26 9296-136

Leisure Activities and Life Satisfaction Among

Taiwanese Elderly
*
*

Chao-Nan Chen

1989 1993

1
23
4
10%
30%~40%
50%~
60% 40%

1
2
*

Research Fellow, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica

97

98

Abs tract
This study uses the survey data of Health and Living Status of the
Elderly in Taiwan, which were jointly collected by Taiwan Provincial
Family Planning Institute and the University of Michigan in 1989 and
1993, to examine the relationship between leisure activities and life
satisfaction among Taiwanese elderly. Here, leisure activities include the
participation of informal organizations, travel activities, and other leisure
activities. The focus of this examination are fourfold: (1) participation
rates of various leisure activities, (2) the applicability of various theories
on leisure activities, (3) determinants of leisure activities, and (4) the
relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction.
The analytical results show that the participation rates of informal
organization for Taiwanese elderly are relatively low, around 10%, while
the rates for travel activities are around 30%-40%. The participation
rates for leisure activities vary a lot. Watching TV is almost a unanimous
leisure activity for the elderly. The rates for visiting friends and playing
with grandchildren are between 50% and 60%; and about 40% for
worshiping god or meditation. In brief, the leisure activities for
Taiwanese elderly are mostly traditional and static.
The foci of theoretical discussion include: (1) the relationship
between activities and role, (2) changes in activities, and (3) the relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction. The participation of
informal organization is more closely related to role than other actives. It
has been observed that although the index of informal organization
participation remains unchanged for the majority of Taiwanese elderly,
there are substantial proportions of the elderly whose index increased or
decreased. It is also observed that the increase of informal organization
participation has a positive function on life satisfaction. We thus are

inclined to conclude that the theory of activity or continuity is the best

choice for the case of Taiwan. On the other hand, participation in other
leisure activities is unrelated to role. The proportions increased or
decreased are greater than those without change. They, however, are
positively related to life satisfaction. It seems that the theory of activity
is more applicable to other leisure activities. Finally, travel activities are
not related to ones identity either. About half of them had changed their
participation rate, and the changes have a negative function on life
satisfaction. On the contrary, the index of traveling is positively related
to life satisfaction. It seems that none of the theories mentioned in this
paper is able to explain the results fully.
Key Words: leisure activities, life satisfaction, elderly, continuity

99

100

1960

disengagement theoryCumming and Henry,1961identity

crisis theory(Miller, 1965)activity theoryHavighust,
1963continuity theory
Atchley, 1971, 1987, 1989

1993 1973 50
65 3.2% 1986
5.3% 13 1993
149 7.1%
7.0%2002 2051
651 29.8%

1990

1960 Cumming Cumming et al., 1960

Sociometry

101

Growing
oldCumming and Henry, 1961

Cumming
and Henry, 1961, pp 14-15

Talcott Parsons

universality

102

inevitability
Brehur, 1968;
Kutner, 1962; Maddox, 1964
Rose and Petersen, 1965
Havighurst, 1961; Kleemeier, 1964

Neugarten,
1964Williams and Wirths,
1965

Reman and Taietz, 1967

Tallmer and Kutner, 1969

Miller, 1965
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Miller

103

Havighurst, 1961

Atchely, 1971
Atchley general theory

Atchley1989
normal aging

104

Atchley1989

Atchley, 1971, 1982

role loss
Tallmer and Kutner, 1969
Hochschild1975
(1)

deviant
Blau, 1961
Cumming Henery

Liberman and Coplan, 1970

105

(2)

