaRayBursts,2006,
    MississippiStateUniversity.
    
    [14]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/gro.gif
    
    [15]http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/files/2005/
    swift_satellite.jp
    

    58

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    APPENDIXA
    BATSEBACKGROUNDFITS

    59

    SOFT
    TN
    204
    493
    501
    516
    563
    577
    727
    764
    824
    1039
    1071
    1126
    1200
    1306
    1406
    1446
    1452
    1467
    1472
    1515
    1552
    1558
    1559
    1561
    1657
    1693
    1700
    1717
    1742
    1883
    1885
    1956
    2077
    2087
    2102
    2105
    2119
    2140
    2189
    2191
    2197
    2219
    2252
    2267
    2306
    2347

    BN
    910517B
    910706
    910708
    910712
    910721
    910725B
    910826
    910907
    910926B
    911111C
    911117C
    911128
    911221
    920120
    920216
    920227C
    920229B
    920307
    920310
    920323
    920414B
    920419B
    920419
    920420
    920619B
    920710
    920714B
    920721
    920804C
    920830
    920901
    920925
    921205
    921208
    921218
    921222
    930106C
    930121B
    930213B
    930214C
    930217
    930305
    930316
    930326B
    930416
    930519

    A2
    5834.940
    4814.127
    4952.210
    4526.370
    7776.820
    6537.891
    8338.686
    3889.834
    7883.870
    5793.760
    5481.420
    6735.810
    6015.210
    8358.420
    5229.430
    5865.201
    12826.493
    5650.158
    4858.963
    8268.366
    5634.263
    4671.346
    4986.726
    5450.984
    5329.090
    5555.726
    5626.672
    5344.548
    8487.821
    5819.110
    5338.841
    5191.808
    5730.283
    5750.350
    5482.323
    5778.871
    5697.421
    5087.730
    4668.822
    5162.198
    5241.917
    4838.547
    4575.384
    5551.733
    5923.641
    10223.227

    60

    A1

    A0
    -0.3498
    1.4553
    -1.0599
    -1.2300
    -0.9959
    1.1640
    -0.0614
    0.8932
    1.4440
    -0.2900
    -0.7044
    0.0130
    -0.3800
    -1.1880
    -0.3929
    1.5929
    1.2499
    -0.5244
    -2.6210
    0.9003
    0.2548
    -1.5972
    -0.2288
    -0.0753
    -0.7787
    0.6141
    1.0314
    0.3729
    -2.1852
    -0.1648
    0.7731
    -0.6781
    -1.1577
    -0.4291
    0.3300
    -0.7962
    0.8450
    -0.8811
    -0.1299
    0.6986
    -0.5113
    -2.1692
    0.3895
    -1.3314
    0.3010
    0.3346

    0.0004
    0.0018
    0.0023
    0.0013
    -0.0126
    -0.0038
    0.0002
    0.0004
    -0.0035
    -0.0016
    -0.0004
    -0.0006
    -0.0009
    -0.0007
    -0.0035
    -0.0035
    0.0029
    -0.0013
    0.0060
    -0.0090
    -0.0007
    0.0016
    -0.0001
    -0.0020
    -0.0006
    0.0002
    -0.0005
    -0.0006
    0.0029
    -0.0034
    -0.0033
    -0.0010
    -0.0001
    -0.0024
    -0.0012
    0.0005
    0.0030
    0.0004
    -0.0019
    0.0004
    -0.0005
    0.0046
    -0.0103
    0.0005
    -0.0009
    0.0036

    SOFT
    TN
    2387
    2391
    2423
    2432
    2472
    2484
    2510
    2560
    2620
    2636
    2660
    2662
    2664
    2695
    2706
    2750
    2774
    2775
    2848
    2880
    2947
    3005
    3074
    3168
    3193
    3229
    3503
    3789
    3792
    3805
    3819
    3869
    3899
    4653
    5411
    5415
    5427
    5433
    5434
    5516
    5517
    5531
    5539

    BN
    930612
    930612D
    930701
    930706B
    930730
    930807
    930902B
    931003
    931108
    931115
    931126B
    931127
    931128C
    931217
    931223
    940110B
    940120
    940120B
    940226B
    940313
    940425
    940530
    940713
    940915
    940925
    941009
    950412
    950911
    950911D
    950918
    950926
    951015
    951107C
    960129
    960405B
    960409C
    960415
    960418B
    960418C
    960624B
    960624
    960707C
    960715

    A2
    5045.217
    4209.864
    5611.045
    7693.513
    5617.421
    5833.290
    4999.194
    5041.439
    8313.796
    4967.317
    5085.563
    5966.353
    5726.942
    4811.138
    5340.539
    5002.137
    5463.751
    5198.981
    5024.076
    5499.445
    5614.602
    4527.978
    6349.324
    5573.906
    6004.843
    5783.024
    5747.920
    7853.304
    5880.456
    5904.722
    5593.082
    8718.500
    4924.783
    7203.751
    5786.898
    5665.061
    5957.369
    6258.788
    5965.006
    5644.298
    5773.646
    5998.160
    9766.865

    61

    A1

    A0
    -0.9437
    -1.1802
    -0.2114
    -0.0361
    0.4877
    -1.4759
    -0.5238
    -0.8614
    -0.4636
    -0.7074
    -0.2227
    0.1803
    0.0901
    -1.5911
    0.5901
    -0.8224
    -0.5557
    -0.8540
    -0.4695
    -0.7554
    -0.6943
    -0.8705
    0.4984
    0.0610
    0.3757
    1.0031
    -0.3981
    1.8924
    -0.6618
    0.4570
    1.4000
    0.5141
    -0.6045
    3.5120
    -0.8001
    0.3723
    -1.6834
    -1.5799
    0.1356
    0.5165
    1.0518
    -0.3369
    -2.9903

    -0.0044
    0.0003
    -0.0006
    0.0012
    -0.0007
    0.0016
    0.0004
    0.0021
    -0.0044
    0.0006
    -0.0018
    -0.0024
    -0.0011
    0.0018
    0.0005
    0.0018
    0.0012
    0.0004
    -0.0017
    -0.0083
    -0.0013
    0.0007
    -0.0048
    -0.0015
    0.0004
    0.0001
    -0.0007
    0.0002
    0.0002
    0.0014
    -0.0013
    0.0029
    0.0021
    0.0041
    -0.0014
    0.0011
    0.0015
    0.0017
    -0.0007
    -0.0014
    -0.0004
    0.0002
    0.0050

    HARD
    TN
    204
    493
    501
    516
    563
    577
    727
    764
    824
    1039
    1071
    1126
    1200
    1306
    1406
    1446
    1452
    1467
    1472
    1515
    1552
    1558
    1559
    1561
    1657
    1693
    1700
    1717
    1742
    1883
    1885
    1956
    2077
    2087
    2102
    2105
    2119
    2140
    2189
    2191
    2197
    2219
    2252
    2267
    2306
    2347
    2387
    2391
    2423

    BN
    910517B
    910706
    910708
    910712
    910721
    910725B
    910826
    910907
    910926B
    911111C
    911117C
    911128
    911221
    920120
    920216
    920227C
    920229B
    920307
    920310
    920323
    920414B
    920419B
    920419
    920420
    920619B
    920710
    920714B
    920721
    920804C
    920830
    920901
    920925
    921205
    921208
    921218
    921222
    930106C
    930121B
    930213B
    930214C
    930217
    930305
    930316
    930326B
    930416
    930519
    930612
    930612D
    930701

    A2
    2604.330
    2736.724
    2393.430
    2863.770
    4195.160
    3278.407
    4881.219
    2806.280
    4465.330
    2791.810
    2892.950
    3995.060
    2508.670
    4503.550
    2332.417
    2777.547
    6937.932
    2589.664
    2616.023
    5485.845
    2718.511
    2939.072
    2536.675
    4360.716
    2355.624
    2605.968
    3029.127
    3046.541
    5170.355
    2573.779
    2579.676
    2733.290
    2924.338
    2667.292
    2763.830
    2301.897
    4197.138
    2596.285
    2887.651
    2832.107
    2677.264
    3759.527
    2774.676
    2735.875
    2663.706
    5674.717
    3323.329
    2632.300
    2463.320

    62

    A1

    A0
    0.5010
    0.3396
    0.0472
    -1.2050
    0.2330
    0.0369
    -0.0769
    -0.3796
    -0.4527
    -0.0190
    0.0764
    0.2850
    -0.1330
    -1.8670
    0.1941
    0.1066
    -0.2184
    -0.7875
    -0.4000
    4.6195
    -0.1219
    -0.1718
    -0.2133
    -3.6031
    0.1257
    -0.6669
    0.6423
    0.6911
    -5.3286
    -0.4587
    -0.0156
    -0.0078
    -1.9872
    0.0690
    0.0867
    0.0178
    -1.4301
    0.1987
    0.6040
    -0.1952
    0.7436
    -3.2406
    0.7536
    0.2416
    -1.4383
    0.2230
    -1.7081
    0.3320
    -0.7417

