BLAKE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

22. The hotter a component gets, the more noise it will generate. T 23. "Shot" noise creates a "noise current" in an electronic device such as a transistor. T

Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Systems 24. "Flicker" noise is worst at radio frequencies. F TRUE/FALSE 1. The first electronic communications device was the telephone. F 2. Transatlantic radio communication started in 1901. T 3. A communication system may or may not include a channel. F 4. "Baseband" refers to the basic carrier frequency band. F MULTIPLE CHOICE 5. Putting an information signal onto a carrier is called "modulation". T 6. The carrier frequency is higher than the highest baseband frequency. T 7. A modulated carrier occupies a band of frequencies. T 8. "Detection" is another term for demodulation. T 9. The amount of information per second that can be sent is independent of bandwidth. F 10. It is possible to combine FDM and TDM in the same system. T 11. For radio signals, longer wavelength means higher frequency. F 12. Noise is easily removed from an analog signal by using filters. F 13. As long as a one can be distinguished from a zero, a digital signal corrupted by noise can be restored to its original form. T 14. Audio signals are in the time-domain, but radio signals are in the frequency domain. F 15. Any periodic AC signal contains an infinite series of harmonic frequencies. T 16. Every term in a Fourier series must be used in calculations. F 17. All noise in a system can be eliminated by using good grounding and shielding. F 18. The sparking brushes of a DC motor can cause radio frequency noise. T 19. Signals with fast rise and fall times can cause radio frequency noise. T 20. Digital systems such as computers are not affected by noise. F 21. Every component in an electronic system generates noise. T 2. The person who sent the first radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean was: a. Marconi c. Maxwell b. Bell d. Hertz 3. The transmission of radio waves was first done by: a. Marconi c. Maxwell b. Bell d. Hertz 4. Radians per second is equal to: a. 2 f c. the phase angle b f 2 d. none of the above 5. A complete communication system must include: a. a transmitter and receiver b. a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel c. a transmitter, a receiver, and a spectrum analyzer d. a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, and a channel 6. The bandwidth required for a modulated carrier depends on: a. the carrier frequency c. the signal-plus-noise to noise ratio b. the signal-to-noise ratio d. the baseband frequency range 7. When two or more signals share a common channel, it is called: a. sub-channeling c. SINAD b. signal switching d. multiplexing 8. TDM stands for: a. Time-Division Multiplexing b. Two-level Digital Modulation c. Time Domain Measurement d. none of the above 1. The theory of radio waves was originated by: a. Marconi c. Maxwell b. Bell d .Hertz 27. Due to the frequency, a radio signal requires a "real-time" analyzer to look at the spectrum. F 25. Signal-to-noise ratio is more important than noise power. T 26. With cascaded stages in a communication system, the noise from the first stage is the least important. F

9. FDM stands for: a. Fast Digital Modulation b. Frequency Domain Measurement

c. Frequency-Division Multiplexing d. none of the above

10. The wavelength of a radio signal is: a. equal to f c c. the distance a wave travels in one period b. equal to c d. how far the signal can travel without distortion 11. Distortion is caused by: a. creation of harmonics of baseband frequencies b. baseband frequencies "mixing" with each other c. shift in phase relationships between baseband frequencies d. all of the above 12. The collection of sinusoidal frequencies present in a modulated carrier is called its: a. frequency-domain representation c. spectrum b. Fourier series d. all of the above 13. The baseband bandwidth for a voice-grade (telephone) signal is: a. approximately 3 kHz c. at least 5 kHz b. 20 Hz to 15,000 Hz d. none of the above 14. Noise in a communication system originates in: a. the sender c. the channel b. the receiver d. all of the above 15. "Man-made" noise can come from: a. equipment that sparks b. temperature 16. Thermal noise is generated in: a. transistors and diodes b. resistors 17. Shot noise is generated in: a. transistors and diodes b. resistors 18. The power density of "flicker" noise is: a. the same at all frequencies b. greater at high frequencies 19. So called "1/f" noise is also called: a. random noise c. white noise b. pink noise d. partition noise 20. "Pink" noise has: a. equal power per Hertz b. equal power per octave c. constant power d. none of the above c. static d. all of the above c. copper wire d. all of the above c. copper wire d. none of the above c. greater at low frequencies d. the same as "white" noise

22. Signal-to-Noise ratio is calculated as: a. signal voltage divided by noise voltage b. signal power divided by noise power c. first add the signal power to the noise power, then divide by noise power d. none of the above 23. SINAD is calculated as: a. signal voltage divided by noise voltage b. signal power divided by noise power c. first add the signal power to the noise power, then divide by noise power d. none of the above 24. Noise Figure is a measure of: a. how much noise is in a communications system b. how much noise is in the channel c. how much noise an amplifier adds to a signal d. signal-to-noise ratio in dB 25. The part, or parts, of a sinusoidal carrier that can be modulated are: a. its amplitude b. its amplitude and frequency c. its amplitude, frequency, and direction d. its amplitude, frequency, and phase angle COMPLETION 1. The telephone was invented in the year ______.

ANS:

1863

2. Radio signals first were sent across the Atlantic in the year _______. ANS: 1901 3. The frequency band used to modulate the carrier is called the ______ band. ANS: base 4. The job of the carrier is to get the information through the _______. ANS: channel 5. The bandwidth of an unmodulated carrier is _______. ANS: zero 6. The 'B' in Hartley's Law stands for _______. ANS: bandwidth 7. In _______, you split the bandwidth of a channel into sub-channels to carry multiple signals. ANS: FDM 8. In _______, multiple signal streams take turns using the channel. ANS: TDM

21. When two noise voltages, V1 and V2, are combined, the total voltage VT is: a. VT = sqrt(V1 x V1 + V2 x V2) c. VT = sqrt(V1 x V2) b. VT = (V1 + V2)/2 d. VT = V1 + V2

9. VHF stands for the _______ frequency band. ANS: very high 10. The more information per second you send, the ________ the bandwidth required. ANS: greater, larger, wider 11. The VHF band starts at _______ MHz. ANS: 30 12. The UHF band starts at ______ MHz. ANS: 300 13. A radio signal's ________ is the distance it travels in one cycle of the carrier. ANS: wavelength 14. In free space, radio signals travel at approximately _________ meters per second. ANS: 300 million 15. The equipment used to show signals in the frequency domain is the ________. ANS: spectrum analyzer 16. Mathematically, a spectrum is represented by a _______ series. ANS: Fourier 17. Disabling a receiver during a burst of atmospheric noise is called ________. ANS: noise blanking or blanking 18. For satellite communications, ________ noise can be a serious problem. ANS: solar 19. Thermal noise is caused by the random motions of ________ in a conductor. ANS: electrons SHORT ANSWER

5. A microwave receiver has a noise temperature of 145 K. Find its noise figure. ANS: 1.5 6. Suppose there is 30 V from one noise source that is combined with 40 V from another noise source. Calculate the total noise voltage. ANS: 50 V 7. If you have 100 mV of signal and 10 mV of noise, both across the same 100-ohm load, what is the signal-to-noise ratio in dB? ANS: 20 dB 8. The input to an amplifier has a signal-to-noise ratio of 100 dB and an output signal-to-noise ratio of 80 dB. Find NF, both in dB and as a ratio. ANS: 20 dB, NF = 100 9. Two cascaded amplifiers each have a noise figure of 5 and a gain of 10. Find the total NF for the pair. ANS: 5.4 10. Explain why you could use a diode as a noise source with a spectrum close to that of pure thermal noise. How would you control the amount of noise generated? ANS: When current flows through a diode, it generates shot noise that can be represented as a current source, the output of which is a noise current. The equation for the noise current is very similar to the equation for thermal noise voltage. Since the power in the shot noise is proportional to the diode current, controlling the diode current controls the noise power.

Chapter 2: Radio-Frequency Circuits TRUE/FALSE 1. In general, components behave the same at 20 MHz as they do at 1 kHz. F 2. Stray capacitance is important in high-frequency amplifiers. T

1. Name the five elements in a block diagram of a communications system. ANS: Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, Destination 2. Name five types of internal noise. ANS: Thermal, Shot, Partition, 1/f, transit-time 3. Why is thermal noise called "white noise"? ANS: White light is composed of equal amounts of light at all visible frequencies. Likewise, thermal noise has equal power density over a wide range of frequencies. 4. What is "pink noise"? ANS: Light is pink when it contains more red than it does other colors, and red is at the low end of the visible spectrum. Likewise, pink noise has higher power density at lower frequencies.

3. Microwave-frequency circuits look much different from circuits designed for 1 MHz. T 4. All electronic devices have both capacitive and inductive properties. T 5. As frequency increases, capacitive effects decrease. F 6. At some frequency, a capacitor will self-resonate with the inductance of its leads. T 7. An "unstable" amplifier is one that oscillates, or is close to oscillating. T 8. Base-to-emitter capacitance can cause a common-emitter amplifier to oscillate. F 9. "Distributed Constants" refers to a mathematical operation to calculate gain. F

10. "Shielding" prevents RF signals from coupling between components in a system. T 11. A "ground-plane" is a type of shielding. T 12. A "gimmick" is a type of shielding. F 13. Removing any RF signals off the Vcc lines is an example of "decoupling". T 14. Decoupling usually involves a "bypass" capacitor. T 15. Basically, radio-frequency amplifiers can not be distinguished from other amplifiers. F 16. Resonant circuits are common in RF amplifiers. T 17. Increasing the load on a tuned amplifier increases its Q. F 18. In a common-emitter amplifier, the collector-base capacitance "looks" bigger than it is. T 19. The Miller Effect only occurs in common-base amplifiers. F 20. The Miller Effect can reduce the bandwidth of an amplifier. T 21. The Miller Effect can be reduced using neutralization. T 22. A piezoelectric crystal behaves like a very low-Q tuned circuit. F 23. The frequency of a crystal oscillator is much more stable than an LC oscillator. T 24. Mixers must be nonlinear in order to work. T 25. A mixer will produce "sum and difference" frequencies. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The time it takes a charge carrier to cross from the emitter to the collector is called: a. base time c. charge time b. transit time d.Miller time 2. A real capacitor actually contains: a. capacitance and resistance only b. capacitance and inductance only c. capacitance, inductance, and resistance d. reactance only 3. Bypass capacitors are used to: a. remove RF from non-RF circuits b. couple RF around an amplifier c. neutralize amplifiers d. reduce the Miller effect

4. A resonant circuit is: a. a simple form of bandpass filter b. used in narrowband RF amplifiers 5. Loading down a tuned-circuit amplifier will: a. raise the Q of the tuned circuit b. lower the Q of the tuned circuit 6. The "Miller Effect" can: a. cause an amplifier to oscillate b. cause an amplifier to lose gain c. reduce the bandwidth of an amplifier d. all of the above 7. In a BJT, the Miller Effect is due to: a. inductance of collector lead b. collector-to-emitter capacitance 8. The Miller Effect can be avoided by: a. using a common-emitter amplifier b. using a common-base amplifier c. increasing the Q of the tuned circuit d. it cannot be avoided

c. both a and b d. none of the above c. "multiply" the Q d. have no effect on Q

c. base-to-emitter capacitance d. base-to-collector capacitance

9. In RF amplifiers, impedance matching is usually done with: a. RC coupling c. direct coupling b. transformer coupling d. lumped reactance 10. Neutralization cancels unwanted feedback by: a. adding feedback out of phase with the unwanted feedback b. bypassing the feedback to the "neutral" or ground plane c. decoupling it d. none of the above 11. For a "frequency multiplier" to work, it requires: a. a nonlinear circuit b. a linear amplifier c. a signal containing harmonics d. an input signal that is an integer multiple of the desired frequency 12. A sinusoidal oscillation from an amplifier requires: a. loop gain equal to unity b. phase shift around loop equal to 0 degrees c. both a and b, but at just one frequency d. none of the above 13. The conditions for sinusoidal oscillation from an amplifier are called: a. the loop-gain criteria c. the Bode criteria b. the Hartley criteria d. the Barkhausen criteria 14. The Hartley oscillator uses: a. a tapped inductor b. a two-capacitor divider c. an RC time constant d. a piezoelectric crystal

15. The Colpitts VFO uses: a. a tapped inductor b. a two-capacitor divider 16. The Clapp oscillator is: a. a modified Hartley oscillator b. a modified Colpitts oscillator 17. A varactor is: a. a voltage-controlled capacitor b. a diode

c. an RC time constant d. a piezoelectric crystal c. a type of crystal-controlled oscillator d. only built with FETs c. used in tuner circuits d. all of the above

4. Interactions between parts of an RF circuit can be reduced by using ________ between them. ANS: shielding 5. A ________ circuit is used to remove RF from the DC voltage bus. ANS: decoupling 6. In high-frequency RF circuits, the placement of wires and _________ can be critical. ANS: components 7. A ________ capacitor is used to short unwanted RF to ground. ANS: bypass 8. The bandwidth of a tuned-circuit amplifier depends on the ________ of the tuned circuit. ANS: Q 9. A value of ________ or more for Q is required for the approximate tuned circuit equations to be valid. ANS: 10 10. In a class C RF amplifier, the ________ extracts one frequency from all the harmonics contained in the device current (e.g. collector current). ANS: tuned circuit 11. Using additional feedback to compensate for "stray" feedback is called __________. ANS: neutralization 12. A Colpitts oscillator uses a ________ voltage divider to provide feedback. ANS: capacitive

18. Crystal-Controlled oscillators are: a. used for a precise frequency b. used for very low frequency drift (parts per million) c. made by grinding quartz to exact dimensions d. all of the above 19. If two signals, Va = sin(at) and Vb = sin(bt), are fed to a mixer, the output: a. will contain 1 = a + b and 2 = a b b. will contain 1 = a / b and 2 = b / a c. will contain = (a + b ) / 2 d. none of the above 20. In a balanced mixer, the output: a. contains equal (balanced) amounts of all input frequencies b. contains the input frequencies c. does not contain the input frequencies d. is a linear mixture of the input signals 21. "VFO" stands for: a. Voltage-Fed Oscillator b. Variable-Frequency Oscillator c. Varactor-Frequency Oscillator d. Voltage-Feedback Oscillator

22. A "frequency synthesizer" is: a. a VCO phase-locked to a reference frequency b. a VFO with selectable crystals to change frequency c. a fixed-frequency RF generator d. same as a mixer COMPLETION 1. Generally, conductor lengths in RF circuits should be ________.

13. Electrically, a piezoelectric crystal has both a _________ and a _______ resonant frequency. ANS: series, parallel 14. To produce sum and difference frequencies, a mixer must be a non-________ circuit. ANS: linear 15. At some bias point, a diode or a transistor can act as a _________-law mixer. ANS: square SHORT ANSWER 1. What inductance would you use with a 47-pF capacitor to make a tuned circuit for 10 MHz? ANS: 5.4 H 2. What value of Q is required for a 10-MHz tuned circuit to have a bandwidth of 100 kHz? ANS: 100

ANS:

short

2. At UHF frequencies and above, elements must be considered as ________ instead of as being "lumped". ANS: distributed 3. When one side of a double-sided pc board is used for ground, it is called a ________. ANS: ground-plane

3. A tuned-circuit amplifier with a gain of 10 is being used to make an oscillator. What should be the value of the feedback ratio to satisfy the Barkhausen criteria? ANS: 0.1 4. What is the advantage of a Clapp oscillator compared to a Colpitts oscillator? ANS: It is more stable because it "swamps" the device capacitance with large value capacitors in the feedback divider. 5. If a varactor has a capacitance of 90 pF at zero volts, what will be the capacitance at 4 volts? ANS: 30 pF 6. An oscillator has a frequency of 100 MHz at 20C, and a tempco of +10 ppm per degree Celsius. What will be the shift in frequency at 70C? What percentage is that? ANS: 50 kHz, 0.05% 7. Two sinusoidal signals, V1 and V2, are fed into an ideal balanced mixer. V1 is a 20MHz signal; V2 is a 5-MHz signal. What frequencies would you expect at the output of the mixer? ANS: 15 MHz and 25 MHz 8. Suppose the phase-locked-loop frequency synthesizer of Figure 2.39 has a reference frequency of 1 MHz and a fixed-modulus divider of 10. What should be the value of the programmable divider to get an output frequency of 120 MHz? ANS: 12

11. Overmodulation produces "splatter". T 12. Modulation index can be derived from a time-domain view of the AM signal. T 13. Modulation index can be derived from a frequency-domain view of the AM signal. T 14. In AM, the lower baseband frequencies are in the LSB and the higher baseband frequencies are in the USB. F 15. The upper sideband contains the same information as the lower sideband. T 16. In AM, most of the power is in the sidebands. F 17. In plain AM, the job of the carrier is to allow simple demodulation. T 18. The upper sideband has twice the power of the lower sideband. F 19. In AM, only one information signal can be sent on any given frequency. F 20. It is possible to transmit stereo audio signals using AM. T 21. SSBSC is derived from DSBSC. T 22. SSB AM requires twice the bandwidth of plain AM. F 23. SSB AM is much more efficient than plain AM. T

Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation TRUE/FALSE 1. It is easy to modulate and demodulate a carrier using AM. T 2. AM makes efficient use of transmitter power. F 3. AM signals are affected by relatively low levels of electrical noise. T 4. The "envelope" of an AM signal resembles the modulating signal. T 5. AM works by varying the carrier power. F 6. Modulation is not a linear process. T 7. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier changes in step with the modulation. F 8. Mathematically, AM involves multiplication of the carrier by the information signal. T 9. Sideband power is a linear function of the modulation index. F 10. The modulation index should be greater than 1 for best efficiency. F

24. To see an envelope in SSB AM, at least two modulating audio tones are required. T 25. AM has inherently worse fidelity than FM. F MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. AM stands for: a. Audio Modulation b. Amplitude Modulation c. Angle Modulation d. Antenna Modulation

2. The "envelope" of an AM signal is due to: a. the baseband signal c. the amplitude signal b. the carrier signal d. none of the above 3. If the audio Va sin(at) modulates the carrier Vc sin(ct), then the modulation index, m, is: a. m = a / c c. m = (Va / Vc)2 b. m = Va / Vc d. m = Va / a 4. The equation for full-carrier AM is: a. v(t) = (Ec + Em) sin(ct) b. v(t) = (Ec + Em) sin(mt) + sin(ct) c. v(t) = (Ec Em) sin(mt) sin(ct) d. v(t) = (Ec + Em sin(mt)) sin(ct)

5. Overmodulation causes: a. distortion b. splatter

c. both a and b d. none of the above

16. If an SSB transmitter radiates 1000 watts at peak modulation, what will it radiate with no modulation? a. 1000 watts c. 250 watts b. 500 watts d. 0 watts 17. Music on AM radio stations is "low-fidelity" because: a. AM is susceptible to noise b. commercial AM stations use low power c. commercial AM stations have a narrow bandwidth d. all of the above 18. The type of information that can be sent using AM is: a. audio b. video c. digital data d. all of the above

6. The peak voltage of an AM signal goes from Emax to Emin. The modulation index, m, is: a. m = Emin / Emax c. m = (Emax Emin) / (Emax + Emin) b. m = Emax / Emin d. m = (Emax + Emin) / (Emax Emin) 7. At 100% modulation, the total sideband power is: a. equal to the carrier power c. half the carrier power b. twice the carrier power d. 1.414 x carrier power 8. If Va sin(at)) amplitude modulates the carrier Vc sin(ct), it will produce the frequencies: a. c + a and c a c. c + a and 2c + 2a b. (c + a)/2 and (c a)/2 d. none of the above 9. If a 5-kHz signal modulates a 1-MHz carrier, the bandwidth of the AM signal will be: a. 5 kHz c. 1.005 MHz b. 10 kHz d. none of the above 10. The modulation index can be derived from: a. the time-domain signal b. the frequency-domain signal c. both a and b d. none of the above

19. Two tones modulate an AM carrier. One tone causes a modulation index of m1 and the other tone causes a modulation index of m2. The total modulation index is: a. m1 + m2 c. sqrt(m1 x m2 + m2 x m1) b. (m1 + m2) / 2 d. sqrt(m1 x m1 + m2 x m2) 20. To demodulate a USB SSB signal, the receiver must: a. be set to USB mode c. both a and b b. reinsert the carrier d. none of the above COMPLETION 1. An advantage of AM is that the receiver can be very ________. ANS: simple 2. A disadvantage of AM is its ________ use of power. ANS: inefficient 3. The ________ of an AM signal resembles the shape of the baseband signal. ANS: envelope 4. In AM, modulating with a single audio tone produces ________ sidebands. ANS: two 5. Compared to the USB, the information in the LSB is ________. ANS: the same 6. Compared to the USB, the power in the LSB is _________. ANS: the same 7. In AM, total sideband power is always ________ than the carrier power. ANS: less

11. If an AM radio station increases its modulation index, you would expect: a. the audio to get louder at the receiver b. the received RF signal to increase c. the signal-to-noise ratio to increase d. all of the above 12. The main problem in using quadrature AM would be: a. requires too much bandwidth b. requires too much power c. incompatibility with ordinary AM radios d. all of the above 13. As compared to plain AM, SSB AM: a. is more efficient b. requires a more complex demodulator circuit c. requires less bandwidth d. all of the above 14. The SC in SSB SC stands for: a. single-carrier b. suppressed-carrier 15. PEP stands for: a. Peak Envelope Power b. Peak Efficiency Power c. sideband-carrier d. none of the above c. Peak Envelope Product d. none of the above

