INTRODUCTION

A. TITLE

Techniques of Translation in Bilinggual Book Entitled 365 Kutipan Motivasi Kadar Tinggi.

B. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

English as a foreign language in Indonesian has a great effect in development of modern technology and science. It is influenced by many books written and in translation of English Language. Most of Indonesian people know the English word and is translation, but they dont understand the meaning of the messages. So, they should translate them into Indonesian firstly. It is one of the effective ways to study easier those books that written in English Language. Language is used in printed media, such as novels, magazines, comics, news paper, and so on. In growing of the world a globalization era, most of them are written in foreign language especially in English. The problem that appeared is the fact that not every person can understand and master Englishwell. So, translation is very important toward, not only the scientific and

technology books, but also in literary books.

As a translator, the writer should have skill on translation process in order to make a good translation. Besides, transferring the accuracy of equivalent from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), a translator also should have to understand the culture background and situation of the text. It means that a translator also should have to understand the culture background and situation of the text. It means that a translator must know the style and equivalence which is required.

language structures and explains that in such cases where there is no a literal equivalent for particular source text word or sentence, then it is up to the translator to choose the most suitable was to render it in the target text.

Since a translator use shift in translated a text or wants as long as keeps the message of target language closely the some or source language. It

is common that some chance and variation happened in translation. This

means that the act of translation can be analyzed along a range of possibilities,

which brings about a number of shifts in the linguistic, aesthetic and

intellectual values of the source text.

In English language there are the synonymy words. Many complicated synonymy cause confuse the people which they cant speak or

understand conversation or informal English easily without a knowledge of 3

phrasal verb.

claims that the translator

makes use of synonyms in order to get the source text (ST) message across.

The translation shifts can be seen in the example bellow:

1) SL : Real tears steaming down her checks.

TL : Air mata asli mengalir dipipinya.

2) SL : But her mother hadnt wanted to give up her home.

TL : Tapi ibunya tidak berminat meninggalkan rumahnya sendiri.

Based on the both facts, that the phrasal verbs of streaming down and

give up which has function grammatically as simple verb, may be has the

other meaning or synonymy. Further, the researcher analyses techniques of translation

C. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

In this section, I would like to analize, the researcher found some problems, there are 1. What are the technique used by the translator in this book ? 2. What are the difficulties for the translator to translate this book ?

D. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study this proposal covers such things : The writer focuses this proposal based on statements of the problem. This study

attempts to analyze this research focuses on the techniques of translation Bilinggual Book Entitled 365 Kutipan Motivasi Kadar Tinggi. By Mario Seto ,

Objective of the study The objective of the study is to This proposal attempts to analyze the lexical choice in Bible Translation, focuses on lexical words in english version, to look for is there are any diferent meaning between indonesian and Engish version

E.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher wants to give some benefits from this research, not only for the researcher herself, but also for the readers. The benefits are: a. b. c. Knowing about the techniques of translation Knowing about the difficulties to translate the idioms. The next researcher, to get more knowledge and additional theory

F. REVIEW RELATED

To make a good analysis, the researcher of this proposal must be supported by several related theories. The theorise which are applied in this proposal are, language and communication, definition of translation,

kind of translation, meaning in translation, equivalence in translation, translation principles, techniques of translation , idiom, and the other theory for developing this proposal. And to run this research the need some theories as reference to the study. The theories are related to the problem discussed in this study as follows: 1. Language and Commmunication Fisrtly, the reason why researcher includes languages and communications theory because as we know that people needs language to make a relationship to each other. Language is used in the form of utterances and functions. The most important function of language is to communication in social life. Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individual through a common system of symbol, sign and behavior. There have been found three components in every communication process they are: 1) Participants (at least two person or group), 2) topic (what is talking about), 3) Means of communication (form of symbol, sign, etc). In globalization era where worldwide interaction happens people use language to communicate in social interaction. Language is a system of sounds, words, etc used by human to lay open the feeling and mind. Language as means of communication not only among human, but also between human and other creatures becomes the most important key to

achieve a certain meaning. language does not only contain grammatical structures or words, but also action that should be shown in interaction. If we understand what we should say in a conversation we can be successful participant in successful that conversation. Phatic communication is Small talk: the nonreferential use of language to share feelings or establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas; ritualized formulas intended to attract the attention of the listener or prolong communication. Below i will give you some example of phatic communications: "How are you?" "How ya doin'?" "Have a nice day!" "Cold enough for you?" "What's your sign?" "What's your major?" "Sincerely yours" "How about those Mets?"

"This train is really crowded." "Some weather we're having."

2. Defionition of translation

Newmark (1991: 27) defines the act of translating very briefly. It is the act of transfering meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or part, from one laguage to another. (The discussion on meaning can be seen at sub-point F. Meaning, message, and style).