    0.0017
    0.0005
    0.0005
    0.0012
    -0.0027
    -0.0008
    -0.0010
    0.0002
    0.0019
    0.0000
    0.0004
    -0.0009
    0.0014
    0.0013
    -0.0002
    -0.0004
    0.0068
    0.0013
    0.0022
    -0.0027
    -0.0006
    0.0003
    -0.0001
    -0.0018
    0.0007
    0.0028
    -0.0020
    -0.0002
    0.0075
    0.0019
    0.0001
    -0.0001
    0.0027
    -0.0012
    -0.0005
    -0.0003
    -0.0024
    0.0004
    0.0018
    -0.0001
    -0.0015
    0.0028
    0.0027
    -0.0010
    0.0035
    0.0012
    0.0010
    0.0001
    0.0008

    HARD
    TN
    2432
    2472
    2484
    2510
    2560
    2620
    2636
    2660
    2662
    2664
    2695
    2706
    2750
    2774
    2775
    2848
    2880
    2947
    3005
    3074
    3168
    3193
    3229
    3503
    3789
    3792
    3805
    3819
    3869
    3899
    4653
    5411
    5415
    5427
    5433
    5434
    5516
    5517
    5531
    5539

    BN
    930706B
    930730
    930807
    930902B
    931003
    931108
    931115
    931126B
    931127
    931128C
    931217
    931223
    940110B
    940120
    940120B
    940226B
    940313
    940425
    940530
    940713
    940915
    940925
    941009
    950412
    950911
    950911D
    950918
    950926
    951015
    951107C
    960129
    960405B
    960409C
    960415
    960418B
    960418C
    960624B
    960624
    960707C
    960715

    A2
    3950.901
    2958.961
    2700.670
    2509.731
    3430.520
    3576.544
    3263.246
    3303.321
    3071.133
    3591.061
    2979.753
    3139.713
    4597.567
    3621.544
    3603.715
    3802.100
    2736.332
    2842.175
    3222.911
    3155.499
    3060.910
    4096.750
    3035.362
    2826.935
    4596.102
    3450.567
    3112.620
    3954.779
    5755.554
    4725.072
    3894.620
    2902.983
    3303.784
    3153.889
    5433.076
    3684.198
    3436.059
    4623.717
    3555.212
    9491.808

    63

    A1

    A0
    1.0469
    -1.2801
    -0.2294
    0.4177
    -2.0940
    0.0625
    1.3662
    0.5825
    1.2928
    -0.4385
    -1.3381
    -0.5720
    -4.4466
    1.6290
    -2.1267
    1.4823
    0.2699
    0.0564
    0.8668
    -0.2700
    0.2383
    -0.4397
    0.1462
    -0.0942
    0.2499
    -0.4114
    0.3106
    0.4219
    1.7563
    -4.8157
    -0.3559
    0.1244
    0.7705
    -0.4097
    -3.1780
    0.3887
    2.1047
    1.5311
    1.8533
    -7.9786

    0.0013
    -0.0001
    0.0003
    0.0013
    0.0023
    0.0000
    -0.0003
    0.0000
    0.0018
    -0.0009
    0.0057
    -0.0005
    0.0090
    -0.0021
    0.0004
    -0.0034
    -0.0017
    0.0011
    0.0007
    0.0001
    -0.0009
    0.0007
    -0.0001
    0.0009
    -0.0018
    0.0012
    0.0009
    -0.0015
    0.0033
    0.0017
    -0.0078
    0.0006
    0.0014
    0.0008
    0.0030
    0.0009
    0.0044
    -0.0006
    0.0005
    0.0072

    TOTAL
    TN
    204
    493
    501
    516
    563
    577
    727
    764
    824
    1039
    1071
    1126
    1200
    1306
    1406
    1446
    1452
    1467
    1472
    1515
    1552
    1558
    1559
    1561
    1657
    1693
    1700
    1717
    1742
    1883
    1885
    1956
    2077
    2087
    2102
    2105
    2119
    2140
    2189
    2191
    2197
    2219
    2252
    2267
    2306
    2347
    2387
    2391
    2423

    BN
    910517B
    910706
    910708
    910712
    910721
    910725B
    910826
    910907
    910926B
    911111C
    911117C
    911128
    911221
    920120
    920216
    920227C
    920229B
    920307
    920310
    920323
    920414B
    920419B
    920419
    920420
    920619B
    920710
    920714B
    920721
    920804C
    920830
    920901
    920925
    921205
    921208
    921218
    921222
    930106C
    930121B
    930213B
    930214C
    930217
    930305
    930316
    930326B
    930416
    930519
    930612
    930612D
    930701

    A2
    8439.270
    7550.851
    7345.640
    7390.140
    11971.980
    9816.298
    13219.905
    6696.114
    12349.200
    8585.570
    8374.370
    10730.870
    8523.880
    12861.970
    7561.847
    8642.748
    19764.425
    8239.822
    7474.985
    13754.211
    8352.773
    7610.418
    7523.401
    9811.699
    7684.714
    8161.694
    8655.800
    8391.089
    13658.175
    8392.890
    7918.517
    7925.098
    8654.621
    8417.642
    8246.153
    8080.768
    9894.559
    7684.015
    7556.474
    7994.305
    7919.181
    8598.073
    7350.060
    8287.608
    8587.347
    15897.944
    8368.546
    6842.164
    8074.365

    64

    A1
    0.1512
    1.7949
    -1.0127
    -2.4350
    -0.7629
    1.2009
    -0.1383
    0.5136
    0.9913
    -0.3090
    -0.6280
    0.2980
    -0.5130
    -3.0550
    -0.1989
    1.6995
    1.0315
    -1.3119
    -3.0210
    5.5198
    0.1329
    -1.7690
    -0.4422
    -3.6784
    -0.6531
    -0.0528
    1.6738
    1.0640
    -7.5138
    -0.6235
    0.7575
    -0.6859
    -3.1449
    -0.3601
    0.4167
    -0.7784
    -0.5851
    -0.6824
    0.4741
    0.5034
    0.2323
    -5.4099
    1.1431
    -1.0899
    -1.1373
    0.5577
    -2.6518
    -0.8482
    -0.9531

    A0
    0.0020
    0.0023
    0.0027
    0.0025
    -0.0153
    -0.0045
    -0.0008
    0.0007
    -0.0016
    -0.0016
    0.0000
    -0.0014
    0.0005
    0.0007
    -0.0037
    -0.0040
    0.0097
    0.0000
    0.0082
    -0.0117
    -0.0013
    0.0020
    -0.0002
    -0.0038
    0.0001
    0.0030
    -0.0026
    -0.0008
    0.0105
    -0.0015
    -0.0032
    -0.0011
    0.0026
    -0.0037
    -0.0017
    0.0002
    0.0007
    0.0008
    -0.0001
    0.0003
    -0.0020
    0.0074
    -0.0076
    -0.0005
    0.0025
    0.0048
    -0.0034
    0.0004
    0.0002

    TOTAL
    TN
    2432
    2472
    2484
    2510
    2560
    2620
    2636
    2660
    2662
    2664
    2695
    2706
    2750
    2774
    2775
    2848
    2880
    2947
    3005
    3074
    3168
    3193
    3229
    3503
    3789
    3792
    3805
    3819
    3869
    3899
    4653
    5411
    5415
    5427
    5433
    5434
    5516
    5517
    5531
    5539

    BN
    930706B
    930730
    930807
    930902B
    931003
    931108
    931115
    931126B
    931127
    931128C
    931217
    931223
    940110B
    940120
    940120B
    940226B
    940313
    940425
    940530
    940713
    940915
    940925
    941009
    950412
    950911
    950911D
    950918
    950926
    951015
    951107C
    960129
    960405B
    960409C
    960415
    960418B
    960418C
    960624B
    960624
    960707C
    960715

    A2
    11644.415
    8576.382
    8533.960
    7508.925
    8471.959
    11890.341
    8230.562
    8388.885
    9037.486
    9318.003
    7790.891
    8480.252
    9599.704
    9085.295
    8802.697
    8826.176
    8235.777
    8456.777
    7750.889
    9504.822
    8634.816
    10101.592
    8818.386
    8574.855
    12449.406
    9331.023
    9017.342
    9547.861
    14474.054
    9649.854
    11098.371
    8689.881
    8968.845
    9111.258
    11691.864
    9649.204
    9080.357
    10397.363
    9553.372
    19258.673

    65

    A1
    1.0108
    -0.7924
    -1.7053
    -0.1060
    -2.9554
    -0.4011
    0.6588
    0.3598
    1.4731
    -0.3484
    -2.9291
    0.0181
    -5.2691
    1.0733
    -2.9807
    1.0127
    -0.4855
    -0.6380
    -0.0037
    0.2285
    0.2993
    -0.0640
    1.1493
    -0.4923
    2.1423
    -1.0732
    0.7676
    1.8218
    2.2705
    -5.4202
    3.1561
    -0.6757
    1.1428
    -2.0931
    -4.7579
    0.5243
    2.6212
    2.5829
    1.5164
    -10.968

    A0
    0.0025
    -0.0008
    0.0018
    0.0017
    0.0044
    -0.0043
    0.0004
    -0.0019
    -0.0006
    -0.0020
    0.0075
    0.0000
    0.0108
    -0.0010
    0.0009
    -0.0050
    -0.0100
    -0.0002
    0.0015
    -0.0047
    -0.0024
    0.0011
    0.0000
    0.0002
    -0.0016
    0.0014
    0.0023
    -0.0028
    0.0063
    0.0038
    -0.0037
    -0.0007
    0.0026
    0.0023
    0.0047
    0.0001
    0.0029
    -0.0010
    0.0008
    0.0122