8. In AM, as the modulation index increases, the carrier power _________. ANS: remains constant 9. The power in an AM signal is maximum when the modulation index is ________. ANS: one

10. In AM, a voice-band signal of 300 Hz to 3000 Hz will require a bandwidth of _________. ANS: 6000 Hz 11. With a 1-MHz carrier, if the LSB extends down to 990 kHz, then the USB will extend up to _________. ANS: 1010 kHz 12. If an AM transmitter puts out 100 watts with no modulation, it will put out _________ watts with 100% modulation. ANS: 150 SHORT ANSWER 1. An AM transmitter generates 100 watts with 0% modulation. How much power will it generate with 20% modulation? ANS: 102 watts 2. If the carrier power is 1000 watts, what is the power in the USB at 70.7% modulation? ANS: 125 watts 3. A carrier is modulated by three audio tones. If the modulation indexes for the tones are 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, then what is the total modulation index? ANS: 0.707 4. You look at an AM signal with an oscilloscope and see that the maximum Vpp is 100 volts and the minimum Vpp is 25 volts. What is the modulation index? ANS: 0.6 5. A SSB transmitter is connected to a 50-ohm antenna. If the peak output voltage of the transmitter is 20 volts, what is the PEP? ANS: 4 watts Chapter 4: Angle Modulation TRUE/FALSE 1. PM is another term for FM. F

7. A carrier can be frequency modulated with audio at the same time it is phase modulated with data. F 8. Mathematically, an FM signal has an infinite number of sidebands. T 9. At certain modulation frequencies, the power in the carrier frequency of an FM signal can go to zero. T 10. In FM, the modulation index depends on the frequency deviation. T 11. In FM, the modulation index depends on the frequency of the modulating signal. T 12. In FM, as in AM, the modulation index cannot exceed one. F 13. In PM, the phase shift is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. T 14. A PM signal can be converted into an FM signal. T 15. Unlike AM, a single modulating tone can produce many sidebands. T 16. In FM, more sidebands means more power. F 17. FM is sometimes called a constant-bandwidth communications mode. T 18. An FM signal is best looked at with a spectrum analyzer. T 19. An oscilloscope display will reveal much detail about an FM signal. F 20. There is no such thing as narrowband FM. F 21. In FM, the signal-to-noise ratio of a receiver's output can be better than that at the receiver's input. T 22. In the presence of noise, an FM system exhibits an abrupt transition called "threshold effect". T 23. Stereo FM signals produce a better signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver than mono does. F MULTIPLE CHOICE

2. In FM, the frequency of the modulated signal varies with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. T 3. Unlike AM, the amplitude of an FM signal does not change with modulation. T 4. Similar to AM, the power of an FM signal changes with modulation. F 5. Class C amplifier stages can be used throughout an FM transmitter. T 6. PM is often used to send digital data. T

1. The FM modulation index: a. increases with both deviation and modulation frequency b. increases with deviation and decreases with modulation frequency c. decreases with deviation and increases with modulation frequency d. is equal to twice the deviation 2. An FM receiver switching suddenly between two stations on nearby frequencies is called: a. the capture effect c. the "two-station" effect b. the threshold effect d. none of the above

3. The bandwidth of an FM signal is considered to be limited because: a. there can only be a finite number of sidebands b. it is equal to the frequency deviation c. it is band-limited at the receiver d. the power in the outer sidebands is negligible 4. Mathematically, the calculation of FM bandwidth requires the use of: a. ordinary trigonometry and algebra c. Taylor series b. Bessel functions d. fractals 5. FM bandwidth can be approximated by: a. Armstrong's Rule c. Carson's Rule b. Bessel's Rule d. none of the above 6. NBFM stands for: a. National Broadcast FM b. Non-Broadcast FM c. Near Band FM d. Narrowband FM

COMPLETION 1. FM and PM are two forms of ________ modulation.

ANS:

angle

2. PM is extensively used in ________ communication. ANS: data 3. Compared to AM, the signal-to-noise ratio of FM is usually _________. ANS: better 4. Compared to AM, the bandwidth of FM is usually ________. ANS: wider, greater 5. FM transmitters can use Class ________ amplifiers since amplitude linearity is not important. ANS: C 6. Both the power and amplitude of an FM signal ________ as modulation is applied. ANS: stay constant 7. In FM, the frequency deviation is proportional to the instantaneous _________ of the modulating signal. ANS: amplitude 8. The frequency deviation of an FM signal occurs at a rate equal to the _________ of the modulating signal. ANS: frequency 9. Mathematically, the number of sidebands in an FM signal is __________. ANS: infinite 10. As FM sidebands get farther from the center frequency, their power _________. ANS: decreases 11. Mathematically, the value of an FM modulation index can be as high as ________. ANS: any number 12. In FM, as the modulating frequency decreases, the modulation index _________. ANS: increases 13. In FM, as the frequency deviation decreases, the modulation index _________. ANS: decreases 14. As the FM modulation index increases, the number of significant sidebands _________. ANS: increases 15. The bandwidth of an FM signal can be approximated using _________ rule. ANS: Carson's

7. When FM reception deteriorates abruptly due to noise, it is called: a. the capture effect c. the noise effect b. the threshold effect d. the limit effect 8. One way to derive FM from PM is: a. integrate the modulating signal before applying to the PM oscillator b. integrate the signal out of the PM oscillator c. differentiate the modulating signal before applying to the PM oscillator d. differentiate the signal out of the PM oscillator 9. Pre-emphasis is used to: a. increase the signal to noise ratio for higher audio frequencies b. increase the signal to noise ratio for lower audio frequencies c. increase the signal to noise ratio for all audio frequencies d. allow stereo audio to be carried by FM stations 10. FM stereo: a. uses DSBSC AM modulation b. is implemented using an SCA signal c. has a higher S/N than mono FM d. is not compatible with mono FM

11. A pre-emphasis of 75s refers to: a. the time it takes for the circuit to work b. the "dead time" before de-emphasis occurs c. the time delay between the L and R channels d. the time-constant of the filter circuits used 12. An SCA signal: a. can use amplitude modulation b. can use FM modulation c. is monaural d. all of the above

13. The modulation index of an FM signal can be determined readily: a. using measurements at points where J0 equals one b. using measurements at points where J0 equals zero c. using measurements at points where the deviation equals zero d. only by using Bessel functions

15. For certain values of mf, such as 2.4, the amplitude of the carrier frequency ___________. ANS: disappears, goes to zero 17. FM bandwidth can be calculated precisely using _________ functions. ANS: Bessel 18. The ________ effect is characteristic of FM reception in a noisy environment. ANS: threshold 19. The _______ effect is seen when an FM receiver is exposed to two FM signals that are close to each other in frequency. ANS: capture 20. Rest frequency is another name for an FM _________ frequency. ANS: carrier SHORT ANSWER 1. If a 2-volt instantaneous value of modulating signal amplitude causes a 10-kHz deviation in carrier frequency, what is the deviation sensitivity of the modulator? ANS: 5 kHz / volt 2. If a 2-kHz audio tone causes a frequency deviation of 4 kHz, what is the modulation index? ANS: 2 3. What will be the deviation caused by a 3-kHz tone if the modulation index is 3? ANS: 9 kHz 4. If the deviation sensitivity of an FM modulator is 2 kHz /V, what will be the modulation index caused by a 1-volt, 1-kHz audio signal? ANS: 2 5. At a modulation index of 2, how much power is in the carrier of a 1000-watt FM transmitter? ANS: 48.4 watts 6. At a modulation index of 2, how much power is in the first pair of sidebands of a 1000-watt FM transmitter? ANS: 673 watts 7. At a modulation index of 2, how much power is in the fifth pair of sidebands of a 1000-watt FM transmitter? ANS: 200 mW (0.2 watt) 8.How would you use the fact that J0 is zero for certain known values of mf (2.4, 5.5, etc) to measure the frequency deviation of an FM modulator? ANS: Use an audio frequency generator to modulate the FM carrier. Using a spectrum analyzer, adjust the audio frequency until the carrier amplitude vanishes. Record the audio frequency. Then do the calculation: = fm mf where mf will have one of the known values. For example, if fm is measured to be 2 kHz when mf is 5.5, then is 11 kHz.

9. Using Carson's rule, what is the approximate bandwidth of an FM signal with a modulation index of 2 being modulated by a 5-kHz signal? ANS: 30 kHz 10. Using the Bessel chart of Figure 4.1, what is the bandwidth of an FM signal with a modulation index of 2 being modulated by a 5-kHz signal if we ignore sidebands containing less than 1% of the total power? ANS: 30 kHz

Chapter 5: Transmitters TRUE/FALSE 1. All transmitters produce spurious signals. T 2. Any amplifier will produce harmonic distortion. T 3. There is a simple correlation between supply power and output power for transmitters. F 4. Transmitters designed for two-way voice communications must be rated for continuous operation at full power. F 5. Baseband spectrum often must be restricted to keep transmitted bandwidth within legal limits. T 6. Compression is used to restrict baseband spectrum. F 7. The opposite of compression is expansion. T 8. In a transmitter, the ALC circuit prevents overmodulation. T 9. In a transmitter, the ALC circuit causes compression. T 10. Compression is commonly used in commercial broadcast transmitters. T 11. In full-carrier AM, modulation is typically done before the RF power amplifier. F 12. If the RF stages are all Class C, then AM must be done with low-level modulation. F 13. Commercial broadcast AM stations typically use high-level modulation. T 14. Low-level AM modulation requires linear RF amplifiers. T 15. For good frequency stability, a crystal oscillator is generally required. T 16. A variable-frequency oscillator cannot be crystal-controlled. F 17. Vacuum tubes are still used in high-power transmitters, even new ones. T

18. In a commercial broadcast AM transmitter, all the power in the sidebands came from the audio amplifier. T 19. Typically, some kind of matching circuit is required between a transmitter's output stage and the antenna. T 20. For testing purposes, the output of a transmitter should be disconnected from the antenna and left with an open-circuit load. F 21. In a transceiver, the same audio circuits are used by both the transmitter and the receiver. T 22. In solid-state transmitters, it is common to modulate both the driver and the power RF stage. T 23. Mixing and amplitude modulation are essentially the same process. T 24. DSBSC is never done at low level. F 25. To generate SSB from DSBSC, a mechanical filter can be used. T 26. To generate SSB from DSBSC, a crystal filter can be used. T 27. It is possible that the LSB and the USB can become swapped during a mixing process. T 28. The RF power amplifiers in a SSB transmitter are Class C for better efficiency. F 29. In FM, a frequency multiplier will also multiply the deviation. T 30. Frequency doublers are usually Class B. F 31. Mixing can lower a carrier frequency as well as raise it. T 32. Indirect FM uses a phase modulator. T 33. Even low-power transmitters can cause an RF burn to the skin. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The ability to change operating frequency rapidly without a lot of retuning is called: a. agility c. VFO b. expansion d. spread-spectrum 2. ALC stands for: a. Amplitude Level Control b. Automatic Level Control c. Accurate Level Control d. none of the above c. maximize transmitted power d. all of the above

4. The difference between the DC power into a transmitter and the RF power coming out: a. is a measure of efficiency c. may require water cooling b. heats the transmitter d. all of the above 5. Baseband compression produces: a. a smaller range of frequencies from low to high b. a smaller range of amplitude from soft to loud c. a smaller number of signals d. none of the above 6. With high-level AM: a. all RF amplifiers can be nonlinear b. minimum modulation power is required c. minimum RF power is required d. all of the above 7. With high-level AM: a. the RF amplifiers are typically Class b. the RF amplifiers are typically Class B c. the RF amplifiers are typically Class C d. the RF amplifiers are typically Class AB 8. With low-level AM: a. the RF amplifiers must be Class A b. the RF amplifiers must be Class B c. the RF amplifiers must be linear d. the RF amplifiers must be low-power 9. Power amplifiers must be linear for any signal that: a. is complex c. has variable frequency b. has variable amplitude d. all of the above 10. In high-level AM, "high-level" refers to: a. the power level of the carrier b. the power level of the modulation c. the power level of the final RF amplifier d. none of the above 11. In high-level AM, the power in the sidebands comes from: a. the modulating amplifier c. the driver stage b. the RF amplifier d. the carrier 12. In an AM transmitter with 100% modulation, the voltage of the final RF stage will be: a. approximately half the DC supply voltage b. approximately twice the DC supply voltage c. approximately four times the DC supply voltage d. none of the above 13. Practical transmitters are usually designed to drive a load impedance of: a. 50 ohms resistive c. 300 ohms resistive b. 75 ohms resistive d. 600 ohms resistive

3. In an AM transmitter, ALC is used to: a. keep the modulation close to 100% b. keep the modulation below 100%

14. Which of the following can be used for impedance matching? a. pi network c. both a and b b. T network d. a bridge circuit 15. When a transmitter is connected to a resistor instead of an antenna, the resistor is called: a. a heavy load c. a temporary load b. a dummy load d. a test load 16. When a transmitter is connected to a resistor instead of an antenna, the resistor must be: a. wire-wound c. 1% tolerance or better b. non-inductive d. all of the above 17. A Class D amplifier is: a. very efficient b. essentially pulse-width modulation c. essentially pulse-duration modulation d. all of the above 18. To generate a SSB signal: a. start with full-carrier AM b. start with DSBSC 19. The carrier is suppressed in: a. a balanced modulator b. a mixer c. start with a quadrature signal d. all of the above c. a frequency multiplier d. none of the above

25. Frequency multipliers are: a. essentially balanced modulators b. essentially Class C amplifiers COMPLETION

c. essentially mixers d. none of the above

1. The accuracy and stability of a transmitter frequency is fixed by the ________ oscillator.

ANS:

carrier

2. In the USA, the __________ sets requirements for accuracy and stability of a transmitter's frequency. ANS: FCC 3. In Canada, _________ sets requirements for accuracy and stability of a transmitter's frequency. ANS: Industry Canada 4. Frequency __________ is the ability of a transmitter to change frequency without a lot of retuning. ANS: agility 5. Power output of SSB transmitters is rated by _________. ANS: PEP 6. Reducing the dynamic range of a modulating signal is called _________. ANS: compression 7. The opposite of compression is called _________. ANS: expansion 8. ALC is a form of ________. ANS: compression 9. High-level modulation allows the RF amplifiers to operate more _________. ANS: efficiently 10. Low-level modulation requires the RF amplifiers to be __________. ANS: linear 11. To isolate the oscillator from load changes, a ________ stage is used. ANS: buffer 12. The peak collector voltage in a Class C RF amplifier is ________ than the DC supply voltage. ANS: higher 13. Most practical transmitters are designed to operate into a ____-ohm load. ANS: 50

20. To remove one AM sideband and leave the other you could use: a. a mechanical filter c. both a and b b. a crystal filter d. none of the above 21. A direct FM modulator: a. varies the frequency of the carrier oscillator b. integrates the modulating signal 22. An indirect FM modulator: a. requires a varactor in the carrier oscillator b. varies the phase of the carrier oscillator c. both a and b d. none of the above 23. AFC stands for: a. Amplitude to Frequency Conversion b. Automatic Frequency Centering c. Automatic Frequency Control d. Audio Frequency Control c. both a and b d. none of the above

24. With mixing: a. the carrier frequency can be raised b. the carrier frequency can be lowered c. the carrier frequency can be changed to any required value d. the deviation is altered

14. Transmitters built with transistor RF amplifiers often use a ________ network for impedance matching. ANS: T 15. Matching networks also act as filters to help reduce ________ levels. ANS: harmonic 16. Severe impedance _________ can destroy a transmitter's output stage. ANS: mismatch 17. Transceivers combine a transmitter and a ________ into one "box". ANS: receiver 18. To allow a high modulation percentage, it is common to modulate the ________ as well as the power amplifier in transistor modulators. ANS: driver 19. Pulse-width modulation is the same as pulse-_________ modulation. ANS: duration 20. Switching amplifiers are sometimes called Class _________ amplifiers. ANS: D 21. Because the sideband filter in a SSB transmitter is fixed, ________ is used to operate at more than one frequency. ANS: mixing 22. To generate a SSB signal, it is common to start with a _________ signal. ANS: DSBSC

3. The power amplifier of an AM transmitter draws 100 watts from the power supply with no modulation. Assuming high-level modulation, how much power does the modulation amplifier deliver for 100% modulation? ANS: 50 watts 4. If the final RF amplifier of an AM transmitter is powered by 100 volts DC, what is the maximum collector voltage at 100% modulation? ANS: 400 volts 5. Suppose the output of a balanced modulator has a center frequency of 10 MHz. The audio modulation frequency range is 1 kHz to 10 kHz. To pass the USB, what should be the center frequency of an ideal crystal filter? ANS: 10.005 MHz 6. Suppose you have generated a USB SSB signal with a nominal carrier frequency of 10 MHz. What is the minimum frequency the SSB signal can be mixed with so that the output signal has a nominal carrier frequency of 50 MHz? ANS: 40 MHz 7. Suppose you have an FM modulator that puts out 1 MHz carrier with a 100-hertz deviation. If frequency multiplication is used to increase the deviation to 400 hertz, what will be the new carrier frequency? ANS: 4 MHz 8. What is the efficiency of a 100-watt mobile transmitter if it draws 11 amps from a 12-volt car battery? ANS: 75.8%

Chapter 6: Receivers 23. Indirect FM is derived from ________ modulation. ANS: phase TRUE/FALSE 24. Using a varactor to generate FM is an example of a ________ modulator. ANS: reactance 25. The modern way to make a stable VFO is to make it part of a ____________________ loop. ANS: phase-locked SHORT ANSWER 1. If a 50-MHz oscillator is accurate to within 0.001%, what is the range of possible frequencies? ANS: 50 MHz 500 hertz 2 .Suppose you had an FM signal with a carrier of 10 MHz and a deviation of 10 kHz. Explain how you could use it to get an FM signal at 100 MHz with a deviation of 20 kHz. ANS: First, put the signal through a frequency doubler to get a 20-MHz carrier with a 20-kHz deviation. Then mix that signal with an 80-MHz carrier to generate a 100-MHz carrier with 20-kHz deviation. 1. The first radio receiver was built in 1918. F 2. Almost all modern receivers use the superheterodyne design. T 3. A tuned circuit at the input increases receiver sensitivity. F 4. Since both fo and Q increase with frequency, the bandwidth of a resonant LC circuit remains constant as it is tuned to higher frequencies. F 5. The resistance of a coil is a function of frequency. T 6. The superhet was invented by Heinrich Hertz. F 7. In a receiver, the first RF amplifier is largely responsible for overall noise performance. T 8. In a superhet, the local oscillator must be set to the transmitter's carrier frequency. F 9. In a superhet, the output of the mixer is the IF. T

10. In a superhet, most of the gain comes from the IF amplifiers. T 11. In a superhet, most of the selectivity comes from the IF amplifiers. T

34. If the BFO in a SSB receiver is 100 hertz low, what comes out of the speaker may sound like Donald Duck, but it will be understandable. T 35. DSBSC transmitters often use a pilot carrier to allow coherent detection. T

12. All superhets use a separate local oscillator. F 36. FM receivers are similar to AM receivers in basic design. T 13. In high-side injection, the incoming RF is at a higher frequency than the local oscillator. F 14. The mixer and the local oscillator can use the same transistor. T 15. The IF frequency is constant as a receiver is tuned to various frequencies. T 16. There can be only one mixer and one IF in a superhet receiver. F 17. In AM receivers, the antenna and the inductor of the tuner circuit can be the same thing. T 18. Bandwidth and signal-to-noise-ratio are not related in a superhet. F 19. Shape-factor is a measure of selectivity. T 20. Phase distortion should be minimized for reliable voice communications. F 21. A receiver's response to weak signals is limited by the noise generated inside the receiver. T 22. The AGC in a receiver can cause "blocking". T 23. Careful design can eliminate all spurious responses. F 24. Image frequencies are eliminated by the IF. F 25. "Software radios" use a DSP to replace all hardware up to and including the detector. F 26. It is possible that a transmitter on one frequency can appear at two spots on a receiver's dial. T 27. A detector is the same as a demodulator. T 28. Envelope detectors are typically used in FM receivers. F 29. Envelope detectors are complicated, but extremely linear. F 30. There is a way to use a diode to demodulate a SSB signal. T 31. A SSB signal requires a ratio detector. F 32. In a SSB receiver, the BFO injects the carrier into the detector. T 33. In a SSB receiver, it is relatively easy for the injected carrier to match the frequency and phase of the transmitter's carrier. F 7. AGC stands for: a. Audio Gain Control b. Automatic Gain Control c. Active Gain Control d. Active Gain Conversion 6. "IF" stands for: a. intermediate frequency b. intermodulation frequency c. indeterminate frequency d. image frequency 5. The "front end" of a receiver can include: a. the tuner c. the mixer b. the RF amplifier d. all of the above 3. Trimmers and padders are: a. two types of adjusting tools b. small adjustable resistors c. small adjustable inductors d. small adjustable capacitors 2. The superheterodyne receiver was invented by: a. Foster c. Armstrong b. Seeley d. Hertz MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The two basic specifications for a receiver are: a. the sensitivity and the selectivity b. the number of converters and the number of IFs c. the spurious response and the tracking d. the signal and the noise 37. There is no way to demodulate an FM signal with an AM receiver. F 38. Modern FM receivers commonly use Foster-Seeley discriminators. F 39. Both PLLs and quadrature detectors can be used to demodulate FM. T 40. Quadrature detectors are sensitive to variations in carrier amplitude. T 41. Squelch is the same as muting. T 42. A bipolar transistor can be used as a mixer, but a FET cannot. F