(3)

activity

1
23
Atchley, 1987

25%

106

Cutler, 1976
Cutler1977

Glenn and
Grimes, 1968

Gordon, 1976
1990

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

4,410

107

1/370 4,049 91.8%

TPIFP, et al., 1989
1
2
34
5
678
3,155
894 74.6% 25.4%

1 3,155
75.7% 23.1%70

85.9% 43.7%
7.4% 5.5%

108

5,000 6,000-10,000
12,000-15,000
16,000-20,000
20,000 +

8.7
14.4
75.7
1.2
100.0
3151

29.9
22.2
19.0
11.8
17.1
100.0
3151

40.4
8.6
32.2
8.2
5.4
4.8
0.4

100.0
3151

56.5
43.5
100.0
3151

60.4
15.4
21.2
1.6
1.4
100.0
3151

67.8
1.7
0.9
26.2
3.3
100.0
3151

60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80 +

37.8
30.0
17.7
8.4
6.1
100.0
3151

17.3
22.4
32.8
17.3
4.3
5.9
100.0
3151

5.5
7.4
0.3
43.7
85.9
3151

19891993

LSIALife Satisfaction Index-ANeugarten

et al., 1961LSIA

109

---zestapathy
resolution
fortitudecongruenceself-concept
mood tone
Adams, 1969; Hoyt et al., 1983
Larson, 1978
1989

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
1 0
factor analysis 12457 10
33.4%1996

1993
(1)

110

(2)
(3)
(4)

1993

1993 1989

1993 1993
1

1989

(1993)

1.

1.

2.

2.

3.

3.

(1993)

(1989-1993)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(1993)

111

1989

1993 1993
2
1989 1993

OLS

(1993)

(1989-1993)

(1993)
1.
2.

(1993)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3.

(1989-1993)
1.
2.
3.

2 1989 1993

112

a
a

89
1
2
3

88.4
92.2
88.2
91.6
87.1

11.6
7.7
11.8
8.3
12.9

4.3
59.5
60.1
89.5
48.5

1.2
2.4
10.7
4.7
4.2

6.8
3.7
6.6
3.9
6.8

33.8
69.3
81.7
57.8
92.8
92.1
89.0

8.8
3.3
1.0
12.2
2.3
3.0
2.1

17.5
6.4
0.7
14.4
2.5
2.3
2.1

60.2
62.1
71.6

36.8
36.6
28.2

2.7
1.0
---

93
1
2
3

0.1
0.0

90.1
90.7
92.4
91.8
80.6

9.9
9.2
7.5
8.1
19.4

87.5
34.3
22.2
1.6
40.4

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1

7.7
61.3
44.5
89.8
51.9

2.5
3.1
21.5
4.9
13.5

6.8
4.2
8.1
3.6
7.7

82.9
31.4
25.8
1.6
26.7

0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1

39.8
20.9
16.3
15.3
2.4
2.4
6.8

0.1
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1

40.4
71.2
78.7
59.4
92.0
92.0
50.5

14.1
2.3
1.3
9.0
1.4
1.4
5.2

15.3
3.6
0.9
12.1
1.0
1.0
6.0

30.2
23.0
19.1
19.4
5.5
5.5
38.2

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

65.4
63.9
64.8

32.2
35.3
35.1

2.3
0.7
---

0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0

1. 19891993
2. 0, 1, 1 2, 1-2 3,
a. 93

1989 10% 1993

19.4%
10%

113

1989 95.7%

30%~65%
10% 1993

1989
40% 30% 1993
6.8%
35%
1989 60.6%
28.9%8.3%
2.2% 3 1993
3-5 20%
2 6 10% 1 7
4~5% 8
1-2% 4
1993 5%

1989 43.3%
22%
13.7% 5
1993

114

70-74
75-79

80 +

61.9
28.8
6.2
2.7
0.4

68.1
22.7
8.1

100.0
537

100.0
257

100.0
185

60.6
28.9
8.3
1.9
0.3
0.0
100.0
3024

60-64

65-69

58.8
29.5
9.4
2.2
0.1

59.9
29.7
8.7
1.4
0.2
0.1
100.0
907

62.8
28.3
6.3
2.2
0.4

89
0
1
2
3
4
5

100.0
1138

93
0
1
2
3
4
5

54.7
30.5
11.2
3.3
0.4
0.1
100.0
1138

61.0
28.4
7.2
3.3
0.1

62.6
28.3
7.6
1.1
0.4

68.9
24.5
4.7
1.6
0.4

75.7
18.4
4.9
1.1

100.0
907

100.0
537

100.0
257

100.0
185

60.4
28.2
8.4
2.6
0.3
0.0
100.0
3024

55.3
25.4
19.3
100.0
1138

60.2
19.6
20.2
100.0
907

66.3
17.7
16.0
100.0
537

66.1
13.2
20.6
100.0
257

71.9
8.6
19.5
100.0
185

60.6
20.2
19.1
100.0
3024

0.1

(DF)