    66

    67

    68

    69

    70

    71

    72

    73

    74

    75

    76

    77

    78

    79

    80

    81

    82

    83

    84

    85

    86

    87

    88

    89

    90

    91

    92

    93

    94

    95

    96

    97

    98

    99

    100

    101

    102

    103

    104

    105

    106

    107

    108

    109

    110

    111

    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    APPENDIXB
    BATSEMADSFITS

    112

    SOFT
    TN
    204
    493
    501
    516
    563
    577
    727
    764
    824
    1039
    1071
    1126
    1200
    1306
    1406
    1446
    1452
    1467
    1472
    1515
    1552
    1558
    1559
    1561
    1657
    1693
    1700
    1717
    1742
    1883
    1885
    1956
    2077
    2087
    2102
    2105
    2119
    2140
    2189
    2191
    2197
    2219
    2252
    2267
    2306
    2347
    2387

    BN
    910517B
    910706
    910708
    910712
    910721
    910725B
    910826
    910907
    910926B
    911111C
    911117C
    911128
    911221
    920120
    920216
    920227C
    920229B
    920307
    920310
    920323
    920414B
    920419B
    920419
    920420
    920619B
    920710
    920714B
    920721
    920804C
    920830
    920901
    920925
    921205
    921208
    921218
    921222
    930106C
    930121B
    930213B
    930214C
    930217
    930305
    930316
    930326B
    930416
    930519
    930612

    A0
    2091.500
    8835.080
    5030.975
    7188.818
    6834.626
    3580.196
    7315.075
    3927.016
    4824.095
    8845.899
    11343.107
    1968.190
    10726.472
    3536.821
    11382.419
    3568.537
    3530.553
    13564.526
    9577.426
    5028.678
    1757.221
    1564.546
    2619.870
    3240.046
    2516.574
    2205.578
    5557.870
    20522.396
    8529.918
    24246.033
    2384.894
    18600.461
    2390.689
    10306.562
    7913.902
    4381.223
    4092.047
    5358.098
    2706.028
    2995.249
    4881.124
    6780.809
    2746.179
    4224.781
    4907.071
    4071.552
    17821.150

    A1
    0.426
    0.202
    -0.431
    -0.694
    0.385
    0.506
    0.267
    -1.461
    3.199
    2.699
    0.533
    -0.477
    3.407
    -1.083
    1.160
    4.897
    -0.796
    2.716
    0.888
    0.582
    -1.444
    -1.579
    0.089
    0.445
    1.581
    -0.766
    0.114
    3.191
    32.876
    0.631
    -0.300
    1.627
    -0.080
    0.147
    0.828
    -0.462
    0.749
    0.251
    7.901
    -0.364
    2.316
    1.558
    1.395
    -0.087
    -0.129
    -1.194
    3.145

    A2
    0.758
    0.376
    0.168
    0.876
    0.531
    1.366
    0.521
    0.859
    2.723
    1.249
    0.553
    0.071
    1.851
    0.446
    0.764
    3.312
    0.184
    0.864
    0.960
    0.647
    1.750
    0.120
    1.029
    0.753
    1.475
    0.420
    0.211
    1.037
    1.914
    0.310
    1.950
    0.713
    3.435
    0.224
    0.523
    0.147
    0.885
    1.269
    4.247
    0.493
    1.639
    1.290
    1.277
    0.256
    0.234
    0.370
    1.395

    113

    A3
    2.093
    0.981
    2.774
    2.514
    9.090
    9.238
    1.136
    7.496
    11.566
    4.377
    1.298
    8.350
    4.393
    2.904
    7.278
    4.541
    5.661
    4.659
    5.365
    6.262
    12.939
    6.514
    14.372
    8.025
    3.293
    3.613
    2.175
    1.713
    3.470
    2.346
    20.801
    2.908
    30.413
    1.209
    2.984
    1.897
    4.269
    4.767
    4.751
    3.989
    10.001
    3.100
    9.962
    4.411
    1.837
    1.896
    10.688

    Peak Int
    631.890
    2628.619
    2185.256
    2195.718
    2979.762
    1353.139
    2071.567
    1557.753
    1637.787
    2854.404
    3276.967
    957.071
    3108.070
    1326.358
    4582.223
    913.817
    1620.831
    4880.560
    3474.098
    2029.712
    676.037
    741.826
    1115.087
    1327.945
    717.247
    872.617
    2265.639
    5434.948
    2306.497
    9368.551
    977.588
    6248.727
    950.616
    3707.880
    2883.750
    1845.565
    1433.890
    1761.732
    678.632
    1171.945
    1805.367
    1971.709
    1067.373
    1842.799
    1908.721
    1447.250
    6902.839

    Peak
    time
    1.378
    0.647
    0.133
    0.450
    2.193
    3.723
    0.763
    0.815
    8.091
    4.645
    1.112
    -0.090
    5.371
    -0.053
    3.263
    6.078
    -0.052
    4.519
    2.932
    2.374
    2.860
    -1.025
    3.363
    2.613
    3.030
    0.340
    0.713
    3.804
    34.238
    1.401
    5.315
    2.872
    9.084
    0.615
    1.955
    -0.007
    2.476
    2.338
    8.402
    0.900
    5.977
    2.948
    4.615
    0.787
    0.463
    -0.445
    6.633

    SOFT
    TN
    2391
    2423
    2432
    2472
    2484
    2510
    2560
    2620
    2636
    2660
    2662
    2664
    2695
    2706
    2750
    2774
    2775
    2848
    2880
    2947
    3005
    3074
    3168
    3193
    3229
    3503
    3789
    3792
    3805
    3819
    3869
    3899
    4653
    5411
    5415
    5427
    5433
    5434
    5516
    5517
    5531
    5539

    BN
    930612D
    930701
    930706B
    930730
    930807
    930902B
    931003
    931108
    931115
    931126B
    931127
    931128C
    931217
    931223
    940110B
    940120
    940120B
    940226B
    940313
    940425
    940530
    940713
    940915
    940925
    941009
    950412
    950911
    950911D
    950918
    950926
    951015
    951107C
    960129
    960405B
    960409C
    960415
    960418B
    960418C
    960624B
    960624
    960707C
    960715

    A0
    1016.707
    2605.989
    7565.818
    1133.631
    6418.457
    4655.378
    2905.632
    4623.307
    1794.581
    5302.334
    4745.337
    2311.339
    2054.879
    5629.271
    3041.780
    2216.212
    1017.759
    2051.363
    12881.789
    2739.839
    3055.007
    1365.364
    2263.890
    3205.937
    4130.113
    6583.291
    9266.510
    3179.405
    2614.784
    3446.494
    7269.937
    1675.926
    7597.386
    7709.497
    6818.935
    11080.437
    20804.294
    3755.106
    1095.214
    8557.803
    12108.595
    8521.135

    A1
    -2.546
    -1.072
    0.277
    -2.310
    0.589
    0.783
    0.213
    -0.373
    -0.747
    1.007
    0.259
    -1.544
    -3.910
    0.587
    -0.551
    -2.267
    -2.047
    -0.648
    0.062
    -0.230
    0.393
    -0.697
    -1.530
    -1.145
    -1.242
    1.032
    -0.034
    -0.429
    0.012
    0.021
    0.110
    -2.145
    1.569
    1.012
    1.616
    2.684
    1.372
    -0.105
    -1.047
    0.128
    3.042
    -1.002

    A2
    1.452
    0.608
    0.542
    1.496
    0.865
    1.287
    0.648
    0.437
    0.294
    0.944
    0.316
    0.836
    3.030
    0.514
    0.353
    2.515
    0.611
    0.131
    0.115
    2.807
    0.680
    3.789
    1.388
    1.521
    0.159
    0.751
    0.144
    0.332
    0.953
    0.423
    0.643
    1.418
    0.880
    1.092
    1.142
    1.512
    0.707
    0.482
    0.922
    0.452
    1.627
    0.385

    114

    A3
    8.693
    4.654
    3.260
    12.456
    4.393
    3.714
    4.921
    4.647
    12.336
    6.197
    5.871
    10.852
    15.869
    7.893
    4.087
    14.600
    8.068
    3.727
    1.375
    8.274
    7.001
    12.614
    5.896
    13.841
    1.980
    1.915
    2.398
    2.233
    8.516
    11.648
    1.774
    10.585
    1.969
    3.021
    6.488
    2.265
    1.498
    3.770
    10.448
    2.056
    4.507
    2.594

    Peak Int
    374.485
    1009.107
    2790.221
    445.935
    2277.530
    1423.999
    1123.776
    1893.977
    839.999
    1991.911
    2087.145
    974.377
    734.346
    2424.121
    1262.159
    810.819
    430.065
    936.740
    5369.523
    843.028
    1245.394
    434.497
    768.631
    1280.856
    1730.858
    1945.200
    4027.472
    1199.975
    1041.322
    1569.770
    2196.470
    645.936
    2166.934
    2330.833
    2482.860
    2878.755
    5849.549
    1460.482
    453.048
    2955.988
    3662.061
    3218.596

