Measurement and Instrumentation

Experiment 1: MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND PHASE ANGLE USING CRO

EME2066 Measurement and Instrumentation

Experiment 1: MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND PHASE ANGLE USING CRO
1. OBJECTIVES To measure voltages across resistors and inductors in an AC circuit using CRO. To measure the phase angle of an impedance in AC circuit using CRO. 2. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, CRO is a versatile measurement device. It can measure time varying and static potentials. Modern day CROs can analyse the received transient wave forms and compute fast fourier transforms (FFT) and other attributes. Advanced CROs provide PC interface, digitization, analogue to digital conversion and other digital signal processing (DSP) facilities. Refer to Fig. 1.1 in this laboratory sheet. The CRO is connected to an AC circuit having a series RL combination and driven by a function generator. The function generator is operated at frequencies in range of 50 Hz to 100 Hz. The thick line from CRO channel probe refers to the positive line. The thin line from the CRO channel probe refers to the earth connection. The connections are made such that the two earth lines of the probes and the earth line of the function generator meet at the same side of connection, as shown in the circuit diagram.

Channel I

CRO

Channel II

L VL

R VR

VS

Fig. 1.1 Measurement using CRO On setting the CRO appropriately in the Dual mode, one may see that the two waveforms are shifted by an angle and have different magnitudes. The magnitude when multiplied with the CRO channel voltage setting gives the actual voltage. On setting the CRO appropriately in the X-Y mode, the waveform changes into what is known as Lissajous figure. This is depicted in Fig. 1.2. The inductor peak-to-peak voltage, V L can be 2 2 VL = VS VR determined by (1) where VS is the source peak-to-peak voltage and VR is the resistor peak-to-peak voltage.

The phase angle of the impedance can be determined by either of the equations below: V V = tan -1 L = sin -1 S0 (2) or (3) V V R S where VS0 is the sum of the positive and negative X-axis crossing values as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Note: The measurement VS, VS0 and VR are referred to the actual voltages. They may be computed by multiplying the actual divisions seen on the screen and the multiplier setting on the respective channel knobs. 3. INSTRUMENT / COMPONENTS No Instrument / Component 1. 0-2 volts sine wave generator of range 0 - 100 Hz 2. available in Lab Volt Resistive loads of 2400 Load modules 3. Inductor of 7.6 H, 2400 4. CRO 4. 4.1 4.2 PROCEDURE Connect the circuit elements as shown in the circuit diagram given in Figure 1.3. Switch on the function generator and set at sine wave mode. Adjust the variable voltage source to show VS = 6 V peak-to-peak value (by using CRO set at 1V/div and X-Y mode off. Make sure the VARIABLE knobs for CH1, CH2 and time base at the CAL positions). Make sure that the waveform has no offset (symmetry around ground). Reduce the INTENSITY of the display. Set CRO to X-Y mode (CH1: X-axis and CH2: Y-axis). Set the CRO channel multipliers to get largest coverage of the Lissajous figure on the screen. Center the Lissajous figure on the

4.3

CRO screen. For the various values of frequency shown in the Table 1.1, measure the values of VS, VS0 and VR. Calculate and tabulate the values of VL, t and s as in Table 1.1. Important: It is a good practice to switch off the X-Y mode if there are no signals on both the voltage probes. This is because there is a stationery dot at the center of the display screen, which could burn the screen phosphor material if the intensity is too high.

* Note that the inductor is not pure L. It has a resistance also. Table 1.1 Frequency VS VS0 VR (Hz) (volts) (volts) (volts) 50 Hz 55 Hz 60 Hz 65 Hz 70 Hz 75 Hz 80 Hz 85 Hz 90 Hz 95 Hz 100 Hz 5. DISCUSSIONS: 1. Draw graphs with multiple Y-axes showing VR, VL and t versus frequency (f) on the Xaxis. 2. Discuss the results shown in the graphs. 3. Which of the two calculated values of is more accurate? Why?
2 2 VL = VS VR

(volts)

V t = tan -1 L V R degrees)

V s = sin -1 S0 V S (degrees)

4. Observe and sketch the Lissajous diagram displayed on the oscilloscope screen and determine the frequency ratio of the signals.