4. "Skin effect" refers to: a. the way radio signals travel across a flat surface b. the tissue-burning effect of a strong RF signal c. the increase of wire resistance with frequency d. none of the above

8 . When comparing values for shape factor: a. a value of 1.414 dB is ideal b. a value of 0.707 is ideal

c. a value of 1.0 is ideal d. there is no ideal value

9. The local oscillator and mixer are combined in one device because: a. it gives a greater reduction of spurious responses b. it increases sensitivity c. it increases selectivity d. it is cheaper 10. Basically, sensitivity measures: a. the weakest signal that can be usefully received b. the highest-frequency signal that can be usefully received c. the dynamic range of the audio amplifier d. none of the above 11. Basically, selectivity measures: a. the range of frequencies that the receiver can select b. with two signals close in frequency, the ability to receive one and reject the other c. how well adjacent frequencies are separated by the demodulator d. how well the adjacent frequencies are separated in the mixer 12. The frequency of the local oscillator: a. is above the RF frequency b. is below the RF frequency c. can be either above of below the RF frequency d. is fixed, typically at 455 kHz. 13. When comparing values for shape factor: a. a value of 2 is better than a value of 4 b. a value of 4 is better than a value of 2 c. both values are basically equivalent d. none of the above 14. Distortion in a receiver can occur in: a. the mixer c. the IF amplifiers b. the detector d. all of the above 15. Phase distortion is important in: a. voice communications systems c. monochrome video receivers b. color video receivers d. all of the above 16. The response of a receiver to weak signals is usually limited by: a. the AGC b. noise generated in the receiver c. the dynamic range of the receiver d. the type of detector circuit being used 17. An image must be rejected: a. prior to mixing b. prior to IF amplification c. prior to detection d. images cannot be rejected

18. Image frequencies occur when two signals: a. are transmitted on the same frequency b. enter the mixer, with one being a reflected signal equal to the IF frequency c. enter the mixer, one below and one above the local oscillator by a difference equal to IF d. enter the mixer, and the difference between the two signals is equal to twice the IF 19. Image frequency problems would be reduced by: a. having an IF amplifier with the proper shape factor b. having a wideband RF amplifier after the mixer c. having a narrowband RF amplifier before the mixer d. none of the above 20. A common AM detector is the: a. PLL c. ratio detector b. envelope detector d. all of the above 21. An FM detector is the: a. PLL b. ratio detector c. quadrature detector d. all of the above

22. Germanium diodes are used in AM detectors because: a. they are faster than silicon diodes b. they are cheaper than silicon diodes c. they minimize distortion from nonlinearity d. all of the above 23. A common SSB detector is: a. a PLL c. a BFO b. a diode d. a product detector 24. BFO stands for: a. Beat Frequency Oscillator b. Barrier Frequency Oscillator 25. Which would be best for DSBSC: a. carrier detection b. coherent detection c. Bipolar Frequency Oscillator d. Bistable Frequency Oscillator c. envelope detection d. ratio detection

26. To demodulate both SSB and DSBSC, you need to: a. use a Foster-Seeley discriminator b. reinject the carrier c. use double conversion d. use one diode for SSB and two diodes for DSBSC 27. An FM detector that is not sensitive to amplitude variations is: a. Foster-Seeley detector c. a PLL detector b. a quadrature detector d. all of the above 28. The function of a limiter is: a. to remove amplitude variations b. to limit spurious responses c. to limit dynamic range d. to limit noise response

29. Suppressing the audio when no signal is present is called: a. AGC c. AFC b. squelch d. limiting 30. LNA stands for: a. Limited-Noise Amplifier b. Low-Noise Amplifier c. Low-Noise Audio d. Logarithmic Noise Amplification

2. The first radio receiver of any kind was built in the year _______. ANS: 1887 3. When two tuned circuits __________ each other, it means that when the frequency of one is adjusted, the other changes with it. ANS: track 4. The ________ effect causes the resistance of wire to increase with frequency. ANS: skin 5. The superhet was invented in the year ________. ANS: 1918 6. In a receiver, the _________ refers to the input filter and RF stage. ANS: front end 7. In a superhet, the output of the ________ goes to the IF amplifiers. ANS: mixer 8. In a superhet, the _________ frequency is the difference between the local oscillator frequency and the received signal frequency. ANS: intermediate, IF 9. The _________ circuit adjusts the gain of the IF amplifiers in response to signal strength. ANS: AGC 10. An __________ converter uses the same transistor for both the local oscillator and the mixer. ANS: autodyne 11. In low-side injection, the local oscillator is _________ than the received signal frequency. ANS: lower 12. _________ is the ability of a receiver to separate two signals that are close to each other in frequency. ANS: Selectivity 13. _________ is the ability of a receiver to receive and successfully demodulate a very weak signal. ANS: Sensitivity 14. A receiver with two different IF frequencies is called a double-_________ receiver. ANS: conversion 15. A multiple-conversion receiver will have better rejection of _________ frequencies. ANS: image 16. A demodulator is also called a _________. ANS: detector

31. AFC stands for: a. Audio Frequency Compensator b. Autodyne Frequency Compensation c. Automatic Frequency Control d. Autonomous Frequency Control 32. The function of AFC is: a. maintain a constant IF frequency b. match the local oscillator to the received signal c. lock the discriminator to the IF frequency d. none of the above 33. SAW stands for: a. Symmetrical Audio Wave b. Surface Acoustic Wave c. Silicon-Activated Wafer d. Software-Activated Wave c. it is a stable bandpass filter d. none of the above

34. The important property of a SAW is: a. it stabilizes the audio in a receiver b. it allows software radios to be built

35. The main function of the AGC is to: a. keep the gain of the receiver constant b. keep the gain of the IF amplifiers constant c. keep the input to the detector at a constant amplitude d. all of the above 36. DSP stands for: a. Dynamic Signal Properties b. Direct Signal Phase c. Distorted Signal Packet d. Digital Signal Processor

37. SINAD stands for: a. Sinusoidal Amplitude Distortion b. Signal and Noise Amplitude Distortion c. Signal-plus-Noise-to-Noise Ratio d. Signal-plus-Noise and Distortion-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio 38. TRF stands for: a. Tuned Radio Frequency b. Tracking Radio Frequency COMPLETION 1. Almost all modern receivers use the _________ principle. c. Transmitted Radio Frequency d. Tuned Receiver Function

ANS:

superheterodyne

17. An ________ detector uses a diode to half-wave rectify an AM signal. ANS: envelope 18. A _______ detector is used for SSB signals. ANS: product 19. A BFO produces a locally generated _________. ANS: carrier 20. A DSBSC signal requires a ________ detection circuit. ANS: coherent 21. FM detectors have a characteristic _________-shaped curve. ANS: S 22. While still commonly found, the Foster-Seeley and ratio detectors are __________. ANS: obsolescent 23. Unlike the PLL detector, the quadrature detector is sensitive to changes in _________ of the input signal. ANS: amplitude 24. A dual-_________ MOSFET is useful for AGC. ANS: gate 25. Diode mixers are too _______ to be practical in most applications. ANS: noisy 26. The IF amplifiers in an AM receiver must be Class ______. ANS: A 27. A double-tuned IF transformer is usually _________ coupled for the response to have a flat top and steep sides. ANS: over 28. Multiple IF stages can be _________-tuned to increase the bandwidth. ANS: stagger 28. Compared to tuned circuits, ceramic and crystal IF filters do not require __________. ANS: adjustment 30. Up-conversion is when the output of the mixer is a ___________ frequency than the incoming signal.

33. An _____-meter is designed to indicate signal strength in many communications receivers. ANS: S 34. The effectiveness of FM _________ is measured by a receivers quieting sensitivity. ANS: limiting 35. A ________ refers to any kind of FM or PM detector. ANS: discriminator SHORT ANSWER 1. Suppose the bandwidth of a tuned circuit is 10 kHz at 1 MHz. Approximately what bandwidth would you expect it to have at 4 MHz? ANS: 20 kHz 2. Using high-side injection for a 1-MHz IF, what is the frequency of the local oscillator when the receiver is tuned to 5 MHz? ANS: 6 MHz 3. An IF filter has a 60 dB bandwidth of 25 kHz and a 6 dB bandwidth of 20 kHz. What is the shape factor value? ANS: 1.25 4. Suppose a receiver uses a 5-MHz IF frequency. Assuming high-side injection, what would be the image frequency if the receiver was tuned to 50 MHz? ANS: 60 MHz 5. Suppose a SSB receiver requires an injected frequency of 1.5 MHz. What would be the acceptable frequency range of the BFO if the maximum acceptable baseband shift is 100 hertz? ANS: 1.5 MHz 100 hertz 6. The transformer of a double-tuned IF amplifier has a Q of 25 for both primary and secondary. What value of kc do you need to achieve optimal coupling? ANS: 0.06 7. What value of transformer coupling would a double-tuned 10-MHz IF amplifier with optimal coupling need to get a bandwidth of 100 kHz? ANS: 0.01

Chapter 7: Digital Communications TRUE/FALSE 1. Analog signals cannot be sent using digital techniques. F 2. Digitizing a signal can reduce distortion. T

ANS:

higher

31. In a block converter, the frequency of the first local oscillator is __________. ANS: fixed, constant 32. Typically, AGC reduces the gain of the ________ amplifiers. ANS: IF

3. Digitizing a signal can improve the signal-to-noise ratio. T 4. Morse code is an example of a binary digital transmission system. F 5. Digital signals can be modulated onto an analog carrier. T 6. Digitization removes noise and distortion from analog signals. F 7. A digital signal can be changed from a 1 to a 0 by noise. T 8. A regenerative repeater converts a degraded pulse into a new pulse. T 9. TDM is easy to implement with digital signals. T 10. Unlike analog, digital communications is not band-limited. F

28. Quantizing is converting a sample of an analog signal to a binary number. T 29. Quantizing always introduces some error. T 30. Quantizing always introduces some "noise". T 31. The significance of quantizing noise increases as the number of bits per sample increases. F 32. The dynamic range of a digital transmission system depends on the number of bits per sample. T 33. The bandwidth required by a digital transmission system depends on the number of bits per sample. T 34. Companding allows improved dynamic range for a given bandwidth. T

11. The amount of digital data that can be sent is limited by the channel capacity (C). F 12. The digital data rate is limited by the bandwidth of the channel. T 13. The digital data rate is limited by the SNR of the channel. T 14. The digital data rate is limited by the number of levels transmitted. T 15. The Shannon-Hartley theorem describes how to obtain the Shannon limit for transmission. F 16. Digital data can be sent through a channel no matter how low the SNR is, as long as it is not zero. T 17. Analog signals must be sampled before they can be sent in digital form. T 18. Mathematically, it is not possible to completely reconstruct a band-limited signal from only samples of the signal. F 19. The Nyquist Rate is equal to half the highest frequency component of the analog signal. F 20. Natural sampling is also called "flat-top" sampling. F

35. The companding system used in America is known as "A-Law" companding. F 36. Companding is basically a linear process. F 37. Companding can be done with analog circuitry. T 38. Digital companding is used by most modern telephone systems. T 39. With delta modulation, only one bit is transmitted per cycle. T 40. Delta modulation is particularly well suited to rapidly changing analog signals. F 41. Delta modulation is prone to "granular noise". T 42. Adaptive delta modulation reduces the occurrence of "slope-overload". T 43. A disadvantage of adaptive delta modulation is that it requires a higher bit rate than PCM. F 44. Digital data is put onto a cable using a line code. T 45. Unipolar line coding requires DC continuity. T 46. Bipolar RZ coding generates DC and low-frequency AC components. F

21. Flat-top sampling requires a sample-and-hold circuit. T 47. The Manchester line code provides strong timing information. T 22. Aliasing occurs when the sampling rate is too high. F 48. The basic DS-1 signal consists of 12 voice channels. F 23. Foldover distortion occurs when the sampling rate is too low. T 49. In DS-1, each analog voice channel is sampled 8000 times per second. T 24. Sampling is actually a form of modulation. T 50. In DS-1, the bit rate for each voice channel is 56 kbits per second. F 25. The output of a sampler is a PDM signal. F 51. A T-1 frame contains 193 bits. T 26. The most commonly used digital modulation scheme is PCM. T 52. T-1 uses AMI. T 27. In PCM, the number of levels is the same as the number of bits. F

53. A T-1 cable can be twisted-pair copper wires. T 54. A T-1 line runs at 1.544 Mbits per second. T 55. In DS-1, bits are sometimes "stolen" from the voice channel to be used for signaling. T 56. "Lossy" compression involves transmitting all the data in the original signal, but with fewer bits. F 57. "Lossless" compression schemes look for redundancies in the data. T 58. "Run-Length" encoding is a type of lossless compression. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The first digital code was the: a. ASCII code b. Baudot code c. Morse code d. none of the above

10. Foldover distortion is caused by: a. noise b. too many samples per second 11. The immediate result of sampling is: a. a sample alias b. PAM

c. too few samples per second d. all of the above c. PCM d. PPS d. PDM

12. Which of these is not a pulse-modulation technique: a. PDM b. PWM c. PPM 13. Quantizing noise (quantization noise): a. decreases as the sample rate increases b. decreases as the sample rate decreases c. decreases as the bits per sample increases d. decreases as the bits per sample decreases

14. The dynamic range of a system is the ratio of: a. the strongest transmittable signal to the weakest discernible signal b. the maximum rate of conversion to the minimum rate of conversion c. the maximum bits per sample to the minimum bits per sample d. none of the above 15. Companding is used to: a. compress the range of base-band frequencies b. reduce dynamic range at higher bit-rates c. preserve dynamic range while keeping bit-rate low d. maximize the useable bandwidth in digital transmission 16. In North America, companding uses: a. the Logarithmic Law b. the A Law 17. In Europe, companding uses: a. the Logarithmic Law b. the A Law 18. Codec stands for: a. Coder-Decoder b. Coded-Carrier c. the Law (alpha law) d. the Law (mu law) c. the Law (alpha law) d. the Law (mu law) c. Code-Compression d. none of the above

2. In digital transmission, signal degradation can be removed using: a. an amplifier c. a regenerative repeater b. a filter d. all of the above 3. TDM stands for: a. Time-Division Multiplexing b. Time-Domain Multiplexing 4. Hartley's Law is: a. I = ktB b. C = 2B log2M c. Ten-Digital Manchester d. Ten Dual-Manchester c. C = B log2(1 + S/N) d. SR = 2fmax

5. The Shannon-Hartley theorem is: a. I = ktB c. C = B log2(1 + S/N) b. C = 2B log2M d. SR = 2fmax 6. The Shannon Limit is given by: a. I = ktB b. C = 2B log2M c. C = B log2(1 + S/N) d. SR = 2fmax

7. The Nyquist Rate can be expressed as: a. I = ktB c. C = B log2(1 + S/N) b. C = 2B log2M d. SR = 2fmax 8. Natural Sampling does not use: a. a sample-and-hold circuit b. true binary numbers c. a fixed sample rate d. an analog-to-digital converter9.

19. A typical codec in a telephone system sends and receives: a. 4-bit numbers c. 12-bit numbers b. 8-bit numbers d. 16-bit numbers 20. Compared to PCM, delta modulation: a. transmits fewer bits per sample b. requires a much higher sampling rate c. can suffer slope overload d. all of the above

9. Which is true about aliasing and foldover distortion? a. They are two types of sampling error. b. You can have one or the other, but not both. c. Aliasing is a technique to prevent foldover distortion. d. They are the same thing.

21. In delta modulation, "granular noise" is produced when: a. the signal changes too rapidly c. the bit rate is too high b. the signal does not change d. the sample is too large 22. The number of framing bits in DS-1 is: a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 8

23. Which coding scheme requires DC continuity: a. AMI c. unipolar NRZ b. Manchester d. bipolar RZ 24. Manchester coding: a. is a biphase code b. has a level transition in the middle of every bit period c. provides strong timing information d. all of the above 25. Compared to PCM, adaptive delta modulation can transmit voice: a. with a lower bit rate but reduced quality b. with a lower bit rate but the same quality c. only over shorter distances d. only if the voice is band-limited 26. Framing bits in DS-1 are used to: a. detect errors c. synchronize the transmitter and receiver b. carry signaling d. all of the above 27. So-called "stolen" bits in DS-1 are used to: a. detect errors c. synchronize the transmitter and receiver b. carry signaling d. all of the above 28. The number of bits per sample in DS-1 is: a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 8 d. 1.544 x 106 c. 56 kb/s c. 56 kb/s d. 8 kb/s d. 8 kb/s

37. A vocoder implements compression by: a. constructing a model of the transmission medium b. constructing a model of the human vocal system c. finding redundancies in the digitized data d. using lossless techniques COMPLETION 1. Digitizing a signal often results in ________ transmission quality. ANS: improved, better 2. To send it over an analog channel, a digital signal must be _________ onto a carrier. ANS: modulated 3. To send it over a digital channel, an analog signal must first be ________. ANS: digitized 4. In analog channels, the signal-to-noise ratio of an analog signal gradually ________ as the length of the channel increases. ANS: decreases, gets worse 5. The ________ value of a pulse is the only information it carries on a digital channel. ANS: binary 6. A ________ repeater is used to restore the shape of pulses on a digital cable. ANS: regenerative 7. There are techniques to detect and _________ some errors in digital transmission. ANS: correct 8. Converting an analog signal to digital form is another source of _________ in digital transmission systems. ANS: error, noise 9. ________-division multiplexing is easily done in digital transmission. ANS: Time 10. All practical communications channels are band-_________. ANS: limited 11. ________ Law gives the relationship between time, information capacity, and bandwidth. ANS: Hartley's 12. Ignoring noise, the _________ theorem gives the maximum rate of data transmission for a given bandwidth. ANS: Shannon-Hartley 13. ________ sampling is done without a sample-and-hold circuit. ANS: Natural

29. The number of samples per second in DS-1 is: a. 8 k b. 56 k c. 64 k 30. The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is: a. 1.544 Mb/s b. 64 kb/s 31. In DS-1, bits are transmitted over a T-1 cable at: a. 1.544 Mb/s b. 64 kb/s 32. A T-1 cable uses: a. Manchester coding b. bipolar RZ AMI coding

c. NRZ coding d. pulse-width coding d. 48

33. The number of frames in a superframe is: a. 6 b. 12 c. 24 34. A typical T-1 line uses: a. twisted-pair wire b. coaxial cable 35. "Signaling" is used to indicate: a. on-hook/off-hook condition b. busy signal

c. fiber-optic cable d. microwave c. ringing d. all of the above

36. Compared to standard PCM systems, the quality of the output of a vocoder is: a. much better c. about the same b. somewhat better d. not as good

14. The _________ limit gives the maximum rate of data transmission for a given bandwidth and a given signal-to-noise ratio. ANS: Shannon 15. The ________ Rate is the minimum sampling rate for converting analog signals to digital format. ANS: Nyquist 16. ________ distortion occurs when an analog signal is sampled at too slow a rate. ANS: Foldover 17. ________ means that higher frequency baseband signals from the transmitter "assume the identity" of low-frequency baseband signals at the receiver when sent digitally. ANS: Aliasing 18. The output of a sample-and-hold circuit is a pulse-__________ modulated signal. ANS: amplitude 19. ________ modulation is the most commonly used digital modulation scheme. ANS: Pulse-code 20. _________ noise results from the process of converting an analog signal into digital format. ANS: Quantizing 21. ________ is used to preserve dynamic range using a reasonable bandwidth. ANS: Companding 22. In North America, compression is done using the ________-law equation. ANS: , mu 23. In Europe, compression is done using the _____-law equation. ANS: A 24. A _______ is an IC that converts a voice signal to PCM and vice versa. ANS: codec 25. In a PCM system, the samples of the analog signal are first converted to ________ bits before being compressed to 8 bits. ANS: 12 26. The number of bits per sample transmitted in delta modulation is ________. ANS: 1, one 27. Delta modulation requires a _______ sampling rate than PCM for the same quality of reproduction. ANS: higher 28. _______ noise is produced by a delta modulator if the analog signal doesn't change. ANS: Granular