26.61
(20)

60.39**
(20)

52.35**
(8)

1
** 0.01

()
1989-1993
cohort

115

60-64

65-69

0.6
3.1
11.9
17.0
22.6
20.3
15.4
6.6
2.0
0.6
100.0
1138

1.0
3.5
13.2
19.3
19.7
22.9
10.8
6.5
2.4
0.4
0.1
100.0
907

93
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.7
3.0
6.4
14.2
18.2
23.6
17.8
9.7
4.7
1.5
0.1
100.0
1138

1.4
3.7
9.0
13.0
20.5
22.3
15.5
8.9
4.0
1.3
0.2
100.0
907

19.5
48.9
31.5
100.0
1138

18.9
48.7
32.4
100.0
907

89
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
a 7-8
** 0.01

70-74
75-79

80 +

1.2
4.1
14.3
19.0
21.5
20.2
12.0
5.3
2.0
0.4
0.0
100.0
3024

1.5
4.8
15.8
22.5
20.5
18.6
11.2
2.8
2.2

1.9
4.7
19.8
20.2
21.0
18.3
9.7
3.1
1.2

3.8
10.8
21.6
18.9
26.5
14.1
3.2
1.1

100.0
537

100.0
257

100.0
185

1.5
5.6
10.8
16.8
20.9
19.4
11.4
9.1
4.1
0.6

4.3
6.2
13.6
23.3
16.7
16.0
10.1
6.2
2.7
0.8

5.9
16.8
16.2
18.9
19.5
14.6
4.9
2.2
1.1

100.0
537

100.0
257

100.0
185

1.7
4.8
9.2
15.4
19.3
21.3
14.6
8.6
4.0
1.1
0.1
100.0
3024

20.5
48.6
30.9
100.0
537

19.5
44.7
35.8
100.0
257

20.5
40.0
39.5
100.0
185

19.5
47.9
32.5
100.0
3024

a
(DF)

137.40a**
(40)

217.24a**
(40)

8.30 a
(8)

116

60-64

65-69

70-74
75-79

89
0
1
2
3

38.7
25.0
21.7
14.6
100.0
1138

41.0
22.1
21.9
15.0
100.0
907

46.4
21.0
19.7
12.8
100.0
537

93
0
1
2
3

33.0
25.9
25.2
15.9
100.0
1138

41.5
24.1
19.2
15.2
100.0
907

43.9
31.8
24.3
100.0
1138

46.1
26.6
27.3
100.0
907

80 +

49.4
17.9
21.4
11.3
100.0
257

65.4
13.5
13.0
8.1
100.0
185

43.3
22.1
20.9
13.7
100.0
3024

47.3
22.5
16.9
13.2
100.0
537

59.9
17.5
16.3
6.2
100.0
257

69.7
16.2
8.1
5.9
100.0
185

42.6
23.5
20.1
13.8
100.0
3024

52.0
23.6
24.4
100.0
537

56.4
15.6
28.0
100.0
257

61.6
15.1
23.2
100.0
185

48.1
26.4
25.5
100.0
3024

(DF)
58.08**
(12)

146.26**
(12)

54.91**
(8)

1989
0.05 60-64
58.8% 80
68.1% 1
60-64 29.5% 80 22.7% 2 3
3

117

1989
1993
1993 3
0.01
0 60-64 54.7% 80
75.7%1 60-64 30.5%
80 18.4%

1989 1993
3
75
75 1993 0
60-64 1989 4% 65-69 70-74
1% 75 0 7%
75

0
0

(1) 60-64
55.3% 80

118

71.9%

(2)
60-64 25.4%65-69 19.6% 80
8.6%
(3) 20%

()