    Peak
    time
    0.664
    0.448
    1.478
    1.574
    2.331
    2.472
    1.825
    0.884
    0.536
    3.197
    1.363
    1.048
    2.305
    2.276
    0.498
    3.202
    -0.142
    -0.131
    0.408
    3.531
    2.324
    4.964
    0.964
    2.959
    -0.756
    1.899
    0.452
    0.351
    2.565
    1.678
    0.917
    1.357
    2.435
    2.386
    4.069
    3.390
    2.018
    1.111
    1.670
    0.978
    5.093
    -0.098

    HARD
    TN
    204
    493
    501
    516
    563
    577
    727
    764
    824
    1039
    1071
    1126
    1200
    1306
    1406
    1446
    1452
    1467
    1472
    1515
    1552
    1558
    1559
    1561
    1657
    1693
    1700
    1717
    1742
    1883
    1885
    1956
    2077
    2087
    2102
    2105
    2119
    2140
    2189
    2191
    2197
    2219
    2252
    2267
    2306
    2347
    2387
    2391

    BN
    910517B
    910706
    910708
    910712
    910721
    910725B
    910826
    910907
    910926B
    911111C
    911117C
    911128
    911221
    920120
    920216
    920227C
    920229B
    920307
    920310
    920323
    920414B
    920419B
    920419
    920420
    920619B
    920710
    920714B
    920721
    920804C
    920830
    920901
    920925
    921205
    921208
    921218
    921222
    930106C
    930121B
    930213B
    930214C
    930217
    930305
    930316
    930326B
    930416
    930519
    930612
    930612D

    A0
    3774.390
    5103.991
    2946.380
    1751.162
    9397.131
    2474.893
    5693.683
    2280.993
    1382.392
    4757.934
    6382.153
    3262.467
    2885.919
    1590.283
    6686.686
    1995.614
    2908.720
    8749.778
    4541.092
    3345.061
    622.913
    1028.775
    3005.414
    2153.155
    1673.319
    991.688
    3423.830
    13452.684
    2243.934
    21587.257
    2193.140
    9852.090
    916.293
    8048.267
    5872.638
    3294.660
    3057.147
    1050.764
    1804.866
    314.155
    3445.404
    3783.271
    1681.939
    3346.775
    4231.571
    1172.635
    14289.982
    1225.271

    A1
    -0.066
    0.408
    -0.516
    -0.112
    -0.047
    -0.150
    0.023
    -2.428
    -1.173
    4.589
    0.383
    -0.566
    1.054
    -1.187
    0.147
    0.109
    -1.071
    2.235
    0.215
    -0.220
    -3.431
    -2.203
    -0.532
    -0.627
    -0.219
    -0.659
    -0.127
    3.703
    32.206
    0.322
    -2.016
    1.886
    -2.763
    0.148
    0.680
    -0.331
    0.215
    -1.504
    5.626
    -0.108
    0.301
    2.187
    -0.257
    -0.409
    -0.170
    -1.179
    2.381
    -2.527

    A2
    0.629
    0.353
    0.163
    0.120
    0.321
    1.309
    0.463
    1.111
    0.255
    1.799
    0.431
    0.352
    1.255
    0.270
    0.555
    1.570
    0.177
    0.941
    0.599
    0.707
    1.211
    0.536
    0.881
    0.286
    1.406
    0.499
    0.187
    1.151
    1.750
    0.240
    1.189
    0.751
    2.376
    0.236
    0.561
    0.141
    0.450
    1.125
    4.047
    0.681
    0.665
    0.925
    0.999
    0.168
    0.204
    0.073
    1.336
    0.973

    115

    A3
    1.980
    0.587
    1.284
    2.199
    3.633
    6.585
    0.848
    5.610
    8.401
    1.284
    0.993
    2.750
    5.708
    1.975
    5.595
    5.153
    3.773
    3.582
    4.841
    6.820
    7.956
    3.439
    7.937
    4.124
    2.918
    1.963
    1.851
    0.936
    2.941
    1.505
    9.962
    1.994
    16.857
    0.934
    1.976
    0.663
    2.754
    3.798
    3.332
    3.052
    6.008
    1.734
    8.332
    3.053
    1.580
    2.855
    6.827
    4.032

    Peak Int
    1182.952
    1354.011
    1147.114
    769.084
    3886.982
    876.066
    1542.820
    808.170
    637.740
    1222.323
    1834.245
    1268.197
    996.726
    610.607
    2716.630
    632.563
    1296.528
    2886.753
    1776.545
    1349.523
    234.027
    384.662
    1198.636
    920.159
    467.905
    329.977
    1387.117
    3398.696
    596.470
    8031.624
    863.689
    2944.255
    349.661
    2681.783
    1897.667
    1146.952
    1131.535
    335.653
    455.447
    108.107
    1374.701
    1030.998
    661.842
    1468.411
    1642.699
    546.807
    5077.448
    413.409

    Peak
    time
    0.829
    0.620
    -0.104
    0.305
    0.898
    2.472
    0.358
    -0.198
    -0.126
    4.098
    0.823
    0.322
    3.415
    -0.527
    1.710
    2.426
    -0.427
    3.798
    1.750
    1.735
    -0.621
    -0.975
    1.835
    0.293
    1.029
    0.190
    0.396
    3.492
    33.279
    0.866
    1.080
    2.792
    2.966
    0.551
    1.557
    -0.060
    1.221
    0.197
    4.921
    1.160
    2.091
    2.885
    2.338
    0.174
    0.342
    -0.866
    5.082
    -0.809

    HARD
    TN
    2423
    2432
    2472
    2484
    2510
    2560
    2620
    2636
    2660
    2662
    2664
    2695
    2706
    2750
    2774
    2775
    2848
    2880
    2947
    3005
    3074
    3168
    3193
    3229
    3503
    3789
    3792
    3805
    3819
    3869
    3899
    4653
    5411
    5415
    5427
    5433
    5434
    5516
    5517
    5531
    5539

    BN
    930701
    930706B
    930730
    930807
    930902B
    931003
    931108
    931115
    931126B
    931127
    931128C
    931217
    931223
    940110B
    940120
    940120B
    940226B
    940313
    940425
    940530
    940713
    940915
    940925
    941009
    950412
    950911
    950911D
    950918
    950926
    951015
    951107C
    960129
    960405B
    960409C
    960415
    960418B
    960418C
    960624B
    960624
    960707C
    960715

    A0
    1215.494
    3816.117
    853.036
    6348.619
    2454.662
    3011.640
    2977.532
    1014.849
    1878.110
    5139.526
    1262.661
    795.334
    6875.262
    1203.402
    1163.218
    1250.981
    526.658
    11439.385
    1471.006
    3027.621
    1005.682
    1524.048
    2147.857
    1838.694
    4763.611
    8269.969
    1484.316
    2902.561
    2115.558
    4272.293
    915.542
    2749.160
    2103.489
    4587.183
    7063.721
    13992.291
    2439.520
    1511.100
    8828.676
    5512.338
    4667.038

    A1
    -1.212
    -0.319
    -1.944
    0.417
    0.219
    -0.226
    -0.955
    -1.033
    -0.445
    -0.041
    -0.825
    -6.178
    0.306
    -1.137
    -0.217
    -2.131
    -1.289
    0.004
    3.150
    -0.443
    -2.113
    -1.320
    -1.635
    -1.384
    1.377
    0.004
    -0.984
    -0.302
    -0.643
    0.065
    -4.906
    1.221
    0.185
    0.454
    3.883
    1.837
    -0.582
    -3.768
    0.302
    3.371
    -0.847

    A2
    0.828
    0.268
    0.819
    0.743
    1.409
    0.505
    0.419
    0.204
    0.208
    0.241
    0.655
    1.842
    0.177
    0.075
    1.743
    0.563
    0.443
    0.110
    5.026
    0.400
    0.723
    0.908
    1.881
    0.127
    0.931
    0.176
    0.216
    0.481
    0.226
    0.483
    1.080
    0.817
    0.493
    0.894
    1.619
    0.697
    0.441
    0.905
    0.432
    1.555
    0.208

    116

    A3
    3.298
    3.365
    8.115
    2.326
    3.378
    4.399
    2.294
    5.377
    3.910
    2.805
    7.462
    13.309
    3.520
    4.182
    8.973
    1.666
    5.216
    0.756
    4.095
    3.146
    6.738
    3.401
    11.242
    1.372
    0.915
    1.339
    1.951
    3.357
    6.329
    1.372
    9.255
    1.609
    2.721
    4.047
    1.177
    0.901
    3.106
    5.965
    1.029
    3.312
    1.753

    Peak Int
    405.868
    1601.518
    345.661
    1986.417
    713.322
    1194.200
    1075.334
    460.601
    826.940
    2133.525
    522.628
    304.600
    3044.131
    571.150
    414.016
    385.306
    219.079
    4341.414
    371.569
    1178.670
    403.405
    500.668
    790.837
    755.396
    1190.990
    3200.453
    592.271
    1104.088
    964.692
    1300.852
    361.954
    758.437
    760.800
    1582.410
    1809.773
    3555.022
    929.610
    568.112
    2560.677
    1551.785
    1840.050