29. In delta modulation, ________ overload can occur if the analog signal changes too fast.

ANS: ANS:

slope step

30. The ________ size varies in adaptive delta modulation.

31. Adaptive delta modulation can transmit PCM-quality voice at about ________ the bit rate of PCM. ANS: half 32. Unipolar NRZ is not practical because most channels do not have ________ continuity. ANS: DC 33. In AMI, binary ones are represented by a voltage that alternates in ________. ANS: polarity 34. Long strings of _________ should be avoided in AMI. ANS: zeros 35. Manchester code has a level _________ in the center of each bit period. ANS: transition 36. Manchester coding provides _________ information regardless of the pattern of ones and zeros. ANS: timing 37. There are _________ channels in a DS-1 frame. ANS: 24 38. DS-1 uses a ________ bit to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. ANS: framing 39. In DS-1, each channel is sampled ______ times per second. ANS: 8000 40. Data is carried over a T-1 line at a rate of _______ bits per second. ANS: 1.544 106 41. A group of 12 DS-1 frames is called a _________. ANS: superframe 42. From a group of twelve frames, signaling bits are "stolen" from every ________ frame. ANS: sixth 43. ________ compression transmits all the data in the original signal but uses fewer bits to do it. ANS: Lossless

SHORT ANSWER 1. Use Hartley's Law to find how much time it would take to send 100,000 bits over a channel with a bandwidth of 2,000 hertz and a channel constant of k = 10. ANS: 5 seconds 2. Use the Shannon-Hartley theorem to find the bandwidth required to send 12,000 bits per second if the number of levels transmitted is 8. ANS: 2000 hertz 3.What is the Shannon Limit of a channel that has a bandwidth of 4000 hertz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 15? ANS: 16 kbps 4. What is the minimum required number of samples per second to digitize an analog signal with frequency components ranging from 300 hertz to 3300 hertz? ANS: 6600 samples/second 5. What is the approximate dynamic range, in dB, of a linear PCM system that uses 12 bits per sample? ANS: 74 dB 6. What is the approximate data rate for a system using 8 bits per sample and running at 8000 samples per second? ANS: 64 kbps 7. If bits were "stolen" from every DS-1 frame, what would the useable data-rate be for each channel in the frame? ANS: 56 kbps 8. Assuming maximum input and output voltages of 1 volt, what is the output voltage of a -law compressor if the input voltage is 0.388 volt? ANS: 0.833 volt

7. The telephone switching hierarchy is being replaced by a "flat" network topology. T 8. A "twisted-pair" is twisted to minimize "crosstalk". T 9. The wires in a local loop are called TIP and GND. F 10. In a local loop, the red wire is positive. F 11. In a local loop, the TIP wire is positive. T 12. Local loops can carry voice signals in only one direction at a time. F 13. Local loops carry DC current. T 14. Local loops carry signaling information. T 15. Loading coils allow high-speed data loads to be carried on a local loop. F 16. Typically, when a phone is on hook, a voltage of 48 volts appears across it. T 17. When a telephone is off hook, the DC voltage across it can drop substantially from its on-hook value. T 18. The DC resistance of a telephone is about 2000 ohms. F 19. When a telephone is on hook, the DC current through it is in the range of 20 to 80 mA. F 20. Touch-Tone is a registered trademark of AT&T. T 21. DTMF is the same as Touch-Tone. T 22. DTMF uses sets of 3 tones. F

Chapter 8: The Telephone System TRUE/FALSE 1. A telephone from 1930 could not work on today's public switched telephone network. F 2. The public switched telephone network is changing from an all analog to a mostly digital system. T 3. A LATA is a local calling area. T 4. A feature of the public switched telephone system is that calls cannot be "blocked". F 5. Telephones connect to the central office via trunk lines. F 6. Most local loops still use copper wire. T

23. The technology to "dial" telephone numbers was invented in 1893. T 24. A crosspoint switch allows any incoming line to be connected to any outgoing line. T 25. The central office uses 24 volts AC at 20 hertz to cause a telephone to ring. F 26. The local-loop is full-duplex. T 27. Telephones usually contain a hybrid coil or an equivalent circuit. T 28. To allow for "sidetone", a hybrid coil should be slightly unbalanced. T 29. The signal levels in analog telephone systems have increased substantially over the past 100 years. F 30. The signal levels in modern analog telephone systems are still based on 19thcentury technology. T

31. To allow multiplexing, the bandwidth of voice-grade telephone signals is deliberately restricted. T 32. The net gain of a telephone system must be greater than 0 dB for an acceptable signal level. F 33. Too much gain in a telephone system causes "singing". T 34. Echo suppressors prevent oscillations on long-distance telephone circuits. T 35. Echo suppressors can be switched off by a subscriber's equipment. T 36. C-message weighting increases the bandwidth of a local loop. F 37. The reference level for measuring noise in a telephone system is 1012 Watts. T 38. In a telephone system, signal strength is given relative to the zero transmission loss point. T 39. TDM is being replaced by the newer FDM technology in telephone systems. F 40. DS-1 can be used to carry digital data that did not originate as a voice signal. T 41. When using DS-1 to carry data, it is common to use each channel to carry 64 kbps. F 42. Digital carriers up to T3 can use copper wires. F 43. A DS-1C signal carries twice as many channels as a DS-1 signal. T 44. A DS-1C signal uses twice the bit rate of a DS-1 signal. F 45. "Stuff" bits are used to compensate for differences in clock rates. T 46. Every "in-channel" signal is also an "in-band" signal. F 47. Common-channel signaling is being replaced by the more modern MF signaling. F 48. Common-channel signaling reduces opportunities for stealing telephone service. T 49. ADSL is faster than ISDN. T 50. B-ISDN is a slower version of standard ISDN. F MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. DTMF stands for: a. Digital Telephony Multiple Frequency b. Dial Tone Master Frequency c. Dual-Tone Multifrequency d. Digital Trunk Master Frequency

2. PSTN stands for: a. Public Switched Telephone Network b. Private Switched Telephone Network c. Primary Service Telephone Network d. Primary Service Telephone Numbers 3. POTS stands for: a. Private Office Telephone System b. Primary Office Telephone Service c. Primary Operational Test System d. Plain Old Telephone Service 4. LATA stands for: a. Local Access and Transport Area b. Local Access Telephone Area 5. A LATA is a: a. a local calling area b. a type of digital local network c. Local Area Telephone Access d. Local Area Transport Access c. a way of accessing a tandem office d. a way of accessing a central office

6. Central offices are connected by: a. local loops c. both a and b b. trunk lines d. none of the above 7. Local loops terminate at: a. a tandem office b. a toll station c. a central office d. an interexchange office

8. Call blocking: a. cannot occur in the public telephone network b. occurs on the local loop when there is an electrical power failure c. occurs only on long-distance cables d. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded 9. In telephony, POP stands for: a. Post Office Protocol b. Point Of Presence c. Power-On Protocol d. none of the above c. coaxial cable d. fiber-optic c. Framing In The Loop d. Fiber-In-The-Loop

10. The cable used for local loops is mainly: a. twisted-pair copper wire b. shielded twisted-pair copper wire 11. FITL stands for: a. Framing Information for Toll Loops b. Fiber In the Toll Loop

12. DC current flows through a telephone: a. when it is on hook c. as long as it is attached to a local loop b. when it is off hook d. only when it is ringing 13. The range of DC current that flows through a telephone is: a. 20 A to 80 A c. 2 mA to 8 mA b. 200 A to 800 A d. 20 mA to 80 mA

14. Loading coils were used to: a. increase the speed of the local loop for digital data b. reduce the attenuation of voice signals c. reduce crosstalk d. provide C-type conditioning to a local loop 15. The separation of control functions from signal switching is known as: a. step-by-step switching control c. common control b. crossbar control d. ESS 16. The typical voltage across a telephone when on-hook is: a. 48 volts DC c. 90 volts DC b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC 17. The typical voltage needed to "ring" a telephone is: a. 48 volts DC c. 90 volts DC b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC 18. The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a telephone system is restricted in order to: a. allow lines to be "conditioned" c. allow signals to be multiplexed b. prevent "singing" d. all of the above 19. VNL stands for: a. voltage net loss b. volume net loss c. via net loss d. voice noise level

27. In DS-1, bits are "robbed" in order to: a. provide synchronization b. carry signaling 28. "Bit-stuffing" is more formally called: a. compensation b. rectification

c. cancel echoes d. check for errors c. justification d. frame alignment

29. ISDN stands for: a. Integrated Services Digital Network b. Information Services Digital Network c. Integrated Services Data Network d. Information Systems Digital Network 30. Basic ISDN has not been widely adopted because: a. it took to long to develop b. it is too slow c. it has been surpassed by newer technologies d. all of the above 31. ADSL stands for: a. All-Digital Subscriber Line b. Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line c. Allocated Digital Service Line d. Access to Data Services Line

32. Compared to ISDN, internet access using ADSL is typically: a. much faster c. much more expensive b. about the same speed d. none of the above COMPLETION 1. A _________ is a local calling area. ANS: LATA 2. Central offices are connected together by _________ lines. ANS: trunk 3. One central office can be connected to another through a _________ office. ANS: tandem 4. With 7-digit phone numbers, _________ thousand telephones can connect to a central office. ANS: ten 5. Call _________ is when it becomes impossible for a subscriber to place a call due to an overload of lines being used. ANS: blocking 6. New _________ switching equipment uses TDM to combine signals. ANS: digital 7. Most local loops still use _________ copper wire. ANS: twisted-pair

20. Signal loss is designed into a telephone system to: a. eliminate reflections c. improve signal-to-noise ratio b. prevent oscillation d. reduce power consumption 21. The reference noise level for telephony is: a. 1 mW b. 0 dBm c. 1 pW 22. The number of voice channels in a basic FDM group is: a. 6 b. 12 c. 24 23. Basic FDM groups can be combined into: a. supergroups c. jumbogroups b. mastergroups d. all of the above 24. In telephone system FDM, voice is put on a carrier using: a. SSB b. DSBSC c. PDM 25. PABX stands for: a. Power Amplification Before Transmission b. Private Automatic Branch Exchange c. Public Automated Branch Exchange d. Public Access Branch Exchange 26. SLIC stands for: a. Single-Line Interface Circuit b. Standard Line Interface Card c. Subscriber Line Interface Card d. Standard Local Interface Circuit d. PCM d. 0 dBr d. 60

8. As compared to a hierarchical network, a _________ network never needs more than one intermediate switch. ANS: flat 9. _________ coils were used to reduce the attenuation of voice frequencies. ANS: Loading 10. In a twisted-pair telephone cable, the red wire is called _________ ANS: ring 11. In a twisted-pair telephone cable, the green wire is called _________. ANS: tip 12. Of the red and green 'phone wires, the _________ wire is positive with respect to the other. ANS: green 13. A telephone is said to have _________ the line when the central office sends it dial tone. ANS: seized 14. The _________ functions are provided by a SLIC. ANS: BORSCHT 15. A _________ coil prevents loss of signal energy within a telephone while allowing full-duplex operation over a single pair of wires. ANS: hybrid 16. In a crosspoint switch, not all _________ can be in use at the same time. ANS: lines 17. The old carbon transmitters generated a relatively _________ signal voltage. ANS: large 18. The generic term for Touch-Tone signaling is _________. ANS: DTMF 19. A ________ line provides more bandwidth than a standard line. ANS: conditioned 20. In the telephone system, amplifiers are called _________. ANS: repeaters 21. An echo _________ converts a long-distance line from full-duplex to half-duplex operation. ANS: suppressor 22. _________ weighting is an attempt to adjust the noise or signal level to the response of a typical telephone receiver. ANS: C-message 23. In FDM telephony, the modulation is usually _________. ANS: SSB, SSBSC

24. In FDM telephony, _________ bands separate the channels in a group. ANS: guard 25. Because of "bit robbing", a channel in a DS-1 frame allows only _________ kbps when used to send digital data. ANS: 56 26. A _________ is a group of 12 DS-1 frames with signaling information in the sixth and twelfth frames. ANS: superframe 27. In DS-1C, _________ bits are used to compensate for differences between clock rates. ANS: stuff 28. Busy and dial tone are referred to as _________signals because they use the same pair of wires as the voice signal. ANS: in-channel 29. SS7 is the current version of _________ signaling. ANS: common-channel 30. SS7 is a _________-switched data network. ANS: packet 31. In ISDN, the _________ channel is used for common-channel signaling. ANS: D 32. In ISDN, the _________ channels are used for voice or data. ANS: B 33. Terminal equipment especially designed for ISDN is designated _________ equipment. ANS: TE1 34. The A in ADSL stands for _________. ANS: asymmetrical 35. In ADSL, the speed from the network to the subscriber is _________ than the speed in the opposite direction. ANS: greater, faster SHORT ANSWER 1. For a certain telephone, the DC loop voltage is 48 V on hook and 8 V off hook. If the loop current is 40 mA, what is the DC resistance of the local loop? ANS: 1000 ohms 2. For a certain telephone, the DC loop voltage is 48 V on hook and 8 V off hook. If the loop current is 40 mA, what is the DC resistance of the telephone? ANS: 200 ohms

3. Which two DTMF tones correspond to the digit "1"? (Use the table in the text.) ANS: 697 Hz and 1209 Hz 4. Calculate the dB of VNL required for a channel with a 3 ms delay. ANS: 1 dB 5. If a telephone voice signal has a level of 0 dBm, what is its level in dBrn? ANS: 90 dBrn 6. A telephone test-tone has a level of 80 dBrn at a point where the level is +5dB TLP. If C-weighting produces a 10-dB loss, what would the signal level be in dBrnc0? ANS: 65 dBrnc TLP

16. In synchronous transmission, control characters in the data require special handling, but flag sequences in the data do not. F 17. HDLC is very similar to SDLC. T 18. HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol. T 19. When receiving digital data, it is possible to detect errors, but not to correct them. F 20. In digital data transmission, bad frames are usually retransmitted. T 21. CRC codes are particularly good at detecting burst errors. T 22. Hamming codes allow errors to be corrected without requiring retransmission. T

Chapter 9: Data Transmission 23. All schemes to detect errors require adding extra bits to the data being transmitted. T TRUE/FALSE 24. Huffman codes are as good as CRC codes at detecting errors, but are faster. F 1. Data can be sent either in serial format or in parallel format. T 25. Run-length encoding is a data-compression technique. T 2. For practical reasons, virtually all data communications is done in serial format. T 26. A "cipher" is, essentially, a secret code. T 3. The first binary code was invented in 1914. F 4. A character code is the same as a data code. T 5. The old Baudot code is no longer used. F 6. How fast data can be transferred is independent of the character code used. F 7. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmission require bit timing. T 8. There is no "framing" in asynchronous transmission. F MULTIPLE CHOICE 9. A "mark" is the same as a binary 1. T 10. Digital modulation is sometimes called "keying". T 11. Due to the "bursty" nature of most channel noise, simple parity is more or less useless. T 12. An advantage of using a UART is that "buffer overflow" cannot happen. F 13. Synchronous transmission is much more efficient than asynchronous transmission. T 14. In synchronous transmission, the data stream is used to "lock" the receiver's clock onto the transmitter's clock. T 15. Bit-oriented protocols are being replaced by the newer character-oriented protocols. F 1. In practical terms, parallel data transmission is sent: a. over short distances only c. over any distance b. usually over long distances d. usually over a coaxial cable 2. The five-level teletype code was invented by: a. the Morkum Company b. the Teletype Company 3. Data codes are also called: a. character codes b. character sets c. Western Union d. Emile Baudot 27. Both "private-key" and "public-key" encryption always require the addition of extra bits to the data. T 28. An advantage of public-key encryption is that it is not "computation-intensive", meaning a computer doesn't have to do many numerical calculations to unencrypt (decrypt) the data. F 29. A "digital signature" does not require the use of encryption. F

c. they do not have any other name d. both a and b

4. Digital data that is not being used to carry characters is called: a. FIGS data c. numerical data b. binary data d. all of the above

5. Character codes include: a. alphanumeric characters b. data link control characters

c. graphic control characters d. all of the above

6. ASCII stands for: a. American Standard Character-set 2 b. American Standard Code for Information Interchange c. American Standard Code 2 d. Alphanumeric Standard Code for Information Interchange 7. BS, FF, and CR are examples of: a. nonstandard character codes b. escape characters 8. LF stands for: a. Line Feed b. Link Feed c. Line Forward d. Link Forward c. control characters d. none of the above

16. To maintain synchronization in synchronous transmission: a. long strings of 1s and 0s must not be allowed b. transmission must stop periodically for resynchronization c. the clock circuits must be precisely adjusted d. the channel must be noise-free 17. HDLC: a. is an IBM product b. is a bit-oriented protocol 18. The use of flags in SDLC requires: a. "bit-stuffing" b. different flags at either end of a frame 19. The initials ARQ are used to designate: a. automatic request for resynchronization b. automatic request for retransmission c. automatic receiver queue d. automatic request for queue 20. ARQ is used to: a. correct bit errors b. correct synchronization problems c. put data into a temporary buffer d. none of the above 21. FEC stands for: a. Fixed Error Control b. Forward Error Control 22. VRC is another name for: a. FEC b. ARQ 23. CRC stands for: a. Control Receiver Code b. Correct Received Character c. Forward Error Correction d. False Error Condition c. LRC d. parity c. is identical to SDLC d. all of the above c. FEC d. ARQ

9. UART stands for: a. Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter b. Unidirectional Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter c. Unaltered Received Text d. Universal Automatic Receiver for Text 10. In asynchronous transmission, the transmitter and receiver are: a. frame-by-frame synchronized using the data bits b. frame-by-frame synchronized using a common clock c. frame-by-frame synchronized using the start and stop bits d. not synchronized at all, hence the name "asynchronous" 11. In asynchronous transmission, the time between consecutive frames is: a. equal to zero c. equal to the start and stop bit-times b. equal to one bit-time d. not a set length 12. In synchronous transmission, the frames are: a. about the same length as ten asynchronous frames b. much longer than asynchronous frames c. 128 bytes long d. 1024 bytes long 13. Synchronous transmission is used because: a. no start and stop bits means higher efficiency b. it is cheaper than asynchronous since no UARTS are required c. it is easier to implement than asynchronous d. all of the above 14. In synchronous transmission, the receiver "syncs-up" with the transmitter by using: a. the clock bits c. the CRC bits b. the data bits d. a separate clock line 15. BISYNC: a. is an IBM product b. is a character-oriented protocol c. requires the use of DLE d. all of the above

c. Cyclic Redundancy Check d. Cycle Repeat Character

24. Huffman codes: a. allow errors to be detected but not corrected b. allow errors to be detected and corrected c. allow alphanumeric data to be corrected d. allow alphanumeric data to be compressed 25. Run-length encoding is used to: a. encrypt data c. correct data b. compress data d. none of the above 26. Public-key encryption: a. allows the use of digital signatures b. is used to convey symmetric keys c. avoids the "password problem" d. all of the above

27. SDLC stands for: a. Synchronous Data Link Control b. Synchronous Data Line Control 28. HDLC is: a. a bit-oriented protocol b. based on SDLC COMPLETION

c. Synchronous Data Link Character d. Synchronous Data Line Character c. an ISO standard d. all of the above

13. Clock sync is derived from the stream of _________ bits in synchronous transmission. ANS: data 14. In the _________ protocol, each frame begins with at least two SYN characters. ANS: BISYNC 15. In HDLC, each frame starts with an 8-bit _________. ANS: flag

1. Parallel transmission can be used only for _________ distances. ANS: short 2. The term "baud" was named after Emil _________. ANS: Baudot 3. Data codes are also called _________ codes. ANS: character 4. The _________ code is a 7-bit code commonly used in communication between personal computers. ANS: ASCII 5. The two letters _________ designate the code character used to advance a printer to the next page. ANS: FF 6. An asynchronous frame begins with the _________ bit. ANS: start 7. An asynchronous frame ends with the _________bit. ANS: stop 8. At the end of an asynchronous frame, the line will be at the _________ level. ANS: mark, binary 1 9. An integrated circuit called a _________ is used in an asynchronous communication system to convert between parallel and serial data. ANS: UART 10. When receiving digital data, _________ are used to hold data until they can be read. ANS: buffers 11. Synchronous communication is more _________ than asynchronous since there are fewer "overhead" bits. ANS: efficient 12. There must be sufficient 1-to-0 _________ to maintain synchronization in synchronous transmission. ANS: transitions

16. The first eight bits of an SDLC frame are _________. ANS: 01111110 17. BCC stands for _________ check character. ANS: block 18. DLE stands for data link _________. ANS: escape 19. HDLC uses bit-_________ to prevent accidental flags. ANS: stuffing 20. _________ errors cause many consecutive bits to be bad. ANS: Burst 21. FEC stands for _________error correction. ANS: forward 22. An _________ scheme corrects errors by requiring the retransmission of bad blocks. ANS: ARQ 23. Parity fails when an _________ number of bits are in error. ANS: even 24. CRC codes are particularly good at detecting _________ errors. ANS: burst 25. Huffman coding and run-length encoding are examples of data _________. ANS: compression 26. A _________ is an encoding scheme that is not public in order to protect data. ANS: cipher 27. A _________is often used to generate an encryption key because it is easier to remember. ANS: password 28. If the key is _________ enough, private-key encryption can be quite secure. ANS: long 29. Messages cannot be _________ using a public key. ANS: decrypted