4 1989
0.01 60-64

1993 0.01
1989 1993 75

20%
40%~49% 31%~40%
(1)

119

(2) 0.05

(3)
()

1989 60-64
38.7% 0
80 65.4%
1-3 0.01 5

1993 60-64 0
33.0% 80 0
69.7% 0.01
1989 1993 60-64
1989 38.7% 1993
33.0% 5.7% 2 3.5%
0.01
1989 1993 18
26

60-64

120

43.9% 80 61.6%

0
1 2

1 0

()
6

1.35 1.12

121

0.98**
0.37
(3.11)
(1.00)
2.66 1.45

-1.42*
0.57
(-2.38)
(1.01)
0.24 1.77

-0.02
(-0.18)
0.98

0.30**
(10.36)
1.35

0.38**
-0.24**
(8.85)
(-4.78)
1.46
0.79
0.15**
-0.10**
(4.22)
(-2.36)
1.16
0.90

0.01
(0.07)
1.01

-0.03
(-0.80)
0.97

0.11**
-0.08
(2.47)
(-1.30)
1.12 0.92

0.11**
0.01
+
(2.85)
(0.05)
1.12 1.01

0.05
0.10**

(1.67)
(2.88)
1.05 1.11

-0.08
-0.37*

(-0.53)
(-2.05)
0.92 0.69
19.04 (DF=20,P =0.519)
20.02 (DF=20,P =0.457)
N
3043

0.11**
(4.23)
1.12
0.16**
(4.55)
1.17
0.03
(1.17)
1.03

0.15
0.04
(0.50)
(0.13)
1.16 1.04
4.34 (DF=2,P =0.114)
4.34 (DF=2,P =0.114)
3043

-0.06
(-1.92)
0.94
0.03
(0.72)
1.03
-0.06*
(-2.06)
0.94

23.38 (DF=22,P =0.380)

23.92 (DF=22,P =0.352)
2860

1
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z

122

1.11
1 31%

1.16 1.12
1.17 1989
1993

0.9 94
()
7

7
0.69
1.40
1.62

123

2.30**
-1.45**
(24.93)
(-9.42)
9.97
0.23
---------

-----

-----

-0.37*
(-2.45)
0.69
---------

-0.37*
(-2.45)
0.69
---------

0.34**
(7.31)
1.40
0.48**
(9.53)
1.62
-----

-0.13
(-1.89)
0.88
-0.09
(-1.14)
0.91
-----

18.53 (DF=8,P =0.018)

19.91 (DF=8,P =0.011)
3051

5.56**
-2.40**
(5.65)
(-3.88)
259.82
0.09
-0.11**
-0.07
(-2.26)
(-1.13)
0.90
0.93
0.07
0.01
(1.49)
(0.29)
1.07
1.01
-0.05
0.06
(-1.41)
(1.25)
0.95
1.06
--------0.09**
-0.24**
(2.17)
(-4.35)
1.09
0.79
0.12**
0.00
(2.48)
(0.03)
1.13
1
-0.08**
0.10
(-2.15)
(1.94)
0.92
1.11
-0.06**
0.02**
(-4.10)
(3.04)
0.94
1.02
78.74 (DF=102,P =0.958)
533.90(DF=102,P =0.000)
2867

19891993
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z

124

0.69

0.9 0.92 0.94

1.09 1.13

0.79
1.02

8
8

1.14 1.11

0.840.90 0.87

1.02

125

126

127

1.06 1.09

0.89
1.21 1.32

0.880.83 0.95

1.14
0.91 0.95
1.11
0.89 0.89

1.07
0.870.86 0.97
1.07
1.08 1.01
0.88

1.481.28 1.22
0.92 0.96
1.02

128

1.111.39 1.15
0.880.90
0.96 0.79
1.16 1.02

1.111.081.19 1.17
0.93 0.94
1.04
0.87

1.16 0.91
0.89
0.86

129

5.20**
(5.11)
181.27
0.10**
(2.43)
1.11
0.08*
(2.27)
1.08
-----0.07**
(-2.65)
0.93
0.17**
(4.93)
1.19
0.16**
(4.59)
1.17
-----