    Peak
    time
    0.210
    0.502
    0.345
    1.469
    1.733
    1.111
    -0.074
    -0.243
    0.284
    0.677
    1.111
    -1.698
    0.938
    -0.787
    3.323
    -1.374
    0.036
    0.264
    2.235
    0.569
    -0.142
    0.170
    2.520
    -1.017
    1.361
    0.442
    -0.404
    0.848
    0.247
    0.689
    -2.000
    1.890
    1.227
    2.130
    3.458
    2.036
    0.477
    -1.665
    0.762
    4.803
    -0.304

    TOTAL
    TN
    204
    493
    501
    516
    563
    577
    727
    764
    824
    1039
    1071
    1126
    1200
    1306
    1406
    1446
    1452
    1467
    1472
    1515
    1552
    1558
    1559
    1561
    1657
    1693
    1700
    1717
    1742
    1883
    1885
    1956
    2077
    2087
    2102
    2105
    2119
    2140
    2189
    2191
    2197
    2219
    2252
    2267
    2306
    2347
    2387
    2391

    BN
    910517B
    910706
    910708
    910712
    910721
    910725B
    910826
    910907
    910926B
    911111C
    911117C
    911128
    911221
    920120
    920216
    920227C
    920229B
    920307
    920310
    920323
    920414B
    920419B
    920419
    920420
    920619B
    920710
    920714B
    920721
    920804C
    920830
    920901
    920925
    921205
    921208
    921218
    921222
    930106C
    930121B
    930213B
    930214C
    930217
    930305
    930316
    930326B
    930416
    930519
    930612
    930612D

    A0
    5879.096
    13666.096
    7466.027
    9315.211
    14355.542
    5868.519
    12466.326
    6049.620
    5413.830
    12819.766
    17467.134
    4572.084
    13672.450
    5009.280
    17549.791
    5271.394
    6080.284
    21886.204
    13830.261
    8398.279
    2231.458
    2492.891
    5315.033
    4699.161
    4176.606
    3020.235
    9028.146
    34044.836
    10615.684
    43259.381
    4144.417
    28023.690
    3127.570
    18435.954
    13584.393
    6971.548
    6651.148
    6185.368
    4308.762
    5295.429
    7511.858
    10029.387
    4239.120
    7410.284
    9134.687
    5186.386
    30941.500
    1976.488

    A1
    0.132
    0.239
    -0.492
    -0.464
    -0.027
    0.126
    0.097
    -1.747
    0.836
    2.655
    0.464
    -0.620
    2.913
    -1.145
    0.716
    2.176
    -0.957
    2.498
    0.572
    0.302
    -2.133
    -1.786
    -0.397
    -0.309
    1.246
    -0.802
    0.033
    3.275
    32.629
    0.437
    -1.629
    1.672
    -1.310
    0.151
    0.752
    -0.443
    0.308
    -0.091
    6.240
    -0.288
    0.973
    1.607
    0.576
    -0.252
    -0.148
    -1.170
    2.672
    -2.554

    117

    A2
    0.695
    0.353
    0.158
    0.883
    0.327
    1.277
    0.490
    0.885
    1.908
    1.238
    0.513
    0.215
    1.811
    0.374
    0.708
    2.642
    0.169
    0.903
    0.806
    0.704
    1.467
    0.320
    0.846
    0.407
    1.708
    0.476
    0.223
    1.040
    1.859
    0.268
    1.444
    0.716
    3.014
    0.233
    0.547
    0.136
    0.645
    1.251
    4.277
    0.555
    1.060
    1.155
    1.053
    0.237
    0.222
    0.238
    1.333
    0.813

    A3
    2.006
    0.855
    2.341
    2.348
    6.490
    8.386
    1.070
    6.865
    13.002
    3.695
    1.205
    5.280
    4.647
    2.658
    6.869
    5.383
    5.109
    4.321
    5.327
    6.439
    12.342
    5.342
    11.393
    7.503
    3.030
    3.380
    2.027
    1.440
    3.442
    2.059
    16.940
    2.632
    28.073
    1.074
    2.562
    1.461
    3.933
    4.789
    4.675
    3.564
    9.231
    2.803
    9.799
    3.875
    1.714
    2.053
    9.225
    6.647

    Peak Int
    1798.117
    3981.083
    3200.538
    2785.549
    6355.038
    2204.698
    3532.492
    2348.919
    2049.337
    3958.117
    5046.935
    2063.408
    4048.104
    1911.875
    7087.366
    1466.812
    2787.928
    7655.475
    5202.544
    3357.917
    879.356
    1083.935
    2251.797
    2065.031
    1123.643
    1152.743
    3605.778
    8730.723
    2884.580
    16767.911
    1722.916
    9158.964
    1254.394
    6392.051
    4726.371
    2859.357
    2459.854
    2043.734
    1079.318
    1979.989
    2978.616
    2923.773
    1699.891
    3214.154
    3542.904
    2052.633
    11749.715
    774.828

    Peak
    time
    1.044
    0.623
    0.021
    0.602
    1.139
    3.089
    0.563
    0.478
    5.346
    4.333
    1.001
    0.196
    5.018
    -0.243
    2.678
    4.458
    -0.277
    4.251
    2.448
    2.206
    1.694
    -0.705
    2.259
    1.109
    2.414
    0.346
    0.635
    3.658
    34.002
    1.107
    2.684
    2.830
    6.905
    0.592
    1.800
    -0.050
    1.748
    1.996
    6.637
    0.985
    3.780
    2.866
    3.446
    0.543
    0.409
    -0.543
    5.847
    -0.460

    TOTAL
    TN
    2423
    2432
    2472
    2484
    2510
    2560
    2620
    2636
    2660
    2662
    2664
    2695
    2706
    2750
    2774
    2775
    2848
    2880
    2947
    3005
    3074
    3168
    3193
    3229
    3503
    3789
    3792
    3805
    3819
    3869
    3899
    4653
    5411
    5415
    5427
    5433
    5434
    5516
    5517
    5531
    5539

    BN
    930701
    930706B
    930730
    930807
    930902B
    931003
    931108
    931115
    931126B
    931127
    931128C
    931217
    931223
    940110B
    940120
    940120B
    940226B
    940313
    940425
    940530
    940713
    940915
    940925
    941009
    950412
    950911
    950911D
    950918
    950926
    951015
    951107C
    960129
    960405B
    960409C
    960415
    960418B
    960418C
    960624B
    960624
    960707C
    960715

    A0
    3728.820
    11298.968
    1954.275
    11811.101
    7085.087
    5901.991
    6808.944
    2600.894
    6396.682
    9062.377
    3547.139
    2740.421
    11415.402
    4331.496
    3312.299
    2256.478
    3180.689
    23125.590
    4176.699
    5256.696
    2129.871
    3450.773
    5306.891
    5840.209
    11053.999
    16966.792
    4546.188
    4764.783
    5227.769
    11267.662
    2533.933
    10219.372
    9285.669
    10804.076
    18247.487
    34598.093
    6058.336
    2393.025
    16456.708
    17418.648
    12888.541

    A1
    -1.144
    0.043
    -2.332
    0.319
    0.612
    -0.015
    -0.708
    -0.929
    0.197
    0.026
    -1.272
    -5.421
    0.327
    -0.673
    -1.397
    -3.582
    -0.679
    0.020
    -0.164
    -0.267
    -1.481
    -1.707
    -1.350
    -1.296
    0.999
    -0.032
    -0.619
    -0.464
    -0.367
    0.050
    -3.300
    1.453
    0.573
    1.026
    2.904
    1.516
    -0.321
    -2.847
    0.134
    3.077
    -0.942

    118

    A2
    0.637
    0.469
    0.862
    0.747
    1.352
    0.592
    0.423
    0.210
    0.623
    0.255
    0.771
    2.467
    0.256
    0.354
    2.053
    0.569
    0.147
    0.108
    3.117
    0.474
    1.033
    0.881
    1.631
    0.145
    0.787
    0.152
    0.254
    0.497
    0.318
    0.580
    1.565
    0.865
    0.862
    1.069
    1.453
    0.693
    0.462
    1.322
    0.422
    1.590
    0.292

    A3
    4.311
    3.332
    10.602
    3.607
    3.602
    4.662
    4.175
    10.539
    6.409
    4.622
    9.624
    16.205
    5.821
    4.013
    12.568
    5.525
    3.142
    1.122
    7.217
    5.852
    11.034
    5.339
    12.866
    1.822
    1.567
    1.934
    2.215
    6.473
    10.211
    1.680
    10.498
    1.898
    3.199
    5.766
    1.918
    1.267
    3.593
    8.523
    1.603
    4.192
    2.326

    Peak Int
    1409.256
    4312.508
    817.911
    4140.367
    2119.624
    2297.760
    2757.094
    1228.577
    2607.067
    3975.301
    1487.576
    1029.501
    5117.421
    1791.362
    1226.016
    911.187
    1418.311
    9447.073
    1202.115
    2201.369
    873.226
    1274.378
    2066.823
    2450.582
    3058.448
    7130.683
    1802.858
    2009.643
    2407.457
    3450.975
    956.120
    2899.456
    3042.552
    3887.683
    4648.049
    9374.919
    2352.851
    895.600
    5427.672
    5195.527
    5030.086