30. Because it is _________-intensive, public-key encryption can be slow. ANS: computation SHORT ANSWER 1. How many different characters could be encoded using a six-bit code? ANS: 64 2. What is the numerical difference between ASCII 'a' and ASCII 'A' if you treat them as hexadecimal (hex) numbers? ANS: 20 hex (32 decimal) 3. The ASCII codes for the characters '0' through '9' are what hex numbers? ANS: 30H to 39H 4. If an asynchronous frame is used to send ASCII characters in the form of bytes (8 bits), what is the shortest time it could take to send 1000 characters if each bit in a frame is 1 msec long? ANS: 10 seconds 5. Suppose an asynchronous frame holds 8 bits of data, a parity bit, and two stop bits (it could happen). Calculate the efficiency of the communication system. ANS: 66.7% 6. Suppose a synchronous frame has 16 bits of non-data in the front and a 16-bit BCC at the end. The frame carries 1024 bytes of actual data. Calculate the efficiency of the communication system. ANS: 97.0%

9. Token passing can be implemented as a ring or as a bus. T 10. A token is used to control access to the network. T 11. A token is generated by a node wishing to access the network. F 12. On a bus network, all traffic shares a common channel. T 13. CSMA networks must deal with "contention". T 14. Token-passing networks must deal with "collisions" between two tokens. F 15. On a CSMA/CD network, several nodes can try to access the channel simultaneously. T 16. A "collision" will take a CSMA network down. F 17. Token rings never have collisions. T 18. CSMA works best when traffic is relatively light. T 19. A token-ring network can be implemented with a bus topology. T 20. A MAU will disconnect a defective node from a CSMA network. F 21. Token-ring networks usually operate at 100 megabits per second. F 22. Most LANs are based on the Ethernet type of network. T 23. Ethernet was originated by Microsoft with participation by Intel. F 24. IEEE 802.3 is a protocol based on Ethernet. T

Chapter 10: Local Area Networks 25. Ethernet-type networks are limited to a maximum speed of 100 Mbits per second. F TRUE/FALSE 26. Classic Ethernet is no longer used for new networks. T 1. The maximum extent of a local area network is one building. F 27. Originally, Ethernet used 10Base2 coaxial cable. F 2. An organization could have several local area networks in the same room. T 28. 100BaseT cable could be used in a new LAN installation. T 3. LANs can allow several people to access the same file at the same time. T 29. The "100" in 100BaseT designates the supported bit rate. T 4. LANs often use "dumb" terminals as workstations. F 30. The "Base" in 100BaseT indicates the cable carries an unmodulated signal. T 5. On a circuit-switched network, a data stream has a channel all to itself for the duration of the connection. T 6. A "node" is a workstation or PC connected to a network. T 7. In a star network, if one node fails, the entire network goes down. F 8. Hubs are, by definition, passive. F 31. The "T" in 100BaseT indicates the cable is Thick coax. F 32. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD. T 33. Ethernet type LANs use token passing. F 34. In CSMA, a node must "listen" to the channel before trying to use it. T

35. 10BaseT cable usually uses RJ-45 connectors. T 36. 100BaseT cable requires a BNC connector. F 37. Ethernet cannot use fiber-optic cables. F 38. Packets on a CSMA/CD network must be equal to or longer than some minimum size. T 39. On a CSMA/CD network, there will be fewer collisions if longer packets are used. T 40. Longer packets means more bits must be retransmitted after a collision. T 41. On a CSMA/CD network, only one node actually needs to "hear" a collision. F 42. A NIC gives a unique address to a node on a network. T 43. If coax is used, the ends must be left open to avoid reflections. F 44. Typically, a NIC requires a 4-wire cable to connect to a hub. T 45. CAT-5 UTP is actually the same as ordinary twisted-pair telephone wire. F 46. Standard Manchester line encoding can be used up to 100 Mbits per second. F 47. If 10BaseT cabling is used in a multinode LAN, then a hub cannot be used. F 48. Compared to a hub, a switch reduces the chances for a collision. T 49. "Jabber" is failure mode for a NIC. T 50. "Stacking" is a failure mode for a hub. F 51. Network software is generally independent of the network topology. T 52. The same network software can be used on a token-passing network and on an Ethernet LAN. T 53. To a user on the network, a hard drive on the server looks like it is on the workstation. T 54. In a client-server network, each node takes a turn at being the server. F 55. Software that runs a client-server network must have true multitasking ability. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. CSMA stands for: a. Client-Server Multi-Access b. Carrier Sense Multiple Access c. Carrier Server Master Application d. none of the above

2. The CD in CSMA/CD stands for: a. Carrier Detection b. Carrier Delay

c. Collision Detection d. Collision Delay c. a very large CSMA/CD network d. not really a network at all

3. The Internet is: a. a network of networks b. a very large client-server network 4. Most LANs: a. are based on Ethernet b. use CSMA/CD

c. use UTP cable d. all of the above

5. Dumb terminals are still used: a. in token-passing networks b. in networks requiring central monitoring c. in networks that cannot provide central monitoring d. none of the above 6. In a circuit-switched network: a. communication is half-duplex only b. each channel carries only one data stream c. connection is usually done using a bus topology d. all of the above 7. Each computer on a network is called a: a. hub b. token c. node 8. Compared to CSMA/CD systems, token-passing rings are: a. slower c. not as widely used b. more expensive d. all of the above 9. The key feature of a star network is that individual workstations are connected to: a. a central ring c. a node b. a central bus d. none of the above 10. On networks, long messages are divided into "chunks" called: a. packets c. carriers b. nodes d. tokens 11. When two or more PCs try to access a baseband network cable at the same time, it is called: a. a collision c. excess traffic b. contention d. multiple access 12. When two PCs send data over a baseband network cable at the same time, it is called: a. a collision c. excess traffic b. contention d. multiple access 13. One type of network that never has a collision is: a. CSMA c. token-passing b. Ethernet d. all networks have collisions d. circuit

14. In an Ethernet-based network, a switch can be used to reduce the number of: a. nodes c. packets b. users d. collisions 15. The effect of too many collisions is: a. the network goes down b. the network slows down 16. MAU stands for: a. Multistation Access Unit b. Multiple Access Unit c. the cable overheats d. data is lost c. Multiple Auxiliary Units d. none of the above

26. UTP stands for: a.Untwisted-Pair copper wire b. Unshielded Twisted-Pair copper wire c. Uninterruptible Terminal Packet d. Unicode Text Packet 27. Compared to twisted-pair telephone cables, CAT-5 cables: a. are cheaper c. allow faster bit rates b. are easier to crimp connectors onto d. all of the above 28. A hub: a. sends incoming packets out to all other terminals connected to it b. sends incoming packets out to specific ports c. cannot be used in an Ethernet-type network d. are more common in token-passing networks 29. A switch: a. sends incoming packets out to all other terminals connected to it b. sends incoming packets out to specific ports c. cannot be used in an Ethernet-type network d. are more common in token-passing networks 30. An advantage of using a switch instead of a hub is: a. it is cheaper when used in large networks b. it is faster when used in large networks c. it reduces the number of collisions in large networks d. all of the above 31. Broadband LANs: a. modulate the data onto a carrier b. use coaxial cables c. are provided by cable TV companies for Internet access d. all of the above 32. Using one node in the network to hold all the application software is done in: a. peer-to-peer networks c. both a and b b. client-server networks d. none of the above 33. Record locking is used to: a. store records securely on a server b. prevent multiple users from looking at a document simultaneously c. prevent one user from reading a record that another user is writing to d. none of the above 34. The software that runs a client-server network must be: a. UNIX-based c. multitasking b. WINDOWS-based d. Novell certified 35. A "thin" client is: a. basically, a PC with no disk drives b. a node that rarely sends data c. same as a "dumb" terminal d. all of the above

17. The standard that describes Ethernet-type networks is: a. EIA 232 c. IEEE 802.3 b. IEEE 488.1 d. CCITT ITU-E 18. Ethernet was invented by: a. IBM c. Xerox b. INTEL d. Digital Equipment Corporation 19. An Ethernet running at 10 Mbits / second uses: a. Manchester encoding c. NRZ encoding b. Three-Level encoding d. AMI encoding 20. A 100BaseT cable uses: a. fiber-optic cable b. twisted-pair copper wires c. RG-58U coaxial cable d. 50-ohm coaxial cable

21. The word "Base" in 10BaseT means: a. the cable carries baseband signals b. the cable has a base speed of 10 Mbps c. it can be used as the base for a backbone cable system d. none of the above 22. The reason a CSMA/CD network has a minimum length for packets is: a. to increase the data rate b. to prevent packets from reaching all other nodes during transmission c. to make sure all other nodes hear a collision in progress d. all of the above 23. The reason a CSMA/CD network has a maximum length for cables is: a. to increase the data rate b. to prevent packets from reaching all other nodes during transmission c. to make sure all other nodes hear a collision in progress d. all of the above 24. NIC stands for: a. Network Interface Card b. Network Interface Cable 25. 10BaseT cable typically uses: a. a BNC connector b. a T connector c. Network Interface Code d. Network Internal Code

c. an RJ45 connector d. an RS11 connector

COMPLETION 1. A LAN is a _________ Area Network. ANS: Local 2. The Internet is a network of _________. ANS: networks 3. In a _________ network, all nodes are connected to a central computer. ANS: star 4. In a _________-switched network, users have a dedicated channel for the duration of communications. ANS: circuit 5. The _________ of a network describes how it is physically connected together. ANS: topology 6. Ring networks often use _________-passing. ANS: token 7. A _________ is a short section of a message in digital form. ANS: packet 8. _________ is when two nodes try to seize the same cable at the same time. ANS: Contention 9. A _________ occurs when two nodes transmit simultaneously on the same baseband cable. ANS: collision 10. In CSMA/CD networks, all collisions must be _________. ANS: detected 11. Carrier-Sense means that a node "listens" for the cable to be _________ before using it. ANS: quiet, free, unused, available 12. A "_________" cable links clusters of computers together. ANS: backbone 13. 100BaseT cables can reliably carry up to _________ bits per second. ANS: 100 mega 14. In CSMA/CD, packets must have a _________ length to ensure that collisions are detected. ANS: minimum 15. In CSMA/CD, the _________ of a cable is limited to ensure that collisions are detected. ANS: length 16. A unique numerical address is provided to a node by its _________. ANS: NIC Chapter 11: Wide-Area Networks and the Internet TRUE/FALSE 1. Leased lines are the least expensive way to connect a WAN. F 2. A WAN can be implemented using circuit switching. T 3. A WAN can be implemented using packet switching. T 17. A 100BaseTX cable is a_________cable. ANS: fiber-optic 18. Hubs can be _________ to form, in effect, one big hub. ANS: stacked 19. A switch looks at the _________ of each incoming packet. ANS: address 20. The effect of a switch is to greatly reduce _________ ANS: contention SHORT ANSWER 1. Explain how a network can be a physical bus but a logical ring. ANS: A token-passing network sends the token from node to node in a prescribed order. So it doesn't matter how the physical connection is made. It still works like a token-passing ring. 2. What is the key difference between a hub and a switch? ANS: A hub sends incoming packets out to all other ports on the hub. A switch sends a packet to a specific port based on the address in the packet. 3. What is the advantage of a CSMA/CD network over a basic star network? ANS: If the central computer in a star network fails, the entire network is inoperative. If a node fails in a CSMA/CD network, it can be disconnected and the network still functions. 4. Why do CSMA/CD packets have a minimum size limit? ANS: If a packet is too short, nodes at either end of a cable could get on, send a packet, and get off before the packets travel far enough to collide. The collision would not be detected. 5. What is a NIC address, and why is it unique? ANS: The address is a long binary number "burned" into a NIC's memory chip at the factory. Each factory uses a different sequence of numbers, so the chances of two NICs on the same network having the same address is extremely small.

4. A WAN can be implemented using analog lines. T 5. A WAN can be implemented using digital lines. T 6. Packet switching uses the shortest route. F 7. With packet switching, you never get a "busy signal". T 8. With packet switching, you always get a "real-time" connection. F 9. Packets may not arrive at the destination in the same order they were sent. T 10. Packets are often blocked by channels that are too full or are disconnected. F 11. Packets received out of order is a failure mode in packet switching. F 12. In digital communications, errors within frames are detected and corrected at the data-link layer of a protocol stack. T 13. Protocols are the various pieces of hardware used to transmit and receive digital data. F 14. The ISO OSI is a protocol. F

30. Most WANs are set up to work as extensions of the LANs they interconnect. T 31. There are only two ways to set up a WAN. F 32. The term "bridge" is another name for a repeater. F 33. Bridges must examine the address field of each packet they see. T 34. Bridges function at the data-link level. T 35. Routers operate at the network level. T 36. TCP/IP predates ISO OSI. T 37. TCP/IP contains additional levels beyond the seven described by ISO OSI. F 38. The task of IP is to get packets to their intended destination. F 39. IP is simple but very "robust". T 40. A problem with IP is that packets can get stuck traveling the network in an endless loop. F 41. IP continues to function even if parts of the network are destroyed. T

15. The network layer sets up the path through the network. T 42. One task of TCP is to detect lost packets. T 16. X.25 is a protocol. T 43. One task of TCP is to reorder received packets into their correct sequence. T 17. An X.25 frame is similar to an HDLC frame. T 44. UDP is a more sophisticated version of TCP. F 18. Each frame contains a virtual circuit. F 19. Some packets only carry control bits. T 20. X.25 gives reliable service even over relatively poor cables. T 21. Frame relay uses more error detection and correction than does X.25. F 22. Frame relay requires better quality cables than does X.25. T 48. An intranet is essentially a private Internet. T 23. Frame relay is faster than X.25. T 24. Variable-length frames allow faster data rates than do fixed-length frames. F 25. Frame relay allows for variable-length packets. T 26. ATM is faster than frame relay. T 27. ATM uses relatively large fixed-length frames. F 28. ATM is designed to carry real-time information such as video. T 29. ATM is best suited to fiber-optic cables. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. MAN stands for: a. Manchester Access Network b. Multiple-Area Network 2. Packet switching is based on: a. store-and-forward b. switched circuits 3. The number of layers in ISO OSI is: a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 c. Metropolitan-Area Network d. Multiple Access Network c. real-time delivery d. all of the above d. 8 45. The Internet is a large network of other networks running the TCP/IP protocols. T 46. The current 32-bit address scheme used on the Internet is highly efficient. F 47. A domain-name server stores the address of every computer attached to the Internet. F

4. SNA stands for: a. Standard Network Access b. Small Network Access

c. Standard Network Architecture d. Systems Network Architecture

5. The lowest-level layer in ISO OSI is called the: a. physical layer c. cable layer b. link layer d. transport layer 6. Bad frames are usually detected by the: a. frame layer c. error-check layer b. physical layer d. link layer 7. A virtual circuit is set up by the: a. user c. network b. link layer d. frame 8. Frame Relay: a. is faster than X.25 b. does less error checking than X.25 c. allows for variable length packets d. all of the above 9. ATM stands for: a. Asynchronous Transfer Mode b. Asynchronous Transmission Mode c. Asynchronous Transmission Model d. Automatic Test Mode 10. A bridge: a. separates a network into "collision domains" b. looks at the address of each packet c. operate at the data-link level d. all of the above 11. IP stands for: a. Internet Process b. Internet Protocol c. Interconnect Protocol d. Interconnect Procedure c. Transfer Connection Protocol d. none of the above

16. The "lifetime" of a packet in an IP network: a. is essentially forever b. depends on elapsed time since transmission c. depends on number of "hops" between nodes d. is approximately 200 milliseconds 17. HTTP stands for: a. High-speed Transmission Test Procedure b. High-Level Transfer Test Procedure c. Hypertext Transmission and Transport Procedure d. Hypertext Transport Protocol 18. HTTP allows the use of: a. dumb terminals b. file transport c. browsers d. none of the above

19. HTML stands for: a. Hypertext Markup Language c. Hypertext Transfer-Mode Layer b. Hypertext Transfer-Mode Level d.High-speed Transfer-Mode Language 20. HTML allows: a. telneting b. high-speed file transfer 21. FTP stands for: a. File Transfer Protocol b. File Transport Protocol c. web page layout d. all of the above c. File Test Procedure d. Fast Transport Packet

22. FTP is used to: a. transfer files between a server on the network and a user b. test files to see if their data has been "corrupted" c. transport packets at maximum speed through the network d. none of the above 23. SMTP stands for: a. Short Message Transport Protocol b. Simple Message Transport Protocol c. Simple Mail Transport Protocol d. Secondary Mail Transfer Procedure 24. ISP stands for: a. Internet Service Protocol b. Internet Service Provider c. Internet Service Procedure d. none of the above c.running out of available values d. all of the above

12. TCP stands for: a. Transmission Control Process b. Transmission Control Protocol 13. Together, TCP/IP consists of: a. 5 layers b. 7 layers

c. an application and a process d. datagrams c. connectionless protocol d. non-robust protocol c. User Data Packet d. Universal Data Packet

14. IP is a: a. connection-oriented protocol b. virtual circuit 15. UDP stands for: a. User Datagram Protocol b. User Data Protocol

25. The standard Internet address (or URL) is: a. a 32-bit binary number b. four groups of base-ten numbers

26. A DNS: a. has become obsolete on the Internet b. translates words to numbers c. stores all domain addresses d. describes the Internet address-naming procedure

27. DNS stands for: a. Domain Name Server b. Domain Name System

c. Domain Numbering System d. Domain Naming System

14. Frame Relay requires channels with low ________ rates. ANS: bit-error 15. Compared to X.25, Frame Relay does ________ error checking. ANS: less 16. All ATM frames contain just ________ bytes. ANS: 53 17. Small frame size and a high-speed channel allow ________-time communications. ANS: real 18. ________ simply regenerate and retransmit packets in a network. ANS: Repeaters 19. ________ look at the address inside a packet to decide whether or not to retransmit it. ANS: Bridges 20. ________ decide the best network path on which to forward a packet. ANS: Routers 21. TCP/IP goes back to the ________ of the 1970s. ANS: ARPANET, DARPANET 22. Between ISO OSI and TCP/IP, ________was used first. ANS: TCP/IP 23. A ________ protocol does not track packets after they are sent. ANS: connectionless 24. HTTP allows the use of ________ that jump to other pages on the web. ANS: hyperlinks 25. The Internet "backbone" mostly uses high-speed ________ cables. ANS: fiber-optic 26. A ________translates words in an Internet address to numbers. ANS: DNS 27. Intranets usually connect to the Internet through a ________ for security. ANS: firewall 28. Voice over ________ is telephony done over the Internet. ANS: IP 29. "________" is another term for real-time transmission over the Internet. ANS: Streaming 30. Most people gain access to the Internet by subscribing to an ________. ANS: ISP

28. An intranet connected to the Internet is often protected by: a. a DNS c. a "firewall" b. a "brick wall" d. the use of "spoofing" protocols 29. OSI stands for: a. Open Systems Interconnection b. Open Standard Interconnection COMPLETION 1. A ________-Area Network would extend typically across a city. ANS: Metropolitan 2. A ________-Area Network could extend across a nation. ANS: Wide 3. A dedicated telephone line can be ________on a monthly basis. ANS: leased 4. The use of digital circuit-________ lines is cheaper than dedicated lines. ANS: switched 5. Packet switching is done on a store-and-________network. ANS: forward 6. A ________ is a hierarchy of procedures for implementing digital communications. ANS: protocol 7. Voltage levels on a cable are specified at the ________ layer. ANS: physical 8. Bad frames are usually detected at the ________ layer. ANS: data-link 9. Setting up a path through the network is done by the ________ layer. ANS: network 10. The X.25 protocol was developed by the ________. ANS: CCITT 11. In X.25, the data-link layer is called the ________ layer. ANS: frame 12. In X.25, the network layer is called the ________ layer. ANS: packet 13. The physical route of a ________ circuit changes each time it is used. ANS: virtual c. Open Systems Internet d. none of the above

SHORT ANSWER 6. "Baud rate" is the same as bits per second. F 1. Name the three parts of an IP address as used on the Internet. ANS: Network number, Subnet number, Host number 2. Why is a logical channel called a "virtual" circuit? ANS: A logical channel is a way of keeping track of which two nodes on the network have messages for each other. The actual physical path can change while packets are being sent. Virtual means it behaves like direct circuit between 'A' and 'B', but it is not a direct circuit. 3. Why is it faster to send packets of a fixed size compared to packets of variable size? ANS: The processing required to store and forward packets of different lengths is greater than that required for packets of a fixed length. More processing implies more time per packet, which implies fewer packets per second through the network. 4. Why are the tasks involved in digital communications divided into layers in a protocol stack? Why not just have one layer that does it all? ANS: Divide and conquer: it reduces complexity to a manageable job. One big layer could not be adapted to newer media etc as easily as a system of independent layers. Think of subroutines in a computer program. 5. What is a "hop"? ANS: Every time a packet is forwarded on to the next store-and-forward node in the network, it is considered to be one "hop". 6. What does it mean to say a packet has a lifetime measured in hops? ANS: Each packet contains a number representing the maximum number of allowed hops. At each hop, this number is reduced by one. When it gets to zero, the packet is deleted from the network. 7. Why should packets have a lifetime? ANS: If they didn't, then the number of "lost" packets traveling around the network would continuously increase. At some point, there would be no bandwidth left to carry real traffic. 7. A "mark" is a binary one. T 8. "Space" is another term for bandwidth. F 9. FSK is slow, but "robust". T 10. FSK makes efficient use of available bandwidth. F 11. FSK is used extensively in high-frequency radioteletype transmission. T 12. PSK is typically faster than FSK. T 13. "Dibit" is another term for PSK. F 14. PSK is typically DPSK. T 15. QPSK is typically DQPSK. T 16. Digital amplitude modulation is called QAM. F 17. QAM uses PSK. T 18. A "constellation diagram" shows the "symbols" used in QAM. T 19. CCITT is now ITU-T. T 20. Equalization compensates for phase and frequency distortions in a channel. T 21. Signal complexity compensates for low S/N during transmission. F 22. Receiver equalization requires a "training sequence" be sent at startup. T 23. 54 kbps is about the maximum speed you can get from a telephone line modem. T 24. High-speed modems cannot do data compression. F Chapter 12: Digital Modulation and Modems TRUE/FALSE 27. V.42 is a data-compression scheme. F 1. Little data communication is carried over voice-grade telephone lines. F 28. A computer is a DTE. T 2. The word "keying" is still used to denote digital modulation schemes. T 29. A MODEM is a DCE. T 3. ASK is rarely used for data communications. T 30. EIA-232D is the same as RS-232C. T 4. Information capacity is proportional to bandwidth. T 31. RS-232 describes a parallel port protocol. F 5. Information capacity is independent of noise. F 25. High-speed modems cannot do error correction. F 26. MNP4 is an error-correction protocol. T