-3.36**
(-4.47)
0.03
-0.05
(-0.90)
0.95
-0.08
(-1.75)
0.92
----0.04
(1.16)
1.04
-0.14**
(-3.43)
0.87
0.03
(0.73)
1.03
-----

-0.06**
0.04**
(-4.22)
(3.59)
0.94
1.04
100.41(DF=112,P =0.776)
304.64(DF=112,P =0.000)
2840

1.13**
-0.18**
(27.78)
(-3.84)
3.10
0.84
--------0.01
(0.52)
1.01
---------

-0.12**
(-2.69)
0.89
---------

-----

-----

0.15**
(4.12)
1.16
0.04
(1.37)
1.04
-----

-0.09**
(-2.08)
0.91
-0.15**
(-3.94)
0.86
-----

5.25 (DF=8,P =0.730)

5.35 (DF=8,P =0.719)
3023

1
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z

130

1993
factor analysis

55.5% 10

factor loading 0.8

0.51

0-3
0-4
10

Eigen value
%
N

0.797
0.817
0.514
0.783
2.181
54.5
1512

0.804
0.819
0.508
0.830
2.265
56.6
1156

0.809
0.806
0.506
0.792
2.189
54.7
1828

0.775
0.833
0.475
0.824
2.201
55.0
840

0.801
0.817
0.511
0.805
2.219
55.5
2668

2 OLS
0-4 0-3

1 01993

131

1 0
1 0
11 OLS 0-4 0-3

1993

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

132

11

O LS
0-4

93
93
93

N
Adj. R Square
F
P

0.19**
-0.01
0.11**
0.01
-0.21**
0.07**
-0.06**
0.04*
0.00
0.11**
0.13**
0.05*
-0.02
0.02
-0.03
0.00
0.04*
2861
0.18
36.62
0.001

0-3
t
10.84
-0.62
5.95
0.73
-11.92
3.59
-3.55
2.14
0.08
5.69
5.80
2.04
-0.70
0.90
1.84
-0.01
2.01

0.20**
-0.00
0.08**
0.00
-0.20**
0.04*
-0.04*
0.05**
0.02
0.13**
0.16**
0.05*
-0.03
0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.04*
2861
0.18
38.36
0.001

t
11.45
-0.25
4.64
0.02
11.81
2.22
-2.29
2.79
0.67
5.98
7.20
2.05
-0.91
-1.34
1.20
-0.43
2.21

1
* 0.05
** 0.01

12
34

133

10%
30%~40%
50%~60%
40%

1
2
3

1.
2.

NSC87-2412-H-001-006

134

(1995)
84 3 45
(1991) 79 125

Adams, D. (1969) Analysis of a li fe s atis faction index, Journal of Gerontology, 24:

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nd

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 26 9296-136

4.32**
-2.37**
(6.13)
(-4.53)
75.19 0.09
-0.17**
0.07
(-3.83)
(1.20)
0.84
1.07
0.13**
-0.07
(2.91)
(-1.11)
1.14
0.93
--------0.10**
(3.07)
1.11
-0.11**
(-3.27)
0.90
-0.14**
(-2.75)
0.87
-----

-0.04
(-0.88)
0.96
0.01
(0.36)
1.01
-0.02
(-0.31)
0.98
-----

-0.04**
0.02**
(-4.17)
(2.83)
0.96
1.02
95.68 (DF=112,P =0.865)
415.81(DF=112,P =0.000)
2858

0.49
-0.17
(1.84)
(-0.70)
1.63
0.84
-0.05
0.00
(-1.26)
(0.13)
0.95
1
0.06*
-0.03
(1.98)
(-1.07)
1.06
0.97
0.02
-0.01
(0.75)
(-0.41)
1.02
0.99
-0.02
0.09**
(-0.89)
(3.00)
0.98
1.09
-0.01
-0.02
(-0.40)
(-0.90)
0.99
0.98
0.07
-0.07
(1.93)
(-1.79)
1.07
0.93
-0.01
0.02
(-0.43)
(0.75)
0.99
1.02
-0.00
-0.00
(-1.41)
(-0.36)
1
1
248.70(DF=206,P =0.022)
219.36(DF=206,P =0.249)
2865