    Peak
    time
    0.357
    1.174
    0.288
    1.777
    2.248
    1.485
    0.473
    0.026
    1.966
    0.910
    1.084
    0.304
    1.279
    0.372
    3.196
    -2.000
    -0.143
    0.327
    3.045
    1.175
    1.495
    0.254
    2.784
    -0.851
    1.654
    0.437
    0.054
    1.079
    0.930
    0.815
    0.370
    2.283
    1.978
    3.256
    3.355
    2.017
    0.842
    0.191
    0.833
    4.980
    -0.199

    204 soft
    1400
    1200
    1000

    counts

    800
    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -400

    time(sec)

    204 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    204 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000

    time(sec)

    119

    493 soft
    4000
    3500
    3000

    counts

    2500
    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    10

    15

    10

    15

    -1000

    time(sec)

    493 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    493 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    120

    501 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000

    time(sec)

    501 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    501 total
    5000

    Intensity (counts/sec)

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000

    time(sec)

    121

    516 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000

    time(sec)

    516 hard
    1500

    counts

    1000

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    516 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    122

    563 soft
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    563 hard
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    563 total
    9000
    8000
    7000
    6000

    counts

    5000
    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    10

    -2000

    time(sec)

    123

    577 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    577 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    577 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    124

    727 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    -3

    -1

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    727 hard
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -3

    -1

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    727 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    -3

    -1

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    125

    764 soft
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    764 hard
    1500

    counts

    1000

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    764 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    126

    824 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    824 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    824 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    127

    1039 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1039 soft
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    1039 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    128

    1071 soft
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    1071 hard
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1071 total
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -5

    -2000

    time(sec)

    129

    1126 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    25

    30

    35

    40

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1126 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1126 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    10

    15

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    130

    20

    25

    30

    1200 soft
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1200 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1200 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    131

    15

    20

    25

    30

    1306 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1306 hard
    1500

    counts

    1000

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1306 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000

    time(sec)

    132

    1406 soft
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    1406 hard
    4000
    3500
    3000

    counts

    2500
    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1406 total
    9000
    8000
    7000
    6000

    counts

    5000
    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    10

    20

    -2000

    time(sec)

    133

    1446 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1446 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    1446 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    134

    1452 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1452 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1452 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    135

    1467 soft
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1467 hard
    4000
    3500
    3000

    counts

    2500
    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1467 total
    10000
    8000

    counts

    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -10

    10

    -2000

    time(sec)

    136

    1515 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1515 hard
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1515 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    137

    1552 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1552 hard
    800
    600
    400

    counts

    200
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -200
    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    1552 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    138

    1558 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1558 hard
    1000
    800
    600

    counts

    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    -5

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    1558 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    139

    1559 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    40

    50

    60

    70

    40

    50

    60

    70

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1559 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1559 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    140

    1561 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1561 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1561 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    141

    1657 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1657 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    -5

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    1657 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    142

    1693 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1693 hard
    1000
    800
    600

    counts

    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -5

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    1693 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    143

    1700 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1700 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    1700 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    144

    1717 soft
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -2000

    time(sec)

    1717 hard
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1717 total
    12000
    10000

    counts

    8000
    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    145

    1742 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    20

    25

    30

    35

    40

    45

    50

    40

    45

    50

    40

    45

    50

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1742 hard
    2000
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    20

    25

    30

    35

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1742 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    20

    25

    30

    35

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    146

    1883 soft
    12000
    10000

    counts

    8000
    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -2000

    time(sec)

    1883 hard
    10000
    8000

    counts

    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -5

    -2000

    time(sec)

    1883 total
    20000

    counts

    15000

    10000

    5000

    0
    -5

    -5000
    time(sec)

    147

    1885 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    50

    60

    70

    80

    50

    60

    70

    80

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    1885 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1885 total
    3500
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    148

    1956 soft
    8000
    7000
    6000

    counts

    5000
    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -2000

    time(sec)

    1956 hard
    4000
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    -1000

    time(sec)

    1956 total
    12000
    10000
    8000

    counts

    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -5

    -2000
    -4000
    time(sec)

    149

    2077 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    60

    80

    100

    60

    80

    100

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2077 hard
    1000
    800
    600
    400

    counts

    200
    0
    -200

    -20

    20

    40

    -400
    -600
    -800
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2077 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    20

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    150

    2087 soft
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    2087 hard
    4000
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2087 total
    10000

    8000

    counts

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0
    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    151

    2102 soft
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    2102 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2102 total
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    152

    2105 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2105 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2105 total
    4000

    3000

    counts

    2000

    1000

    0
    -5

    -1000

    -2000
    time(sec)

    153

    2119 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2119 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2119 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    154

    2140 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2140 hard
    1000
    800
    600
    400

    counts

    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2140 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    155

    2189 soft
    1500

    counts

    1000

    500

    0
    -15

    -5

    15

    25

    35

    45

    25

    35

    45

    25

    35

    45

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2189 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -15

    -5

    15

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2189 total
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -15

    -5

    15

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    156

    2191 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2191 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2191 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    157

    2197 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2197 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2197 total
    4000

    3000

    counts

    2000

    1000

    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -1000

    -2000
    time(sec)

    158

    2219 soft
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    2219 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2219 total
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    159

    2252 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2252 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2252 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    160

    2267 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2267 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2267 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    161

    2306 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    10

    15

    10

    15

    10

    15

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2306 hard
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2306 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    162

    2347 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    10

    15

    10

    15

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2347 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2347 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    163

    2387 soft
    9000
    8000
    7000
    6000

    counts

    5000
    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    -2000

    time(sec)

    2387 hard
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2387 total
    14000
    12000
    10000

    counts

    8000
    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -2000
    time(sec)

    164

    2391 soft
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2391 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    2391 total
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    165

    2423 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2423 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    2423 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    166

    2432 soft
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    2432 hard
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2432 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    167

    2472 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2472 hard
    1000
    800
    600
    400

    counts

    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2472 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    168

    2484 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2484 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2484 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    169

    2510 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2510 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2510 total
    4000

    3000

    counts

    2000

    1000

    0
    -10

    10

    -1000

    -2000
    time(sec)

    170

    2560 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2560 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2560 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    171

    2620 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2620 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2620 total
    4000

    3000

    counts

    2000

    1000

    0
    -10

    10

    -1000

    -2000
    time(sec)

    172

    2636 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2636 hard
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2636 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    173

    2660 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2660 hard
    2000
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2660 total
    3500
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    174

    2662 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2662 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2662 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    175

    2664 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2664 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2664 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    176

    2695 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    40

    50

    60

    70

    40

    50

    60

    70

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2695 hard
    1000
    800
    600

    counts

    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    2695 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    177

    2706 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2706 hard
    4000
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2706 total
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -2000
    time(sec)

    178

    2750 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2750 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2750 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    179

    2774 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2774 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    2774 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    180

    2775 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    20

    25

    30

    35

    20

    25

    30

    35

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2775 hard
    1000
    800
    600
    400

    counts

    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    -400
    -600
    -800
    -1000

    time(sec)

    2775 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    181

    2848 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2848 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2848 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    182

    2880 soft
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -5

    10

    15

    10

    15

    10

    15

    -2000

    time(sec)

    2880 hard
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    -1000

    time(sec)

    2880 total
    12000
    10000

    counts

    8000
    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    183

    2947 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    30

    40

    50

    60

    30

    40

    50

    60

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    2947 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    2947 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    184

    3005 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3005 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3005 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    185

    3074 soft
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    30

    40

    50

    60

    30

    40

    50

    60

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3074 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    3074 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    186

    3168 soft
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3168 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    3168 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    187

    3193 soft
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -20

    20

    40

    60

    80

    40

    60

    80

    40

    60

    80

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3193 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -20

    20

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    3193 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -20

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    188

    3229 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3229 hard
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3229 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    189

    3503 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3503 hard
    2000
    1500
    1000

    counts

    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3503 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    190

    3789 soft
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    3789 hard
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -5

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    3789 total
    10000
    8000

    counts

    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -5

    -2000
    -4000
    time(sec)

    191

    3792 soft
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3792 hard
    1200
    1000
    800

    counts

    600
    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -5

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    3792 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -5

    -500
    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    192

    3805 soft
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3805 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3805 total
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    193

    3819 soft
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3819 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3819 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    194

    3869 soft
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    3869 hard
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    3869 total
    5000
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -2000
    -3000
    time(sec)

    195

    3899 soft
    1500

    counts

    1000

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    40

    50

    60

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    3899 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    3899 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    196

    4653 soft
    4000
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500-10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    4653 hard
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    4653 total
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    197

    5411 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    5411 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    5411 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    198

    5415 soft
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    5415 hard
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    5415 total
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    -1000
    -2000
    time(sec)

    199

    5427 soft
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    5427 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    5427 total
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    -5

    10

    -2000
    time(sec)

    200

    5433 soft
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -2000

    time(sec)

    5433 hard
    5000
    4000
    3000

    counts

    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    5433 total
    12000
    10000

    counts

    8000
    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    201

    5434 soft
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -500
    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    5434 hard
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    -5