According to purpose, translation can be divided into four types: A) Pragmatic B) Aesthetic-Poetic C) etnographic, and D) Linguistic translation Pragmatic translation is the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information meant to be communicated in the target language form. Belongin to such translation is the translation of technical information, such as repairing instructions. The second type is aesthetic-poetic translation that doesn't only focus on the information, but also the emotion, feeling, beauty involved in the original writing. The third is ethnograpic translation that explicates the cultural contex of the source and second laguage versions. The last type is Linguistic translation, the one that is concerned with equivalent meaning of the constituent morphemes of the second language and with grammatical form. Seen from this classification, the translation of literary work should be the aesthetic poetic one.

The other kinds of translation or translation approach important to review are the ones related to the concept of dynamic translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, andartistictranslation.

A definition of dynamic translation centers on the concept of

dynamic equivalence, that is the closest natural equivalence to the source language message.

The definition of dynamic translation contains three essential terms: A) equivalent, which points toward the source language message B) natural, which points toward the receptor language and closest, which bind thetwo orientation together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.

Dynamic equivalence approach can be used in the level of translating sentences or group of sentence, because the whole message lies here.

It resembles the dynamic equivalence approach in the sense that it rejects the form oriented translation and emphasizes that a translation should convey the meaning of the original. A translation, according to this approach, should be faithful to the 'dynamic' of the original, or the SL 's' naturalness of language use and ease of comprehension.

The idea of dynamic translation was first proposed by nida and taber and the semantic and communicative translation was by Newmark. He

even states that the concept represent his main constribution to general theory of translation (Newmark: 1991:10)

It seems to be a reaction to the concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence, literal and free translation. In the above dichotomy, the first "pole" of the dichotomy (formal equivalence and literal translation) seems to be condemned for being not be able to transfer the message. Semantic and communicative translation seem to be in the middle of the two poles formal and dynamic translation, (here formal translation is understood as translation that pursues the formal equivalence and dynamic translation is the one that seeks for the dynamic equivalence. Discussion on the issue of equivalence can be in the next sub point).

Semantic translation emphasizes the "loyality" to the original text. It is more semantic and syntactic oriented and, therefore, also authorcentered. On the other hand, communicative translation emphasizes the loyalty to the " readers" and more reader-centered. The two concepts are not to be contrasted with literal word-for-word translation which is criticized in the concept of formal translation and literal translation, He sees it as a translation procedure. He states that literal word- for - word translation is not only the best in both conmmunicative and semantic translation, but it is the only valid method of translation if equivalent effect is secured.

To compare, formal and dynamic translation center on the message of the original, the semantic and the communicative translation on whether author - centered or reader - centered, and artistic translation doesn't on the consideration of literary aspects: ideas and style. The concepts are based on different ground. It is clear that the concept of dynamic translation is suitable for translating . It is so because the concept of dynamic equivalence it self was developed from the practice of translation. As it is know, there are many kinds of text of text some of which are with the characteristics different . The semantic and communicative ones, on the other hand, can be applied at any kinds of text. The case of style is also discussed by Newmark in his hint that " the more important the language of the text or units or text, the more closely it should be translated. "Finally, artistic translation is probably most appropriate for translating certain literary works, like poetry. Maintaining the author' style accurately is very difficult in certain book as the translator is confronted with the syntactic system as well as literary convention of the target language. 3. Meaning in Translation The conclusion, kind of translation meaning can divided as follow : Lexical meaning Contextual/situational meaning Grammatic meaning Textual meaning

Textual meaning Socio cultural meaning 4. Translation Process

Implicit meaning

Translation is the process to transfer written or spoken source language (SL) texts to equivalent written or spoken target laguage (TL) texts. The basic purpose of translation is to reproduce various type of text, comprising literary, religious, scientific, philosophical text etc. In another language and thus making them available to wider readers to a greater number of target audience and to bring the world closer However translation is not an easy job. If language is just a classification for a set of general universal concepts, it will be of course very easy to translate from a source laguage to a target language. But translation covers not only word for word translation but also many other factors. The concepts of one language may differ radically from those of another. This because each laguage articulates or organized the word differently. The bigger the gap between the SL and the TL, the more difficult the process of transfer will be. The difference between the two language and the difference in cultures makes the process of translating a real challenge. The problematic factors include translation like form, style, meaning, proverbs, idioms, etc.

Semantic translation emphasizes the "loyality" to the original text. It is more semantic and syntactic oriented and, therefore, also author-centered. On the other hand, communicative translation emphasizes the loyalty to the " readers" and more reader-centered. The two concepts are not to be contrasted with literal word-forword translation which is criticized in the concept of formal translation and literal translation, He sees it as a translation procedure. He states that literal word- for - word translation is not only the best in both conmmunicative and semantic translation, but it is the only valid method of translation if equivalent effect is secured.