32. The response to RTS is DSR. F 33. RTS and CTS provide a "handshake" between a DTE and a DCE. T 34. +10 volts on an RS-232 control line is a HIGH or TRUE level. T 35. +12 volts on an RS-232 signal line is a binary ONE. F 36. A line is active when it is "asserted". T 37. "Smart" MODEMS are initialized with a string of "AT" commands. T 38. Twisted-pair telephone wire is not capable of more than about 4 kHz of bandwidth. F 39. DSL carries high-speed data over twisted-pair telephone wire. T 40. CATV cables only carry signals one way: from the head-end to the subscriber. F 41. Fiber-optic CATV cables carry analog signals. T 42. Typically, a NIC is required to interface a PC to a cable modem. T 43. A cable modem is always on. T 44. A DSL connection is always on. T 45. A cable modem shares the channel with other users. T 46. A DSL connection shares the loop with other subscribers. F 47. ADSL Lite is faster than standard ADSL. F 48. ADSL Lite requires a splitter at the subscriber end. F 49. In practice, both ADSL Lite and a cable modem have comparable data rates. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. FSK stands for: a. Full-Shift Keying b. Frequency-Shift Keying 2.PSK stands for: a. Pulse-Signal Keying b. Pulse-Shift Keying c. Full-Signal Keying d. none of the above c. Phase-Signal Keying d. Phase-Shift Keying

4. In the equation I = ktB, I is measured in: a. amperes c. bits b. amperes per second d. bits per second 5. In the equation C = 2Blog2M, M is the: a. margin of noise c. number of possible states per symbol b. modulation index d. maximum number of symbols per second 6. An "eye pattern" shows a good channel when: a. the eye is maximally open c. the eye is half open b. the eye is maximally closed d. the eye alternately opens and closes 7. What you see in an eye pattern is the effect of: a. too many bits high c. intermodulation distortion b. too many bits low d. intersymbol interference 8. High-frequency radioteletype systems commonly use: a. FSK b. AFSK c. PSK 9. Instead of a single bit, a QPSK symbol contains: a. a byte b. 4 bits c. a dibit 10. To reduce the need for linearity, /4 DQPSK uses: a. angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees b. angles of 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees c. angles of /4, 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4 d. double phase-shift angles 11. For QAM, a "constellation diagram" shows: a. location of symbols in "symbol space" b. separation of symbols in "symbol space" c. effects of noise on symbols d. all of the above 12. For QAM, the two dimensions of its symbol space are: a. amplitude and frequency c. frequency and phase angle b. amplitude and phase angle d. I-bits and Q-bits 13. The specs of the old Bell type 103 modem were: a. 300 bps, full-duplex, FSK c. 1200 bps, full-duplex, FSK b. 600 bps, full-duplex, FSK d. 1200 bps, half-duplex, FSK 14. ITU is an abbreviation for: a. International Telephony Unit b. International Telephony Union c. International Telecommunications Union d. International Telecommunications Units 15. High-speed modems equalize the line to compensate for: a. noise and interference b. uneven phase and frequency response c. low SNR d. inconsistent bit rates at either end of channel d. QAM d. a Q-bit

3. QAM stands for: a. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation b. Quadrature Amplitude Masking c. Quadrature Amplitude Marking d. none of the above

16. The ITU is under the auspices of: a. CCITT b. the U.N.

c. IEEE

d. ANSI

32. ADSL stands for: a. Asynchronous DSL b. Asymmetrical DSL 33. In a CATV system, HFC stands for: a. Head Frequency Control b. Hybrid Frequency Control

c. Analog DSL d. All DSL c. Hybrid Fiber-Coax d. Hybrid Fiber Control

17. The bits sent to allow equalization are called: a. Gaussian bits c. a training sequence b. random bits d. a random sequence 18. The V.90 standard is issued by: a. the EIA b. the TIA c. the ITU d. the ISO

19. MNP2, MNP3, MNP4, and MNP10 are all: a. data-compression schemes b. error-correction protocols 20. MNP5 and V.42 bis are both: a. data-compression schemes b. error-correction protocols 21. In RS-232, flow control is done using: a. RTS/CTS handshake b. XON/XOFF characters 22. The official name for RS-232C is: a. RS-232C b. EIA-232D 23. In RS-232, a modem would be: a. a DTR b. a DSR

c. both a and b d. none of the above c. both a and b d. none of the above

34. In a CATV system, CMTS stands for: a. Cable Modem Terminal Server b. Cable Modem Transmission System c. Cable Modem Terminal System d. Cable Modem Transmission Server 35. A "splitter" at the subscriber end is not required for: a. Any DSL scheme c. ADSL Lite b. ADSL d. none of the above COMPLETION 1. RTS means Request To _________. ANS: Send

c. both a and b d. none of the above c. ISO-232C/D c. a DCE d. ANSI-232C

2. The response to RTS is _________. ANS: CTS d. a DTE 3. FSK stands for Frequency-Shift _________. ANS: Keying d. a DTE 4. DSR stands for _________ Set Ready. ANS: Data d. 7 5. QAM stands for _________ Amplitude Modulation. ANS: Quadrature d. 7 6. The number of symbols per second is called the _________ rate. ANS: baud 7. The 2 bits of information in a QPSK symbol is called a _________. ANS: dibit 8. QPSK uses _________ different phase angles. ANS: four 9. DPSK stands for _________ PSK. ANS: Delta 10. The QAM amplitude-phase combinations are shown with a _________ diagram. ANS: constellation 11. ITU stands for International _________ Union. ANS: Telecommunications

24. In RS-232, a personal computer would be: a. a DTR b. a DSR c. a DCE 25. On a DB-9 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin: a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 26. On a DB-25 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin: a. 1 b. 3 c. 5

27. The minimum lines required for RS-232 are: a. TD and RD c. TD, RD, DSR, and signal ground b. TD, RD, and signal ground d. TD, RD, RTS, CTS, and signal ground 28. Hardware flow control uses: a. XON and XOFF b. TD and RD 29. Software flow control uses: a. XON and XOFF b. TD and RD c. RTS and CT c. RTS and CT d. DSR and DCD d. DSR and DCD

30. Which voltage represents a binary zero on an RS-232 data pin: a. +15 volts b. +12 volts c. +9 volts d. all of the above 31. DSL stands for: a. Data Signal Line b. Digital Signal Line c. Digital Subscriber Line d. Double-Speed Loop

12. In QAM modems, _________ coding adds extra bits to improve performance on a noisy line. ANS: Trellis 13. _________ is used in a high-speed modem to compensate for uneven frequency and phase response on a line. ANS: Equalization 14. The maximum allowed speed for a modem on a dial-up line is about _________ bps. ANS: 54k 15. The nominal maximum speed on an RS-232 cable is _________ bps. ANS: 20k 16. In RS-232, the _________line is asserted when the analog carrier from another modem is being received. ANS: CD, DCD, RLSD 17. Between hardware flow control and software flow control, _________ flow control is preferred. ANS: hardware 18. A voltage higher than _________ volts should be considered a high on an RS232 receiver. ANS: 3 19. A _________ modem cable is used to connect two DTEs via their serial ports. ANS: null

27. A DSLAM is a DSL Access _________. ANS: Multiplexer SHORT ANSWER 1. Calculate the bits per second capacity of a system sending 1000 symbols per second with 16 possible states per symbol. ANS: 4000 2. How many points will be on the constellation diagram of a QAM system using 8 phase angles and 2 amplitude levels? ANS: 16 3. A CATV system has 100 cable-modem customers sharing a single channel with a data rate of 36 Mbps. If half the modems are active at any given time, what bit rate can a customer expect? ANS: 720 kbps 4. A DMT system uses 4.3-kHz bins on a 1-MHz cable. Approximately how many bins are there? ANS: 230 5. Assuming a maximum symbol rate of 400 per second, how many possible states must a symbol have to achieve a data rate of 1200 bps? ANS: 8

Chapter 13: Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Techniques 20. ADSL stands for _________ DSL. ANS: Asymmetrical TRUE/FALSE 21. A typical CATV system is organized as a _________ network. ANS: tree 22. In a CATV system using cable modems, a _________ is used to put several channels of data onto a fiber-optic backbone. ANS: CMTS 23. _________ is the process of synchronizing transmitted data from cable modems to a CMTS. ANS: Ranging 24. _________ systems send high-speed data over a POTS line while sharing the line with dial-up service. ANS: ADSL 25. The _________ version of ADSL does not require a splitter at the subscriber end. ANS: lite 26. _________ modulation divides the line bandwidth into many narrow bands called tones or bins for ADSL. ANS: DMT 1. Most communications systems require the sharing of channels. T 2. Multiple-access is the same as multiplexing. F 3. There are three basic ways to share media. T 4. In FDM, each transmission has a frequency band all to itself. T 5. TDM and FDM cannot be used simultaneously. F 6. FDM cannot be used on fiber-optic cables. F 7. DS-1 uses TDM. T 8. In one out of every six DS-1 frames, the LSBs are used for signaling. T 9. DS-3 is three times as fast as DS-1. F 10. A "time switch" is used to increase or decrease the bit rate. F

11. A "space switch" is used to change the time slot of the samples on a bus. F 12. A space switch is used only with analog signals. F 13. The bus of a time switch is often called a "highway". T 14. Spread-spectrum is used on radio channels to overcome interference. T 15. A problem with spread-spectrum is that it is easily "blocked". F 16. With spread-spectrum, the signal-to-noise ratio can be less than one. T 17. Spread-spectrum is affected less by Rayleigh fading than standard RF technology. T 18. "Frequency-hopping" is the only practical way to implement spread-spectrum. F 19. Direct-sequence spread-spectrum adds "pseudo-random" bits to the data bits. T 20. In direct-sequence spread-spectrum, the number of added bits cannot exceed the number of data bits. F 21. Both frequency-hopping and direct-sequence require synchronization of receiver to transmitter. T 22. CDMA uses spread-spectrum. T 23. With CDMA, all stations can be transmitting on the same band at the same time. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. TDMA stands for: a. Time Domain Multiple Access b. Time-Division Multiple Access c. Tone Division Multiple Access d. none of the above

5. A DS-1 signal contains: a. 12 channels

b. 24 channels

c. 32 channels

d. 64 channels

6. The bit-rate of a DS-1 signal over a T-1 line is: a. 64 kbps b. 256 kbps c. 1.536 Mbps 7. Besides data bits, a DS-1 frame contains a: a. timing bit b. T-bit c. signaling bit

d. 1.544 Mbps d. framing bit

8. In DS-1, a bit is "stolen" out of each channel: a. every frame c. every sixth frame b. every other frame d. every twelfth frame 9. Moving signals from one line to another is called: a. time switching c. line switching b. space switching d. cross-point switching 10. Moving PCM samples from one time-slot to another is called: a. time switching c. signal switching b. space switching d. crosspoint switching 11. A digital space switch is a: a. multiplexer b. TDM switch c. computerized Strowger switch d. crosspoint switch c. direct-sequence method d. all of the above c. direct-sequence method d. all of the above

12. Spread-spectrum can be done by using: a. computer-controlled frequency reuse b. frequency-hopping 13. The term "chip rate" is used in describing: a. computer-controlled frequency reuse b. frequency-hopping

14. For a given data rate, direct-sequence systems, compared to standard RF systems, use: a. about the same bandwidth c. much less bandwidth b. much more bandwidth d. approximately double the bandwidth 15. "Processing gain" is another term for: a. RF gain b. computer speed c. spreading gain d. improved signal-to-noise ratio

2. CDMA stands for: a. Code-Division Multiple Access b. Carrier Division Multiple Access c. Compact Digital Multiplex Arrangement d. none of the above 3. TDMA is used instead of TDM when: a. all the signals come from the same source b. the signals come from different sources c. TDM is used in RF communications d. they mean the same thing 4. When calculating the maximum number of users, a limiting factor in FDM is: a. the type of media used c. the bandwidth of each signal b. the length of the channel d. all of the above

16. To calculate processing gain, divide the transmitted RF bandwidth by: a. the digital data bit rate c. the S/N ratio b. bandwidth of original baseband d. the chip size 17. A receiver for frequency-hopping spread-spectrum would be: a. a narrowband receiver c. a direct-conversion receiver b. a wideband receiver d. a CDMA receiver 18. A receiver for direct-sequence spread-spectrum would be: a. a narrowband receiver c. a direct-conversion receiver b. a wideband receiver d. a chiprate receiver

19. CDMA: a. cannot be used with frequency-hopping spread-spectrum b. cannot be used with direct-sequence spread-spectrum c. cannot be used on an RF channel d. allows many transmitters to use a band simultaneously 20. For optimal performance, CDMA requires the use of: a. orthogonal PN sequences c. true-random PN sequences b. non-orthogonal PN sequences d. none of the above COMPLETION 1. Multiplexing allows many signals to _________ a channel. ANS: share 2. Three methods of multiple access are FDMA, TDMA, and _________. ANS: CDMA 3. In FDM, each signal uses part of the bandwidth _________ of the time. ANS: all 4. In TDM, each signal uses all of the bandwidth _________ of the time. ANS: part 5. Using CDMA on a radio channel, all signals can transmit _________ of the time. ANS: all 6. DS-1 is an example of _________-division multiplexing. ANS: time 7. The AM radio band is an example of _________-division multiplexing. ANS: frequency 8. A DS-1 frame contains one sample from each of _________ channels. ANS: 24

15. Moving PCM samples from one time slot to another is called _________ switching. ANS: time 16. The deep fades caused by signal-cancellation due to reflection are called _________ fading. ANS: Rayleigh 17. A PN sequence is a _________-random noise sequence. ANS: pseudo 18. One method of spread-spectrum is frequency _________. ANS: hopping 19. It is _________ to jam a spread-spectrum signal. ANS: difficult 20. It is _________ to eavesdrop on a spread-spectrum signal. ANS: difficult 21. The extra bits added to the data in direct-sequence spread-spectrum are called _________. ANS: chips 22. A chipping-rate of at least _________ times the bit rate of the data is common. ANS: ten 23. The 'C' in CDMA stands for _________. ANS: code 24. In a frequency-hopping CDMA system, when no two transmitters use the same frequency at the same time the PN sequences are said to be _________. ANS: orthogonal SHORT ANSWER

9. T1 uses the _________line code. ANS: AMI 10. Each DS-1 frame contains a total of _________ bits. ANS: 193 11. A DS-1 frame is transmitted at a rate of _________ bits per second. ANS: 1.544 Meg 12. Each sample in a DS-1 frame contains _________ bits. ANS: 8 13. A group of twelve DS-1 frames is called a _________. ANS: superframe 14. Switching signals from one line to another is called _________switching. ANS: space

1. What does Hartley's Law tell us about the relationship between time and bandwidth for digital transmission? ANS: The more bandwidth, the less time it takes to send a given amount of information. So the more bandwidth available, the higher the possible bit rate. 2. How many signals could fit into 1 MHz of bandwidth if each signal required 100 kHz of bandwidth and the separation between adjacent channels was 10 kHz? ANS: 9 3. Why is it difficult to jam a spread-spectrum signal? ANS: Jamming requires an interference signal of sufficient power in the same part of the spectrum the information signal occupies. Because a spreadspectrum signal is, by definition, spread out over a very wide bandwidth, jamming can interfere with only a small fraction of the total signal.

4. Why is it difficult to eavesdrop on a spread-spectrum signal? ANS: In a spread-spectrum transmission, the signal power at any given frequency in its band is so low that it is virtually indistinguishable from noise. An eavesdropper would not know a signal was being sent. And without knowing the exact sequence being used, it is virtually impossible to "de-spread" the signal. 5. Why is autocorrelation used to receive direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals? ANS: Autocorrelation allows a signal to be "pulled out of" the noise even when the signal-to-noise ratio is less than one, as it is in spread-spectrum. 6. What is meant by "orthogonal sequences" in CDMA? ANS: During transmission, the PN sequences determine which parts of the available bandwidth the spread-spectrum signal will occupy. Assume you have two PN sequences: PN1 and PN2. At some point in time, suppose PN1 would cause a transmission to occupy frequencies f11, f12, f13, and so forth. Now suppose PN2 would cause the transmission to occupy frequencies f21, f22, f23, and so forth. If the two sets of frequencies, (f11, f12, f13, ...) and (f21, f22, f23, ...), have no frequencies in common, then the two PN sequences are said to be orthogonal.

12. For coaxial cables, there are only a few standard values in common use. T 13. RF signals travel slower on a transmission line than they would through free space. T 14. Energy can "reflect" from a load at the end of a cable and travel back to the source. T 15. A "mismatched" line will cause reflections. T 16. The typical load on a cable, such as an antenna, has the same value at any frequency. F 17. A mismatched line between a transmitter and an antenna could actually damage the transmitter. T 18. A matched transmission line will exhibit "standing" waves. F 19. The optimum value for SWR is one. T 20. "Ghost" images on a cable TV indicate an impedance mismatch. T

Chapter 14: Transmission Lines TRUE/FALSE

21 If a cable is shorter than 1/16 of the signal's wavelength, it does not really behave as a transmission line. T 22. Shorted stubs radiate more energy than open stubs do. F 23. It is often better to measure SWR at the load rather than the source. T

1. A transmission line is a metallic cable. T 2. Coaxial cables are referred to as "unbalanced". T 3. "Balanced" means that both conductors are the same size. F 4. Twisted-pair telephone wire is a kind of transmission line. T 5. Cable resistance does not depend on frequency. F 6. Losses occur in the plastic dielectric of a transmission line. T 7. Basically, a transmission line looks like an inductor in series with a small resistor. F 8. Distributed parameters (inductance and capacitance) are characteristic of transmission lines. T 9. Transmission lines are often considered to be "lossless" at higher frequencies. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 10. The characteristic impedance of a cable depends mostly on the resistance of the wires. F 11. The value of the load at the end of a transmission line must be equal to or less than Z0. F 1. SWR stands for: a. Shorted Wave Radiation b. Sine Wave Response c. Shorted Wire Region d. none of the above 26. A circular graph called a "Jones" chart is commonly used to analyze transmission lines. F 27. There is no practical way to connect a balanced line to an unbalanced line. F 28. A 1/4 wavelength transmission line can be used as a transformer. T 29. When used, stubs are usually inserted in series with a transmission line. F 30. Slotted-lines are only useful at lower frequencies. F 24. The only limit to the power that a transmission line can carry is the heat from I2R losses. F 25. A length of transmission line can be used to match impedances at very high frequencies. T

2. TDR stands for: a. Total Distance of Reflection b. Time-Domain Reflectometer 3. An example of an unbalanced line is: a. a coaxial cable b. 300-ohm twin-lead TV cable

c. Time-Domain Response d. Transmission Delay Ratio c. an open-wire-line cable d. all of the above

14. A positive voltage pulse sent down a transmission line terminated with its characteristic impedance: a. would reflect as a positive pulse b. would reflect as a negative pulse c. would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a negative pulse d. would not reflect at all 15. A positive voltage-pulse sent down a transmission line terminated in an opencircuit: a. would reflect as a positive pulse b. would reflect as a negative pulse c. would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a negative pulse d. would not reflect at all 16. A non-optimum value for SWR will cause: a. standing waves c. higher voltage peaks on cable b. loss of power to load d. all of the above 17. VSWR stands for: a. variable SWR b. vacuum SWR c. voltage SWR d. none of the above

4. When analyzing a transmission line, its inductance and capacitance are considered to be: a. lumped c. equal reactances b. distributed d. ideal elements 5. As frequency increases, the resistance of a wire: a. increases c. stays the same b. decreases d. changes periodically 6. The effect of frequency on the resistance of a wire is called: c. the skin effect a. I2R loss b. the Ohmic effect d. there is no such effect 7. As frequency increases, the loss in a cable's dielectric: a. increases c. stays the same b. decreases d. there is no loss in a dielectric 8. The characteristic impedance of a cable depends on: a. the resistance per foot of the wire used b. the resistance per foot and the inductance per foot c. the resistance per foot and the capacitance per foot d. the inductance per foot and the capacitance per foot 9. For best matching, the load on a cable should be: c. equal to Z0 a. lower than Z0 b. higher than Z0 d. 50 ohms 10. The characteristic impedance of a cable: a. increases with length b. increases with frequency c. increases with voltage d. none of the above