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    5434 total
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -1500
    time(sec)

    202

    5516 soft
    1500

    1000

    counts

    500

    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -500

    -1000

    time(sec)

    5516 hard
    1200
    1000
    800
    600

    counts

    400
    200
    0
    -200

    -10

    10

    20

    -400
    -600
    -800

    time(sec)

    5516 total
    2500
    2000
    1500

    counts

    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    10

    20

    -1000
    -1500
    -2000
    time(sec)

    203

    5517 soft
    4000
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500-10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    5517 hard
    3500
    3000
    2500

    counts

    2000
    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    -1000

    time(sec)

    5517 total
    7000
    6000
    5000

    counts

    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    -5

    -2000
    time(sec)

    204

    5531 soft
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    5531 hard
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -10

    10

    -500
    -1000

    time(sec)

    5531 total
    8000
    7000
    6000

    counts

    5000
    4000
    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -1000

    -10

    10

    -2000
    time(sec)

    205

    5539 soft
    6000
    5000
    4000

    counts

    3000
    2000
    1000
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -1000
    -2000

    time(sec)

    5539 hard
    3500
    3000
    2500
    2000

    counts

    1500
    1000
    500
    0
    -500

    -10

    -5

    -1000
    -1500

    time(sec)

    5539 total
    10000
    8000

    counts

    6000
    4000
    2000
    0
    -10

    -5

    -2000
    -4000
    time(sec)

    206

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    APPENDIXC
    BATSEPLHICFITS

    
    

    207

    208

    209

    210

    211

    212

    213

    214

    215

    216

    217

    218

    219

    220

    221

    222

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    APPENDIXD
    BATSEMADSHARDNESSINTENSITYCURVES

    223

    204 HIC
    0.8
    0.75
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.65
    0.6
    0.55
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4
    0.35
    0.3
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    493 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    Intensity

    501 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Intensity

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Hardness

    224

    2500

    3000

    3500

    516 HIC
    0.3
    0.25

    Hardness

    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    5000

    6000

    7000

    Intensity

    563 HIC
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    Intensity

    577 HIC
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    225

    2000

    2500

    727 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Intensity

    764 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    824 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    226

    2000

    2500

    1039 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    4500

    Intensity

    1071 HIC
    0.4
    0.35

    Hardness

    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    1126 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    Intensity

    227

    1200 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    4500

    Intensity

    1306 HIC
    0.3
    0.25

    Hardness

    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    1406 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    Intensity

    228

    5000

    6000

    7000

    1446 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    -200

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    1600

    1800

    Intensity

    1452 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    1467 HIC
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    Intensity

    229

    5000

    6000

    7000

    8000

    1472 HIC
    0.4
    0.35

    Hardness

    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    Intensity

    1515 HIC
    0.9
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Intensity

    1552 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    230

    3000

    3500

    4000

    4500

    1558 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    7000

    Intensity

    1559 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    1561 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    231

    2000

    2500

    1657 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    Intensity

    1693 HIC
    0.4
    0.35

    Hardness

    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    1600

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    Intensity

    1700 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    232

    1717 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    Intensity

    1742 HIC
    0.4
    0.35

    Hardness

    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    Intensity

    1883 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    5000

    10000

    15000

    Intensity

    233

    20000

    25000

    30000

    1885 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    1956 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000

    Intensity

    2077 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    Intensity

    234

    1000

    1200

    1400

    1600

    2087 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    7000

    8000

    Intensity

    2102 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    Intensity

    2105 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    235

    2500

    3000

    3500

    2119 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    2140 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    2189 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    Intensity

    236

    1000

    1200

    1400

    2191 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    2197 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Intensity

    2219 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    237

    3000

    3500

    4000

    4500

    2252 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    2267 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    Intensity

    2306 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    238

    2347 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    2387 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000

    14000

    Intensity

    2391 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    Intensity

    239

    800

    1000

    1200

    2423 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    1600

    1800

    Intensity

    2432 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    600

    800

    1000

    Intensity

    2472 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    Intensity

    240

    2484 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    Intensity

    2510 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    2560 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    241

    2000

    2500

    2620 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Intensity

    2636 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    2660 HIC
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    242

    2000

    2500

    3000

    2662 HIC
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    Intensity

    2664 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    1600

    1800

    Intensity

    2695 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    Intensity

    243

    1000

    1200

    1400

    2706 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    Intensity

    2750 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    2774 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    Intensity

    244

    1200

    1400

    1600

    1800

    2775 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    1400

    Intensity

    2880 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    Intensity

    2947 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    Intensity

    245

    1000

    1200

    1400

    3005 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    800

    1000

    1200

    Intensity

    3074 HIC
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    Intensity

    3168 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    Intensity

    246

    1200

    1400

    1600

    1800

    3193 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    3229 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    3503 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    247

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    3789 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    7000

    8000

    Intensity

    3792 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    Intensity

    3805 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    248

    2000

    2500

    3819 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    Intensity

    3869 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    Intensity

    3899 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    Intensity

    249

    1000

    1200

    1400

    4653 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    Intensity

    5411 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Intensity

    5415 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    Intensity

    250

    3000

    3500

    4000

    4500

    5427 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    5000

    6000

    Intensity

    5433 HIC
    0.5
    0.45
    0.4

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.3
    0.25
    0.2
    0.15
    0.1
    0.05
    0
    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    Intensity

    5434 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    Intensity

    251

    2000

    2500

    3000

    5516 HIC
    1
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    200

    400

    600

    800

    1000

    1200

    4000

    5000

    6000

    Intensity

    5517 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    Intensity

    5531 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    Intensity

    252

    5000

    6000

    7000

    5539 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    Intensity

    253

    4000

    5000

    6000

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    APPENDIXE
    SWIFTMADSFITS

    
    

    254

    SOFT
    TN
    103780
    106709
    111622
    148833
    154112
    159994
    163136
    176453
    180455
    217805
    228006
    241840
    278693
    293795
    302888
    331093
    337914

    BN
    050126
    050223
    050319
    050803
    050908
    051016B
    051109A
    060108
    060206
    060708
    060904B
    061201
    070506
    071010B
    080210
    081008
    081222

    a0
    17.314
    6.852
    4.994
    15.53
    4.96
    1.843
    1.92
    4.575
    1.521
    2.333
    3.94
    0.561
    0.829
    4.634
    2.9
    4.279
    3.53

    a1

    a2

    BN
    050126
    050223
    050319
    050803
    050908
    051016B
    051109A
    060108
    060206
    060708
    060904B
    061201
    070506
    071010B
    080210
    081008
    081222

    A0
    11.683
    3.924
    0.883
    16.104
    1.459
    1.717
    0.266
    2.33
    0.71
    0.45
    2.242
    0.386
    1.91
    3.525
    2.529
    5.15
    2.792

    A1

    1.302
    4.745
    0.071
    5.301
    3.135
    0.008
    1.189
    1.055
    0.779
    0.504
    0.48
    0.007
    1.315
    0.735
    7.77
    9.485
    1.044

    0.527
    3.353
    0.169
    62.657
    0.354
    0.1
    0.348
    -0.037
    1.764
    0.578
    0.297
    0.003
    7.173
    0.36
    11.042
    10.389
    2.221

    a3
    0.518
    0.973
    1.418
    1.008
    1.072
    1.477
    3.709
    1.075
    5.634
    2.209
    2.503
    3.863
    1.773
    10.639
    2.115
    1.692
    11.626

    Peak Int
    4.32882
    2.201092
    1.967088
    7.404388
    1.537663
    0.789896
    7.87E-01
    -4.32279
    4.78E-01
    0.770557
    1.553152
    0.279536
    -0.27778
    2.12157
    1.035529
    1.584756
    1.26E+00

    Peak
    time
    1.2935
    3.2545
    0.512
    0.5185
    3.6225
    0.333
    2.1965
    1.9995
    3.396
    1.473
    1.257
    3.05E-02
    1.609
    2.1805
    3.517
    5.7315
    5.6705

    Peak Int
    3.981989
    1.71977
    0.37501
    -7.80894
    0.58724
    0.604202
    6.86E-02
    0.853456
    1.78E-01
    0.112403
    0.793927
    0.192206
    -0.75229
    1.486382
    1.04775
    1.457165
    8.91E-01

    Peak
    time
    1.185
    4.588
    1.784
    1
    1.7965
    0.1525
    3.338
    1.083
    1.5005
    0.9885
    1.6045
    5.35E-02
    0.7485
    1.587
    4.5195
    4.3315
    4.782

    HARD
    TN
    103780
    106709
    111622
    148833
    154112
    159994
    163136
    176453
    180455
    217805
    228006
    241840
    278693
    293795
    302888
    331093
    337914

    1
    5.973
    3.385
    2.19
    3.168
    0.046
    2.045
    0.869
    1.046
    0.924
    0.603
    0.007
    0.583
    0.56
    7.398
    5.608
    1.095

    A2
    0.102
    7.229
    7.104
    63.144
    4.795
    0.054
    2.063
    0.098
    2.668
    1.95
    0.497
    0.006
    4.32
    0.33
    11.287
    2.952
    2.392