To compare, formal and dynamic translation center on the message of the original, the semantic and the communicative translation on whether author - centered or reader - centered, and artistic translation doesn't on the consideration of literary aspects: ideas and style. The concepts are based on different ground. It is clear that the concept of dynamic translation is suitable for translating . It is so because the concept of dynamic equivalence it self was developed from the practice of translation. As it is know, there are many kinds of text of text some of which are with the characteristics different . The semantic and communicative ones,

on the other hand, can be applied at any kinds of text. The case of style is also discussed by Newmark in his hint that " the more important the language of the text or units or text, the more closely it should be translated. "Finally, artistic translation is probably most appropriate for translating certain literary works, like poetry. Maintaining the author' style accurately is very difficult in certain book as the translator is confronted with the syntactic system as well as literary convention of the target language. 5. Two Principles in Translation a. The translator can bring his fellow country a true and clear picture of

the foreign author and foreign circumstances, keeping strictly to the original b. He can treat the foreign work as a writer treats his material, altering it

after his own tastes and convictions, so that it is brought closer to his fellow. Beside that a translator also have to able,as follow : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A translation must give the words of the original A translation should read like the original A translation should reflect the style of the translation A translation may add to or omit from the original A translation of verse should be in verse The distinction between literal or faithful translation and the idiomatic or

free translation 7. A translator should not forget that he is not the original writer and the work

in hand has never been his own. He is just an interpreter whose duty is to act as a bridge or a channel between the mind of the author and the minds of his readers 8. If accuracy, clearness, and precision are to be achieved, faithful translation

wont work out 6. Technique of translation Through the progress of communi-cation, the problem facing us is how to facilitate such communication. In other words, how are we to transmit knowledge from one people to another? Such transmission of thought requires, first, knowledge of the language of the people. The problem then arises of how to study this language. From the long lists of textbooks availa-ble and from the various applications of ac-quaintance with other languages, Four basic approaches become clear: 1. Learning the language so as to speak it and converse in it 2. Learning the language so as to read its literature and comprehend the beauty of its phraseology

3. Learning the language basically, so that one may translate from the native tongue to the language studied; and 4. Learning the language sufficiently to gain information from technical material in one's own field.

If such a distinction is necessary it usually is apparent from the

general context. The importance of a basic knowledge of the mechanics of the language into which one is translating must be recognized, also. However, such familiarity is the prerequisite for any writing, especially technical writing, so it need only be mentioned here. No matter how well one knows the language being translated, the translation loses its value when the reader cannot determine what things are being com-pared, or whether one process follows or pre-cedes another. In addition to the preceding, translation, as any other profession, uses certain special tools, as well as the individual's skill. Such tools include comprehensive dictionaries of both languages, technical handbooks, grammar books, and textbooks.

1.

Borrowing

This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk"). Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts: the target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first man-made satellites were Soviet, so for a time they were known in English as "sputniks". the source language word sounds "better" (more specific, fashionable, exotic or just accepted), even though it can be translated 2. Calque

This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance 3. Transposition This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Dia suka berenang",.

4.

Modulation

Now we're getting clever. Slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "kamu dapat memiliki itu" - "You can have it". 5. Reformulation (sometimes known as kesetaraan) Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. 6. Adaptation Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least.

7. Compensation Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "...making good

1.3 Method of translation The method of translation is introduce by Newmark ( 1998: 45 ) as V diagram to show to different translation polar. In one polar, Newmark state the important of source language system and culture on the other polar is focusing the importance of target language system and culture. SL on Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation ( Newmark, 1998:45 ) Newmark (1988: 45-47) uses eight terms in his classification. The methods closest to the target language are: a) Free Translation b) Adaptation. c) Idiomatic Translation d) Communicative translation

The methods closest to the target language are: a) Free Translation b) Adaptation. c) Idiomatic Translation d) Communicative translation

G. RESEARCH METHOD Research method is an important thing in a spesific research because a research can be sais as scientifict one or not depends on the way of choosing and using the method which is relevant to the research object. This chapter discusses research design, unit of analysis, source of data,technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis. H. RESEARCH METHOD A research has an important role in developing a science, knowledge,and technology. By doing research, someone can explore, and disvover new thing that he or she does not know before and alsoto improve what he or she has already known. Based on Nunan (1992:3) a research is a systemic process of inquiry consisting of three elements. (1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and intrepretation of data. G. RESEARCH DESIGN his research mainly focuses on Technique of translation. so we will is there are any diferent

meaning between Indonesian version and English version.

1. Unit of Analysis The researcher focuses on the Technique and Metohod which was used in the book "365 Kutipan Motivasi Kadar Tinggi. By Mario Seto. The unit of analysis in this research is metaphor on every idiom in this book.

2. Source Data The researcher using a source data from the book entitled "365 Kutipan Motivasi Kadar Tinggi. By Mario Seto

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