18. The impedance "looking into" a matched line: a. is infinite c. is the characteristic impedance b. is zero d. 50 ohms 19. A Smith Chart is used to calculate: a. transmission line impedances b. propagation velocity c. optimum length of a transmission line d. transmission line losses 20. Compared to a 300-ohm line, the loss of a 50-ohm cable carrying the same power: a. would be less c. would be the same b. would be more d. cannot be compared 21. A balanced load can be connected to an unbalanced cable: a. directly c. by using a "balun" b. by using a filter d. cannot be connected 22. On a Smith Chart, you "normalize" the impedance by: a. assuming it to be zero c. multiplying it by 2 b. dividing it by 2 d. dividing it by Z0 23. The radius of the circle you draw on a Smith Chart represents: a. the voltage c. the impedance b. the current d. none of the above 24. The center of the Smith Chart always represents: a. zero c. the characteristic impedance b. one d. none of the above

11. The velocity factor of a cable depends mostly on: a. the wire resistance c. the inductance per foot b. the dielectric constant d. all of the above 12. A positive voltage pulse sent down a transmission line terminated in a shortcircuit: a. would reflect as a positive pulse b. would reflect as a negative pulse c. would reflect as a positive pulse followed by a negative pulse d. would not reflect at all 13. The optimum value for SWR is: a. zero c. as large as possible b. one d. there is no optimum value

25. A TDR is commonly used to: a. measure the characteristic impedance of a cable b. find the position of a defect in a cable c. replace a slotted-line d. all of the above COMPLETION 1. A cable that lacks symmetry with respect to ground is called ________. ANS: unbalanced 2. Parallel lines are usually operated as ________ lines since both wires are symmetrical with respect to ground. ANS: balanced 3. Normally, a transmission line is terminated with a load equal to its ________ impedance. ANS: characteristic 4. Twisted-pair cables are transmission lines for relatively ________ frequencies. ANS: low 5. To analyze a transmission line, it is necessary to use ________ parameters instead of lumped ones. ANS: distributed 6. The increase of a wire's resistance with frequency is called the ________ effect. ANS: skin 7. The increase of a wire's resistance with frequency is caused by the ________ field inside the wire. ANS: magnetic 8. Dielectrics become more ________ as the frequency increases. ANS: lossy 9. The inductance and capacitance of a cable are given per unit ________. ANS: length

14. SWR stands for ________-wave ratio. ANS: standing 15. The ideal value for SWR is ________. ANS: one 16. Transmission line impedances can be found using a ________ chart. ANS: Smith 17. Short transmission-line sections called ________ can be used as capacitors or inductors. ANS: stubs 18. Any cable that radiates energy can also ________ energy. ANS: absorb 19. A ________-dB loss in a cable means only half the power sent reaches the load. ANS: 3 20. It is often best to measure SWR at the ________ end of a cable. ANS: load 21. Besides heat from I2R, the power a cable can carry is limited by the ________ voltage of its dielectric. ANS: breakdown 22. To normalize an impedance on a Smith Chart, you divide it by ________. ANS: Z0 23.The ________ of a Smith Chart always represents the characteristic impedance. ANS: center 24. A ________ wavelength transmission line can be used a transformer. ANS: one-quarter 25. A slotted line is used to make measurements in the ________ domain. ANS: frequency SHORT ANSWER

10. Characteristic impedance is sometimes called ________ impedance. ANS: surge 11. A cable that is terminated in its characteristic impedance is called a ________ line. ANS: matched 12. A pulse sent down a cable terminated in a short-circuit will reflect with the ________ polarity. ANS: opposite 13. The apparently stationary pattern of waves on a mismatched cable is called a ________ wave. ANS: standing

1. A transmission line has 2.5 pF of capacitance per foot and 100 nH of inductance per foot. Calculate its characteristic impedance. ANS: Z0 = 200 ohms 2. Two wires with air as a dielectric are one inch apart. The diameter of the wire is .04 inch. Calculate, approximately, its characteristic impedance. ANS: 386 ohms 3. If a coaxial cable uses plastic insulation with a dielectric constant r = 2.6 , what is the velocity factor for the cable? ANS: 0.62

4. If a cable has a velocity factor of 0.8, how long would it take a signal to travel 3000 kilometers along the cable? ANS: 12.5 ms 5. If a cable has a velocity factor of 0.8, what length of cable is required for a 90 phase shift at 100 MHz? ANS: 0.6 meters 6. A cable has a VSWR of 10. If the minimum voltage along the cable is 20 volts, what is the maximum voltage along the cable? ANS: 200 volts 7. A lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms, but is terminated with a 75-ohm resistive load. What SWR do you expect to measure? ANS: 1.5 8. If a cable has an SWR of 1.5, what will be the absolute value of its voltage coefficient of reflection? ANS: 0.2 9. A generator matched to a line with a voltage coefficient of reflection equal to 0.2 transmits 100 watts into the line. How much power is actually absorbed by the load? ANS: 96 watts 10. Using a Smith Chart to analyze a 50-ohm cable, what would be the normalized value of an impedance equal to 200 + j50 ohms? ANS: 4 + j1

10. Radio waves, like all other waves, must travel through some sort of medium. F 11. An isotropic radiator radiates in one direction only. F 12. A "point source" would be an isotropic radiator. T 13. The wavefront of a point source radiator would be a sphere. T 14. Beyond some distance from the source, we can approximate a wavefront by assuming it is flat. T 15. The polarization of a plane wave is the direction of its magnetic field. F 16. Polarization is either vertical or horizontal. F 17. For best results, the transmitting and receiving antennas should have opposite polarizations. F 18. As radio waves travel outward, they are effectively attenuated by the "spreading out" of the wavefront. T 19. A power density of 100 10-9 W/m2 would be a strong radio signal. T 20. An antenna is a passive device. T 21. An antenna can have a gain specification greater than one. T 22. The power absorbed by a receiving antenna depends on its shape, not its size. F 23. Reflection of plane waves off a smooth surface is called "specular" reflection. T

Chapter 15: Radio-Wave Propagation TRUE/FALSE

24. Radio waves can be reflected, but not diffracted. F 25. Space waves work on a "line-of-sight" basis. T 26. Ground waves can follow the curvature of the earth to travel over the horizon. T

1. James Clerk Maxwell predicted radio waves in 1865 based on a set of equations he derived. T 2. Marconi demonstrated the existence of radio-waves in 1887. F 3. Electromagnetic radiation is in the form of TEM waves. T

27. Ground waves are not reliable because they are affected by bad weather. F 28. Because of refraction in ionized layers of air, sky waves appear to "bounce" off the sky and come back down to earth far from the source. T 29. Because of diffraction, radio waves can sometimes "bend" around a corner. T

4. Electromagnetic radiation is in the form of particles called photons. T 30. At gigahertz frequencies, radio waves are absorbed by the ionosphere. F 5. X rays are not electromagnetic radiation. F 6. Gamma rays are not electromagnetic radiation. F 7. Radio waves are electromagnetic radiation. T 8. Like light rays, Radio waves can be reflected. T 33. There is no effective way to compensate for fading. F 9. Free, empty space has a characteristic impedance of 377 ohms. T 31. Transmission of high-frequency (HF) radio waves is affected by "spots" on the surface of the sun. T 32. It's possible for a radio signal to be detected 1000 miles from the transmitter but not detected 500 miles from the transmitter. T

34. Communication by "bouncing" radio signals off the ionization trails of meteors is routinely done by some organizations. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Radio waves were first predicted mathematically by: a. Armstrong b. Hertz c. Maxwell 2. Radio waves were first demonstrated experimentally by: a. Armstrong b. Hertz c. Maxwell d. Marconi d. Marconi

14. EIRP stands for: a. the E and I fields of the Radiated Power b. the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power c. the Effective Internal Reflected Power d. the Electric-field Intensity of the Radiated Power 15. The "attenuation of free space" is due to: a. losses in the characteristic impedance of free space b. losses due to absorption in the upper atmosphere c. the decrease in energy per square meter due to expansion of the wavefront d. the decrease in energy per square meter due to absorption of the wavefront 16. Radio waves would most strongly reflect off: a. a flat insulating surface of the right size b. a flat dielectric surface of the right size c. a flat metallic surface of the right size d. a flat body of water 17. Radio waves sometimes "bend" around a corner because of: a. reflection b. diffusion c. refraction d. diffraction 18. Space waves are: a. line-of-sight b. reflected off the ionosphere c. same as sky waves d. radio waves used for satellite communications 19. Sky waves: a. are line-of-sight b. "bounce" off the ionosphere c. are same as space waves d. are radio waves used for satellite communications 20. Sky waves cannot be "heard": a. close to the transmitter b. far from the transmitter c. in the "silent" zone d. in the "skip" zone

3. The technology that made cell phones practical was: a. the microprocessor chip c. high-power microwave transmitters b. the miniature cell-site d. all of the above 4. Cell phones reduce much of the problems of mobile communications with: a. high power levels c. reuse of frequencies b. high antennas d. all of the above 5. Which of the following are electromagnetic: a. radio waves c. gamma waves b. light d. all of the above 6. The electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave are: a. perpendicular to each other b. perpendicular to the direction of travel 7. TEM stands for: a. Transverse Electromagnetic b. Transmitted Electromagnetic 8. In free space, radio waves travel at a speed of: a. 3 106 meters per second b. 300 106 meters per second c. both a and b d. none of the above

c. True Electromagnetic d. none of the above c. 3 10 miles per second d. 300 106 miles per second
6

9. Which is a possible polarization for an electromagnetic wave: a. vertical b. horizontal c. circular d. all of the above 10. Which polarization can be reasonably well received by a circularly polarized antenna: a. vertical b. horizontal c. circular d. all of the above 11. The number of circular polarization modes (directions) is: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. many 12. An antenna has "gain" as compared to: a. an isotropic radiator b. a vertically polarized radiator 13. Ground waves are most effective: a. below about 2 MHz b. above about 20 MHz c. a ground-wave antenna d. none of the above

21. A 20-dB reduction in the strength of a radio wave due to reflection is called: a. fading c. frequency diversity b. diffraction d. spatial diversity 22. "Ghosts" on a TV screen are an example of: a. fading c. multipath distortion b. diffraction d. cancellation due to reflection 23. A "repeater" is used to: a. send a message multiple times over a channel b. send a message over multiple channels at the same time c. extend the range of a radio communications system d. cancel the effects of fading

c. at microwave frequencies d. when using horizontally polarized waves

24. Cellular phone systems rely on: a. high power c. the radio horizon b. repeaters d. the reuse of frequencies 25. If the number of cell-phone users within a cell increases above some limit: a. the cell area is increased c. the power levels are increased b. the cell area is split d. the number of channels is reduced 26. As a cell-phone user passes from one cell to another: a. a "handoff" process occurs c. both cells will handle the call b. a "sectoring" process occurs d. nothing occurs 27. To receive several data streams at once, a CDMA spread-spectrum system uses: a. a "funnel" receiver c. multiple receivers b. a "rake" receiver d. none of the above 28. The troposphere is the: a. highest layer of the atmosphere b. middle layer of the atmosphere c. lowest layer of the atmosphere d. the most ionized layer of the atmosphere 29. Meteor-trail propagation is: a. used for radio telephony b. used to send data by radio COMPLETION 1. Radio waves were mathematically predicted by ________. ANS: Maxwell 2. Radio waves were first demonstrated by ________. ANS: Hertz 3. Radio waves are ________ electromagnetic waves. ANS: transverse 4. The propagation speed of radio waves in free space is ________ m/sec. ANS: 300 106 5. Electromagnetic radiation can be thought of as a stream of particles called ________. ANS: photons 6. Unlike sound or water waves, radio waves do not need a ________ to travel through. ANS: medium 7. The dielectric strength of clean dry air is about ________ volts per meter. ANS: 3 106 8. Waves from an ________source radiate equally in all directions. ANS: isotropic c. also called "ducting" d. not possible

9. The wavefront of a point source would have the shape of a ________ ANS: sphere 10. At a far distance from the source, a radio wavefront looks like a flat ________wave. ANS: plane 11. The polarization of a radio wave is the direction of its ________ field. ANS: electric 12. The electric field of a radio wave is ________ to its magnetic field. ANS: perpendicular 13. Both the electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave are ________ to its propagation direction. ANS: perpendicular 14. With ________ polarization, the direction of a radio wave's electric field rotates as it travels through space. ANS: circular 15. An antenna is said to have ________ in a certain direction if it radiates more power in that direction than in other directions. ANS: gain 16. The watts per square meter of a radio wave ________ as the wave-front moves through space. ANS: decrease 17. Reflection of plane-waves from a smooth surface is called ________ reflection. ANS: specular 18. ________ is the "bending" of radio waves as they travel across the boundary between two different dielectrics. ANS: Refraction 19. The process of ________ makes radio waves appear to "bend around a corner". ANS: diffraction 20. ________waves travel from transmitter to receiver in a "line-of-sight" fashion. ANS: Space 21.________ waves are vertically polarized radio waves that travel along the earth's surface. ANS: Ground 22. ________ waves are radio waves that "bounce off" the ionosphere due to refraction. ANS: Sky 23. The "fast fading" seen in mobile communications is caused by ________ waves interfering with direct waves. ANS: reflected

24. The ________ zone is a region where sky waves cannot be received. ANS: skip 25. "Ghosts" on a TV screen are an example of ________ distortion. ANS: multipath 26. Cell phones typically operate at a ________ power level. ANS: low 27. The ________ of frequencies allows many cell-phone users to share a geographical area. ANS: reuse 28. ________ is when a cell-site uses three directional antennas, each covering a third of the cell area, to reduce interference. ANS: Sectoring 29. The use of ________ chips makes cell phones a practical technology. ANS: microprocessor SHORT ANSWER 1. A certain dielectric has permittivity of 6. 3 1010 F/m and the same permeability as free space. What is the characteristic impedance of that dielectric? ANS: 45 ohms 2. If a point source of radio waves transmits 1 watt, what is the power density 10,000 meters from the source? ANS: 796 pW/ m2 3. What power must a point-source of radio waves transmit so that the power density at 3000 meters from the source is 1 W/ m2? ANS: 113 watts 4. If a radio receiver needs 1 nW/ m2 of power density to function, how far away from a 1-watt point source will it continue to work? ANS: 8.9 km 5. A line-of-sight radio link over flat terrain needs to use antenna towers 50 km apart. What, approximately, is the minimum height for the towers assuming all the towers are the same? ANS: 37 meters 6. A mobile radio is being used at 1 GHz in an urban environment with lots of reflecting structures. If the car is traveling 36 km/hour, what is the expected time between fades? ANS: 15 msec

Chapter 16: Antenna TRUE/FALSE 1. Antennas are considered to be active devices. F 2. Any antenna can transmit a signal as well as receive one. T 3. A half-wave dipole is an isotropic radiator. F 4. The "gain" of an antenna is often given as its performance relative to a half-wave dipole. T 5. A half-wave dipole is sometimes called a "Hertz" antenna. T 6. A "Hertzian Dipole" is a theoretical concept and not a real antenna. T 7. A half-wave dipole is actually 5% longer than half a wavelength. F 8. A half-wave dipole radiates uniformly in all directions. F 9. The horizontal radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole is symmetrical front and back. T 10. Compared to a point-source radiator, a half-wave dipole has gain. T 11. A half-wave dipole does not have directivity. F 12. In general, the near-field radiation pattern of an antenna is not the same as its far-field radiation pattern. T 13. The front-to-back ratio of a dipole is 0 dB. T 14. Antenna gain given in dBd is gain relative to a half-wave dipole. T 15. The input impedance of an antenna at resonance is infinity. F 16. A center-fed dipole antenna is a balanced load. T 17. The input impedance of a center-fed dipole increases as the separation between the cable connections is increased. T 18. The polarization of a dipole antenna is always horizontal. F 19. A folded dipole has a wider bandwidth than a simple dipole. T 20. A folded dipole has a higher input impedance than a simple dipole. T 21. There is actually no such thing as a "monopole" antenna. F 22. Vertical antennas typically need a ground plane. T 23. The earth itself can be a ground plane. T

24. The sheet-metal body of a car can be a ground plane. T 25. A helical antenna cannot receive vertically polarized radio waves. F 26. A helical antenna cannot receive horizontally polarized radio waves. F 27. A typical helical antenna can receive either clockwise or counterclockwise circularly polarized waves, but not both. T 28. An antenna must be resonant at the frequency it is transmitting or receiving. F 29. A nonresonant antenna can cause a high SWR in the transmission line connected to it. T 30. Any antenna will transmit radio waves as long as an RF current is flowing in it. T 31. A "loading coil" is used to make an antenna appear longer to a signal than its physical length. T 32. Antennas cannot be made to appear shorter to a signal than their actual physical length. F 33. A phased array is a driven array. T 34. A Yagi array is a "parasitic" array. T 35. A Yagi array is unidirectional. T 36. A Log-Periodic Dipole array is a "parasitic" array. F 37. A Log-Periodic Dipole array is unidirectional. T 38. A Turnstile array is unidirectional. F 39. Stacked Yagis form a phased array. T 40. A parabolic "dish" can be a reflector. T 41. A flat piece of metal can be a reflector. T 42. A piece of sheet metal bent at a 90 angle can be a reflector. T 43. A piece of thin metal tubing can be a reflector. T 44. Only certain types of antennas, such as "horns", can be used with a parabolic reflector. F 45. An anechoic chamber requires highly reflective surfaces.F MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The front-to-back ratio of a half-wave dipole antenna is: a. 0 dB b. 3 dB c. 10 dB d. infinite

2. A half-wave dipole is sometimes called: a. a Marconi antenna b. a Hertz antenna

c. a Yagi antenna d. none of the above

3. The end-to-end length of a half-wave dipole antenna is actually: a. one wavelength c. slightly longer than a half-wavelength b. one half-wavelength d. slightly shorter than a half-wavelength 4. The radiation of energy from an antenna can be seen in the: a. standing wave pattern around the antenna b. SWR along the feed cable c. radiation resistance of the antenna d. I2R loss of the antenna 5. Measured on the ground, the field strength of a horizontally polarized half-wave dipole antenna is strongest: a. in one direction c. in all directions b. in two directions d. depends on the number of elements 6. The ability of an antenna to radiate more energy in one direction than in other directions is called: a. directivity c. active antenna b. selectivity d. resonance 7. The real part of an antenna's input impedance is due to: a. the radiated signal c. the SWR b. the reflected signal d. all of the above 8. An antenna's beamwidth is measured: a. from +90 to 90 b. from front to back 9. ERP stands for: a. Equivalent Radiation Pattern b. Effective Radiation Pattern c. between half-power points d. between the minor side-lobes c. Equivalent Radiated Power d. Effective Radiated Power

10. "Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an antenna's radiation pattern caused by: a. radio signals reflecting off the ground b. buildings and other structures on the ground c. fading d. faulty connection of the feed cable ground 11. A 1-MHz monopole antenna must be: a. mounted vertically b. mounted horizontally c. at least one half-wavelength long d. at least one wavelength long

12. The typical antenna in an AM radio is a: a. dipole c. ferrite "loop-stick" b. folded dipole d. none of the above 13. The polarization of plane waves received from a satellite is changed by: a. gamma rays c. helical rotation b. Faraday Rotation d. the distance traveled

14. A nonresonant antenna: a. will not transmit b. will not receive

c. will cause SWR on the feed cable d. all of the above

4. The ________ resistance is the portion of an antenna's input impedance due to transmitted radio waves leaving the antenna. ANS: radiation 5. Input impedance at the center feed point of a resonant half-wave dipole is about ________ . ANS: 70 6. Input impedance at the center feed point of a resonant folded dipole is about ________ . ANS: 280 300 7. The vertical angle of radiation is called the angle of ________. ANS: elevation 8. Antenna radiation patterns are typically drawn on graphs with ________ coordinates. ANS: polar 9. As compared to a ________ source, a half-wave dipole has a gain of about 2 dBi. ANS: point, isotropic

15. At resonance, the input impedance to a lossless antenna should be: a. resistive b. inductive c. capacitive d. infinite 16. An antenna can be matched to a feed line using: a. a shorted stub c. an LC network b. a loading coil d. all of the above 17. As the length of a "long-wire" antenna is increased: a. the number of lobes increases c. efficiency decreases b. the number of nodes decreases d. none of the above 18. Arrays can be: a. phased b. driven c. parasitic d. all of the above

19. An array with one driven element, a reflector, and one or more directors is called a: a. Marconi c. Log-Periodic Dipole b. Yagi d. stacked array 20. LPDA stands for: a. Low-Power Dipole Array b. Low-Power Directed Array c. Log-Periodic Dipole Array d. Log Power Dipole Array