    255

    A3
    0.44
    0.402
    0.517
    0.604
    0.504
    0.265
    3.053
    0.572
    2.947
    1.884
    2.504
    6.313
    0.515
    4.29
    0.985
    1.359
    8.062

    TOTAL
    TN
    103780
    106709
    111622
    148833
    154112
    159994
    163136
    176453
    180455
    217805
    228006
    241840
    278693
    293795
    302888
    331093
    337914

    BN
    050126
    050223
    050319
    050803
    050908
    051016B
    051109A
    060108
    060206
    060708
    060904B
    061201
    070506
    071010B
    080210
    081008
    081222

    a0
    15.14
    5.182
    4.897
    12.503
    4.177
    1.627
    0.539
    3.999
    1.316
    1.934
    3.103
    0.452
    1.164
    4.368
    2.755
    4.793
    3.281

    a1

    a2
    1.074
    5.428
    0.051
    4.811
    2.672
    0.032
    1.919
    0.922
    0.795
    0.587
    0.523
    0.007
    1.112
    0.673
    7.704
    7.518
    1.049

    0.194
    5.821
    0.227
    65.417
    0.828
    0.085
    1.953
    -0.149
    1.864
    0.619
    0.34
    0.004
    6.305
    0.32
    11.183
    7.002
    2.233

    256

    a3
    0.929
    1.432
    1.825
    1.837
    1.583
    1.928
    8.135
    1.551
    8.634
    3.698
    4.896
    10.076
    2.365
    14.74
    3.086
    3.102
    19.445

    Peak Int
    5.296164
    1.739449
    1.913974
    -5.78442
    1.143899
    0.729267
    1.82E-01
    -3.47124
    4.56E-01
    0.71203
    1.325777
    0.225572
    -0.34814
    2.054585
    0.896987
    1.370074
    1.30E+00

    Peak
    time
    1.451
    2.949
    0.632
    1.9995
    3.3225
    0.3485
    5.702
    1.9995
    4.467
    1.9655
    1.621
    4.20E-02
    1.6025
    2.1105
    2.8985
    4.484
    7.084

    103780 soft MADS


    1
    0.8

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    50

    60

    70

    80

    50

    60

    70

    80

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    103780 hard MADS


    1
    0.8

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    103780 total MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1
    0.5
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    -0.5
    -1
    -1.5

    time

    257

    106709 soft MADS


    1
    0.8

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    30

    40

    50

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8

    time

    106709 hard MADS


    0.8
    0.6

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    106709 total MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1
    0.5
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    -0.5
    -1
    -1.5

    time

    258

    111622 soft MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    30

    40

    30

    40

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    111622 hard MADS


    1
    0.8

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -10

    10

    20

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    111622 total MADS


    2
    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1
    0.5
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -0.5
    -1
    -1.5

    time

    259

    148833 soft MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.5

    0
    30

    50

    70

    90

    110

    130

    150

    110

    130

    150

    110

    130

    150

    -0.5

    -1

    time

    148833 hard MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.5

    0
    30

    50

    70

    90

    -0.5

    -1

    time

    148833 total MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    30

    50

    70

    90

    -0.5
    -1
    -1.5

    time

    260

    154112 soft MADS


    0.8
    0.6

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    20

    30

    40

    -0.2
    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8

    time

    154112 hard MADS


    0.8
    0.6

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -20

    -10

    10

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    154112 total MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.5

    0
    -20

    -10

    10

    -0.5

    -1

    time

    261

    159994 soft MADS


    1.2
    1

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.8
    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -1

    11

    13

    15

    11

    13

    15

    11

    13

    15

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    159994 hard MADS


    0.8
    0.6

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -1

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    159994 total MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1
    0.5
    0
    -1

    -0.5
    -1
    -1.5

    time

    262

    163136 soft MADS


    4

    counts/sec/cm^2

    3
    2
    1
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    10

    15

    10

    15

    -1
    -2
    -3

    time

    163136 hard MADS


    2.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -10

    -5

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    163136 total MADS


    5
    4

    counts/sec/cm^2

    3
    2
    1
    0
    -1

    -10

    -5

    -2
    -3
    -4

    time

    263

    176453 soft MADS


    0.8
    0.6

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    15

    20

    25

    30

    -0.2
    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8

    time

    176453 hard MADS


    0.6
    0.4

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.2
    0
    -10

    -5

    10

    -0.2
    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    176453 total MADS


    1.2
    1

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.8
    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -10

    -5

    10

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    264

    180455 soft MADS


    2.5
    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    10

    15

    10

    15

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    180455 hard MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.5

    0
    -5

    -0.5

    -1

    time

    180455 total MADS


    3
    2.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -0.5

    -5

    -1
    -1.5

    time

    265

    217805 soft MADS


    1.4
    1.2
    1

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.8
    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8

    time

    217805 hard MADS


    1
    0.8

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -5

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    217805 total MADS


    2.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -5

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    266

    228006 soft MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    10

    15

    20

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    228006 hard MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -5

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    228006 total MADS


    3
    2.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -0.5

    -5

    -1
    -1.5

    time

    267

    278693 soft MADS


    1
    0.8

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0
    -0.2

    -1

    11

    13

    15

    11

    13

    15

    11

    13

    15

    -0.4
    -0.6
    -0.8
    -1

    time

    278693 hard MADS


    0.5
    0.4

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0
    -0.1

    -1

    -0.2
    -0.3
    -0.4
    -0.5

    time

    278693 total MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1
    0.5
    0
    -1

    -0.5
    -1
    -1.5

    time

    268

    293795 soft MADS


    5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    4
    3
    2
    1
    0
    -5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    20

    25

    30

    20

    25

    30

    -1

    time

    293795 hard MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5

    0.5

    0
    -5

    10

    15

    -0.5

    time

    293795 total MADS


    6.5
    5.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    4.5
    3.5
    2.5
    1.5
    0.5
    -0.5 -5

    10

    15

    -1.5

    time

    269

    302888 soft MADS


    1.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.5

    0
    -25

    -15

    -5

    15

    25

    15

    25

    15

    25

    -0.5

    -1

    time

    302888 hard MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5

    0.5

    0
    -25

    -15

    -5

    -0.5

    time

    302888 total MADS


    3
    2.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -0.5

    -25

    -15

    -5

    -1
    -1.5

    time

    270

    331093 soft MADS

    0.9

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.7
    0.5
    0.3
    0.1
    -0.1-40

    -30

    -20

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    10

    20

    30

    40

    10

    20

    30

    40

    -0.3
    -0.5

    time

    331093 hard MADS

    0.9

    counts/sec/cm^2

    0.7
    0.5
    0.3
    0.1
    -0.1-40

    -30

    -20

    -10

    -0.3
    -0.5

    time

    331093 total MADS


    2

    counts/sec/cm^2

    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -40

    -30

    -20

    -10

    -0.5
    -1

    time

    271

    337914 soft MADS

    4.5

    counts/sec/cm^2

    3.5

    2.5

    1.5

    0.5

    -0.5

    -10

    10

    20

    30

    40

    30

    40

    30

    40

    time

    337914 hard MADS


    3

    counts/sec/cm^2

    2.5
    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    -10

    10

    20

    -0.5

    time

    337914 total MADS


    8
    7

    counts/sec/cm^2

    6
    5
    4
    3
    2
    1
    0
    -1

    -10

    10

    20

    time

    272

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    APPENDIXF
    SWIFTMADSHARDNESSINTENSITYCURVES

    273

    103780 HIC
    1.0
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    1.0

    1.2

    1.4

    Intensity

    106709 HIC
    0.9
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    Intensity

    111622 HIC
    1.4
    1.2

    Hardness

    1.0
    0.8
    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    Intensity

    274

    148833 HIC
    0.9
    0.8
    0.7

    Hardness

    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1.0

    Intensity

    154112 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    Intensity

    159994 HIC
    1.2
    1.0

    Hardness

    0.8
    0.6
    0.4
    0.2
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    Intensity

    275

    0.8

    1.0

    163136 HIC
    1.0
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.5

    1.0

    1.5

    2.0

    2.5

    3.0

    3.5

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    Intensity

    176453 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    Intensity

    180455 HIC
    1.0
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.5

    1.0

    1.5

    Intensity

    276

    2.0

    2.5

    217805 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1.0

    1.2

    1.4

    1.6

    1.8

    Intensity

    228006 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.5

    1.0

    1.5

    2.0

    2.5

    0.6

    0.8

    1.0

    Intensity

    278693 HIC
    0.6
    0.5

    Hardness

    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    Intensity

    277

    293795 HIC
    0.50
    0.45
    0.40

    Hardness

    0.35
    0.30
    0.25
    0.20
    0.15
    0.10
    0.05
    0.00
    0.0

    1.0

    2.0

    3.0

    4.0

    5.0

    6.0

    Intensity

    302888 HIC
    0.7
    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1.0

    1.2

    1.4

    1.0

    1.2

    1.4

    Intensity

    331093 HIC
    1.0
    0.9
    0.8

    Hardness

    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    Intensity

    278

    337914 HIC
    0.7

    0.6

    Hardness

    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0

    1.0

    2.0

    3.0

    4.0

    Intensity

    279

    5.0

    6.0

    7.0

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