-0.51
4.11**
(-0.51)
(3.18)
0.60 60.95
0.02
-0.08
(0.37)
(-1.58)
1.02
0.92
-0.12*
0.19**
(-2.38)
(3.42)
0.89
1.21
0.08
-0.13**
(1.92)
(-3.11)
1.08
0.88
-------------

-----

0.28**
0.09
(5.59)
(1.85)
1.32
1.09
-0.02
-0.19**
(-0.64)
(-4.17)
0.98
0.83
0.02
-0.05**
(1.31)
(-2.67)
1.02
0.95
50.64 (DF=48,P =0.370)
62.51 (DF=48,P =0.078)
2861

1.62**
-1.34**
(2.61)
(-2.74)
5.05
0.26
0.03
-0.12*
(0.88)
(-2.47)
1.03
0.89
0.03
0.02
(0.92)
(0.55)
1.03
1.02
-0.09**
-0.01
(-3.35)
(-0.37)
0.91
0.99
--------0.13**
-0.06
(4.53)
(-1.85)
1.14
0.94
0.05
-0.00
(1.49)
(-0.03)
1.05
1
-0.05*
0.10**
(-2.06)
(2.88)
0.95
1.11
-0.01
0.01
(-1.78)
(1.45)
0.99
1.01
110.40(DF=102,P=0.268)
122.81(DF=102,P=0.079)
2860

N
1
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z

2.57**
-0.88**
(5.74)
(-2.61)
13.07
0.41
-0.08*
-0.04
(-2.27)
(-1.15)
0.92
0.96
0.07*
-0.01
(2.18)
(-0.54)
1.07
0.99
-0.14**
0.02
(-4.95)
(0.96)
0.87
1.02
-0.03
0.01
(-1.27)
(0.70)
0.97
1.01
0.12**
-0.13**
(4.27)
(-4.52)
1.13
0.88
0.00
0.08*
(0.13)
(2.06)
1
1.08
-0.15**
0.07*
(-5.72)
(2.33)
0.86
1.07
-0.03**
0.01*
(-4.84)
(2.39)
0.97
1.01
208.50(DF=206,P =0.438)
249.00(DF=206,P =0.022)
2865

4.77**
(5.13)
117.92
-0.08
(-1.60)
0.92
0.09
(1.82)
1.09
0.39**
(7.31)
1.48
-0.08*
(-2.11)
0.92
-----

-2.39**
(-3.57)
0.09
-0.05
(-0.73)
0.95
-0.00
(-0.01)
1
-0.07
(-0.91)
0.93
0.06
(1.05)
1.06
-----

0.25**
-0.11
(5.74)
(-1.77)
1.28
0.90
0.20**
-0.06
(5.01)
(-1.14)
1.22
0.94
-0.04**
0.02*
(-3.28)
(2.20)
0.96
1.02
82.68 (DF=104,P =0.939)
316.41(DF=104,P =0.000)
2859

4.33**
-2.56*
(4.51)
(-3.53)
75.94
0.08
-0.13**
0.05
(-3.03)
(0.87)
0.88
1.05
0.10*
-0.07
(2.19)
(-1.16)
1.11
0.93
0.33**
-0.24**
(8.54)
(-4.02)
1.39
0.79
0.00
0.09
(0.01)
(1.93)
1
1.09
---------0.11*
0.15-*
(-2.44)
(2.18)
0.90
1.16
0.14**
-0.00
(4.31)
(-0.18)
1.15
1
-0.04**
0.02*
(-2.93)
(2.08)
0.96
1.02
148.17(DF=104,P =0.003)
614.37(DF=104,P =0.000)
2866

N
1
* 0.05
** 0.01
Z