10. Antenna gain measured in ________ is with reference to a half-wave dipole. ANS: dBd 11. ________ is the same as the gain for a lossless antenna. ANS: Directivity 12. The front-to-back ratio of a half-wave dipole is ________ dB. ANS: 0 13. The ________ of a directional antenna is the angle between its half-power points. ANS: beamwidth 14. ERP stands for ________ radiated power. ANS: effective 15. ERP is the power input to the antenna multiplied by the antenna's ________. ANS: gain 16. A ________ is required to connect a coaxial cable to a center-fed dipole antenna. ANS: balun 17. A horizontally mounted dipole will radiate waves with ________ polarization. ANS: horizontal 18. A folded dipole has ________ bandwidth than a standard dipole. ANS: wider, greater, more 19. A monopole antenna is typically mounted in the ________ direction. ANS: vertical

21. The radiated beam from a parabolic "dish" transmitting antenna is: a. collimated b. phased c. dispersed d. none of the above 22. The energy picked up by a parabolic antenna is concentrated at the: a. center b. edges c. focus d. horn 23. Antennas are often tested in: a. an echo chamber b. an anechoic chamber c. a vacuum chamber d. an RF reflective chamber

24. Field strength at a distance from an antenna is measured with: a. a slotted line c. an EIRP meter b. a dipole d. a field-strength meter COMPLETION 1. An antenna is the interface between the transmission line and ________. ANS: space 2. Hertz antenna is another name for a half-wave ________. ANS: dipole 3. The length of a half-wave dipole is about ________% of a half-wave in free space. ANS: 95

20. The length of a typical monopole antenna is ________ wavelength. ANS: one-quarter, 1/4 21. A monopole antenna mounted high on a tower typically uses a ________ plane. ANS: ground 22. A vertical antenna has an ________ radiation pattern for ground-based receivers. ANS: omnidirectional 23. The number of driven elements in a Yagi antenna is typically ________. ANS: one 24. The reflector on a Yagi antenna is called a ________ element. ANS: parasitic 25. An LPDA is a ________ dipole array. ANS: log-periodic 26. If an LPDA had five elements, the number of driven elements it had would be ________. ANS: five 27. All the waves that hit the surface of a parabolic antenna merge at the ________. ANS: focus 28. A ________ beam has all its individual rays parallel to each other. ANS: collimated 29. A microwave ________ antenna is essentially an extension of a waveguide. ANS: horn 30. An ________ chamber is often used to test microwave antennas. ANS: anechoic SHORT ANSWER 1. Calculate the physical length of a half-wave dipole for use at 300 MHz. ANS: 475 millimeters 2. How much power will a 95% efficient antenna radiate if driven with 100 watts? ANS: 95 watts 3. If an antenna has 10.14 dB of gain compared to a point source, how much gain does it have compared to a half-wave dipole? ANS: 8 dB 4. A resonant antenna has an input impedance of 100 ohms and is driven by 100 watts. What is the RMS current in the antenna? ANS: 1 ampere

5. What is the ERP of an antenna with 10 dBd of gain and driven by one watt? ANS: 10 watts 6. A resonant antenna has an input impedance of 100 ohms and is driven by 100 watts. What is the RMS voltage at the feed-point of the antenna? ANS: 100 volts

Chapter 17: Microwave Devices TRUE/FALSE 1. By convention, microwave frequencies are 1 GHz and above. T 2. Transmission line losses decrease at microwave frequencies. F 3. Semiconductor transit time can be ignored at microwave frequencies. F 4. Leads on semiconductor devices have significant inductance at microwave frequencies. T 5. Waveguides are essentially pipes through which electromagnetic fields propagate. T 6. Waveguides act as low-pass frequency filters for microwaves. F 7. Waveguides often have significant radiation loss. F 8. Waveguides do not have significant dielectric losses. T 9. Multimode propagation causes dispersion of a pulse as it travels through a waveguide. T 10. Usually, a waveguide should use only one mode of propagation. T 11. Single-mode propagation causes some dispersion of a pulse as it travels through a waveguide. T 12. Typically, waveguides carry TEM waves. F 13. In a rectangular waveguide, TE10 is the dominant mode. T 14. Circular waveguides are possible, but are not used in practice. F 15. The cutoff frequency for a rectangular waveguide depends on the longer dimension of its cross section. T 16. Group velocity is how fast a signal travels through a waveguide. T 17. Group velocity is significantly less than the speed of light. T 18. Phase velocity is another term for group velocity. F

19. Group velocity increases as the signal frequency increases. T 20. Guide wavelength is calculated using the phase velocity. T 21. Guide wavelength is always shorter than free-space wavelength. F 22. Phase velocity in a waveguide is always greater than the speed of light. T 23. Waveguide impedance is a function of frequency. T 24. Waveguide impedance is always equal to or less than 377 ohms. F 25. Impedance matching on a waveguide can be done with a brass screw. T 26. At microwave frequencies, a cavity in a piece of metal acts like an LC circuit. T

45. A parabolic dish is commonly used with a "horn". T 46. A horn is a type of impedance matcher. T 47. A horn is a type of antenna. T 48. A piece of Teflon in front of a horn can act as a lens. T 49. All radar devices rely on the Doppler effect. F 50. Radar has a maximum range, but no minimum range. F 51. Radar can discriminate between two targets that are in the same "line-of-sight". T 52. Absorption and scattering by a target can reduce the effectiveness of radar. T

27. Resonant cavities cannot be tuned.F 28. An isolator uses multiple ports to separate signals. F 29. Circulators rely on the magnetic properties of ferrites. T 30. A Gunn device contains a P-N junction. F 31. A Gunn device uses its transit time to produce microwave oscillations. T 32. A Gunn device uses "negative resistance" to produce microwave oscillations. T 33. An IMPATT diode is often a 4-layer device. T 34. The frequency of oscillation of an IMPATT diode depends on its physical dimensions. T 35. The frequency of oscillation of an IMPATT diode depends on the resonant cavity it is in. T 36. A YIG oscillator cannot be tuned. F 37. A magnetron is actually a type of vacuum tube. T 38. A magnetron is a high-power fixed-frequency oscillator. T 39. A magnetron is easily tuned. F 40. A klystron is a vacuum tube device used for high-stability amplification of microwave signals. T 41. Klystrons can produce power in the megawatt range. T 42. Traveling-wave tubes can oscillate, but not amplify. F 43. Traveling-wave tubes are distinguished by their wide bandwidths. T 44. A parabolic dish, like a dipole, is a type of antenna. F 7. The characteristic impedance of a waveguide: a. is fixed b. depends on the frequency it carries c. depends on the longer dimension of its cross section d. both b and c 8. Power can be coupled into or out of a waveguide: a. with a magnetic field probe c. through a hole in the waveguide b. with an electric field probe d. all of the above 9. Directional couplers for waveguides are characterized by: a. their insertion loss c. their directivity b. their coupling specification d. all of the above 3. The dominant mode of a waveguide depends on: a. the shape of the waveguide c. the point of signal injection b. the power level of the signal d. none of the above 4. The dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide is: a. TE01 b. TM 01 c. TE10 5. The dominant mode of a circular waveguide is: a. TE 01 b. TM 01 c. TE11 6. Circular waveguides use TM 01 mode because: a. it is dominant b. of its circular symmetry d. TM10 d. TM11 c. it is the only mode possible d. it is more efficient 2. The UHF range is: a. below the microwave range b. inside the microwave range c. above the microwave range d. same as the microwave range MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The microwave frequency range is considered to start at: a. 100 MHz b. 1 GHz c. 10 GHz d. 100 GHz

10. Striplines and microstrips are used to: a. couple sections of waveguide b. couple waveguides to antennas c. couple components on a circuit board d. none of the above 11. A resonant cavity is a type of: a. tuned circuit b. defect in a waveguide c. antenna d. none of the above

22. The device commonly used in UHF transmitters is the: a. TWT b. klystron c. magnetron 23. A microwave phased array is often made using: a. slots b. Yagis c. Fresnel lenses 24. RADAR stands for: a. radio ranging b. radio depth and ranging 25. RADAR uses: a. pulsed transmission b. continuous transmission

d. YIG d. all of the above

c. radio detection and ranging d. remote detection and ranging c. the Doppler effect d. all of the above

12. A TEE connector used with waveguides is: a. an H-plane TEE c. a "magic" TEE b. an E-plane TEE d. all of the above 13. TWT stands for: a. Transverse Wave Transmission b. Transverse-Wave Tube c. Traveling-Wave Tube d. Traveling-Wave Transmission

14. An "isolator" is a device that: a. isolates frequencies in a waveguide b. allows a signal to pass in one direction only c. separates signals among various ports d. prevents microwaves from leaking out of a waveguide 15. A "circulator" is a device that: a. rotates signal polarity in a waveguide b. allows a signal to pass in one direction only c. separates signals among various ports d. prevents microwaves from being "trapped" in a waveguide 16. GaAs stands for: a. gallium arsenide b. gallium assembly 17. IMPATT stands for: a. impact avalanche and transit time b. induced mobility at transmission time c. implied power at transmission terminal d. none of the above 18. YIG stands for: a. Yttrium-Iron-Gallium b. Yttrium-Iron-Germanium 19. A YIG can be tuned by applying: a. an electric field b. a magnetic field c. Yttrium-Iron-Garnet d. none of the above c. mechanical pressure d. an "exciter" signal d. YIG d. YIG

26. The maximum effective range for pulsed radar: a. increases with increasing repetition rate b. decreases with increasing repetition rate c. decreases with increasing pulse period d. none of the above 27. The minimum effective range for pulsed radar: a. increases with increasing pulse duration b. decreases with increasing pulse duration c. is always a tenth of the maximum range d. none of the above COMPLETION 1. ________ is the effect of a pulse "spreading out" as it travels through a waveguide. ANS: Dispersion

c. gallium astenite d. none of the above

2. The electric field is ________ along the walls of a rectangular waveguide. ANS: zero 3. The waveguide mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is the ________ mode. ANS: dominant 4. In TE10 mode, the ________ field peaks in the middle of the waveguide cross section. ANS: electric 5. In TE20 mode, the electric field has ________ peaks in the waveguide cross section. ANS: two 6. In a circular waveguide, ________ mode is used because of its circular symmetry. ANS: TM01 7. A waveguide acts as a ________-pass filter. ANS: high

20. The device commonly used in microwave ovens is the: a. TWT b. klystron c. magnetron 21. The device commonly used in satellite communications is the: a. TWT b. klystron c. magnetron

8. In a waveguide, group velocity is always ________ than the speed of light. ANS: slower 9. In a waveguide, phase velocity is always ________than the speed of light. ANS: faster 10. In a waveguide, impedance ________ as frequency increases. ANS: decreases 11. A ________ TEE is a combination of E-plane and H-plane TEES. ANS: hybrid 12. The Q of a resonant cavity is very ________ compared to lumped LC circuits. ANS: high 13. A wavemeter is a resonant ________ with an adjustable plunger. ANS: cavity 14. A Gunn device oscillates because of its negative ________. ANS: resistance 15. Both magnetrons and TWTs are slow ________ tubes. ANS: wave 16. Both klystrons and TWTs are ________-beam tubes. ANS: linear 17. A ________ antenna is just a waveguide with a hole in it. ANS: slot 18. A ________ antenna is a flat piece of copper on an insulating substrate with a ground plane on the other side. ANS: patch 19. The radar cross section of a target is typically ________ than its actual size. ANS: smaller 20. The frequency of the returned signal will be ________ than the transmitted signal if the target is moving toward the radar antenna. ANS: higher SHORT ANSWER

4. Calculate the phase velocity in a waveguide carrying a signal that is twice its cutoff frequency. ANS: 346 106 meters per second 5. Calculate the wavelength of a 2-GHz signal in a waveguide with a 1-GHz cutoff frequency. ANS: 173 millimeters 6. Find the maximum unambiguous range for a pulsed radar sending 10k pulses per second. ANS: 15 km 7. Find the minimum unambiguous range for a pulsed radar sending 2-sec duration pulses. ANS: 300 meters

Chapter 18: Terrestrial Microwave Communication Systems TRUE/FALSE 1. Microwave links are still used to carry telephone signals. T 2. Microwave links carry analog data only. F 3. Microwave links carry video signals for television. T 4. Microwave links are point-to-point. T 5. Microwave links are always "multi-hop". F 6. Microwave links are line-of-sight. T 7. Because of reliability, microwave links typically suffer about one hour of "downtime" a month. F 8. Microwave systems should use as few repeaters as possible. T 9. In analog microwave systems, additional links add to the noise level. T 10. In digital microwave systems, additional links have no negative affects. F

1. Calculate the TE10 cutoff frequency for a rectangular waveguide if the longer dimension of its cross section is 5 cm. ANS: 3 GHz 2. Calculate the group velocity in a waveguide carrying a signal that is twice its cutoff frequency. ANS: 260 106 meters per second 3. Find the gain in dBi of a 10-GHz horn antenna with dE = dH = 60 mm. ANS: 14.8

11. Microwave links typically use power levels under 10 watts. T 12. The "line-of-sight" distance for microwaves is about a third longer than it is for visible light. T 13. Diffraction is not an issue with microwave links. F 14. Antenna height for microwave links must be below the "Fresnel zone". F

15. For analog microwave systems, the carrier-to-noise ratio must exceed a certain minimum. T 16. For microwave links, it is more convenient to use noise temperature than noise figure. T 17. For digital microwave links, energy per bit is a key parameter. T 18. An Eb / N0 ratio of about 3 dB is sufficient for most digital microwave links. F 19. Above 10 GHz, fading due to rain is not a problem. F 20. One cause of fading in a microwave system is "ducting". T 21. Compensation for fading due to multipath reception is usually done using "diversity". T 22. Diversity can be achieved by mounting two antennas on a tower, one above the other. T 23. Diversity can be achieved by using two microwave frequencies. T 24. Repeaters typically receive a signal and retransmit it on the same frequency. F 25. Analog microwave repeaters can be either "baseband" or "IF" repeaters. T 26. MMDS systems are bidirectional. F 27. LMDS systems are bidirectional. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Another term for a single microwave link is a: a. section b. hop c. skip 2. Microwave systems use: a. FM b. SSB c. QAM d. jump d. all of the above d. 99.99%

8. Too much antenna gain causes: a. a very narrow microwave beam b. a very wide microwave beam

c. excessive noise d. jitter

9. The microwave signal path should clear obstacles by at least: a. 60% of the Faraday zone c. 60% of the height of the antenna tower b. 60% of the Fresnel zone d. 60% of the highest obstacle height 10. Satisfactory performance of an analog microwave system is defined as: a. a carrier-to-noise ratio that exceeds a given value b. an ERP level that exceeds a given value c. an energy-per-hertz level that exceeds a given value d. none of the above 11. Satisfactory performance of a digital microwave system requires a: a. low level of transmitted power b. high level of ERP c. good energy per bit per transmitted Watt ratio d. good energy per bit per noise density ratio 12. Fading is caused by: a. multipath reception b. attenuation due to weather c. ducting d. all of the above

13. The effects of fading due to multipath reception are often reduced using: a. diversity b. power c. high-gain antennas d. all of the above 14. Repeaters are used in a microwave system: a. always b. when distance exceeds line-of-sight 15. Microwave repeaters can be: a. IF type b. baseband type c. above 10 GHz d. below 10 GHz

c. regenerative type d. all of the above

16. An advantage of digital techniques over analog in a microwave system is: a. less bandwidth is required c. it requires less power b. accumulation of noise is reduced d. all of the above 17. MMDS stands for: a. Multichannel Microwave Distribution System b. Multipoint Microwave Distribution System c. Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System d. Multiple Microwave Distribution Systems 18. LMDS stands for: a. Local Microwave Distribution System b. Local Multipoint Distribution System c. Local Multichannel Distribution System d. Low-power Microwave Distribution System 19. LMDS is: a. bidirectional b. unidirectional c. multidirectional d. none of the above

3. The typical reliability of a microwave system is: a. 90% b. 99% c. 99.9%

4. A typical microwave system uses a transmitted power of about: a. 2 watts b. 20 watts c. 200 watts d. none of the above 5. In analog microwave systems, additional repeaters increase the: a. reliability b. noise level c. jitter d. all of the above 6. In digital microwave systems, additional repeaters increase the: a. reliability b. noise level c. jitter d. all of the above 7. LOS stands for: a. Loss Of Skip b. Loss Of Signal c. Line-Of-Sight d. Line-Of-Signal

COMPLETION 1. One microwave link is called a _________. ANS: hop 2. STL stands for _________-to-transmitter links. ANS: studio 3. A typical microwave system has about one hour per _________ or less of downtime. ANS: year 4. Adding more links causes _________ in a digital microwave system. ANS: jitter 5. In microwave systems, it is more convenient to use noise _________ than noise figure in calculations. ANS: temperature 6. In digital microwave systems, the energy per bit per _________ is a key parameter. ANS: noise density 7. Multipath reception can cause 20 dB or more of _________. ANS: fading 8. Two antennas stacked one above the other on a tower is an example of _________ diversity in a microwave system. ANS: space 9. The ability to use two frequencies simultaneously is an example of _________. ANS: diversity 10. Microwave systems generally use less than _________ watts of power. ANS: ten 11. _________ are necessary in a microwave system that extends beyond the lineof-sight distance. ANS: Repeaters 12. Analog microwave systems use both IF and _________ repeaters. ANS: baseband 13. Microwave digital radio techniques reduce the accumulation of _________ as a signal goes from link to link. ANS: noise 14. MMDS is unidirectional, but _________ is bidirectional. ANS: LMDS

SHORT ANSWER 1. If the line-of-sight distance for an optical beam is 12 km, what would it be, approximately, for a microwave beam? ANS: 16 km 2. A line-of-sight microwave link operating at 4 GHz has a separation of 40 km between antennas. An obstacle in the path is located midway between the two antennas. By how much must the beam clear the obstacle? ANS: 16.4 meters 3. A transmitter and receiver operating at 1 GHz are separated by 10 km. How many dBm of power gets to the receiver if the transmitter puts out 1 Watt, and both the sending and receiving antennas have a gain of 20 dBi? ANS: 42.4 dBm 4. A microwave system has a feed-line loss of 2 dB and sees a sky temperature of 150 K. Calculate the noise temperature of the antenna/feed-line system referenced to the receiver input. ANS: 201 K 5. A microwave receiver receives 60 dBm of signal. The noise power is 100 dBm. What is the carrier-to-noise power ratio? ANS: 40 dB

Chapter 19: Television TRUE/FALSE 1. Video systems form pictures by a scanning process. T 2. The NTSC system is used in North America. T 3. The NTSC system is used in Europe. F 4. The NTSC system is used in Japan. T 5. The PAL system is no longer used in much of the world. F 6. The SECAM system is used in Europe. T 7. In North America, TV uses 60 frames a second. F 8. NTSC systems use an interlaced scan. T 9. The standard TV aspect ratio is 5:3. F 10. The electron beam in a TV CRT is blanked during horizontal retrace. T 11. The electron beam in a TV CRT is blanked during vertical retrace. T

12. The standard analog TV signal is called composite video. T 13. A few commercial TV stations broadcast RGB video. F

37. The accelerating voltage applied to the CRT in a TV receiver is several thousand volts. T 38. Color TVs use a higher accelerating voltage than do monochrome receivers. T

14. Most color monitors for personal computers use RGB video. T 39. The CRTs commonly used in TV receivers use electrostatic deflection. F 15. The luminance signal controls the brightness of a scan line. T 40. The "yoke" is part of the deflection circuit. T 16. The standard synchronization for TV is called positive sync. F 41. Color TV receivers do not have a "raster". F 17. The sync pulses are said to be "blacker than black". T 42. There is very high voltage at the flyback transformer in a TV receiver. T 18. The negative peak of a video signal occurs during a sync pulse.T 19. The peak video signal occurs at the blanking level. F 20. The duration of the vertical blanking pulse identifies which picture field is present. F 21. Closed-caption signals can be sent during the vertical blanking time. T 22. Horizontal and vertical resolution in a TV system are determined in the same way. F 23. The resolution seen by a viewer depends to a certain extent on the TV receiver. T 24. Horizontal resolution is equal to the number of visible scan lines. F 25. Resolution is proportional to bandwidth. T 26. Because of the way people perceive color, any color can be made with red, green, and blue. T 27. NTSC color television is not compatible with NTSC monochrome television. F 28. In an NTSC color TV system, luminance is derived from the RGB signals. T 29. Horizontal resolution for color in NTSC is much less than it is for luminance. T 54. Digital encoding and compression play a significant role in HDTV. T 30. NTSC uses a suppressed-carrier system to add color information to the video signal. T 31. NTSC uses a type of amplitude modulation for the video signal. T 32. A standard video broadcast channel is about 4.5 MHz wide. F MULTIPLE CHOICE 33. The audio signal in NTSC video uses FM. T 34. Color NTSC receivers use a "color-burst" oscillator to create the color signals. F 35. A standard broadcast video signal reaches zero level twice per frame. F 36. An analog television receiver uses a type of superheterodyne circuit. T 1. NTSC stands for: a. National Television Systems Commission b. National Television Systems Committee c. National Television Systems Council d. Nippon Television Systems Commission 55. The FCC has set the phase-out of analog TV broadcasting for the year 2006. T 56. Color CRTs emit X rays. T 46. In a color CRT, "purity" means each electron beam hits the correct color phosphor. T 47. "Aquadag" is a color phosphor. F 48. "Ultor" is a color phosphor. F 49. In a CATV system, the main antenna is at the "head end". T 50. Like a PSTN central office, the typical CATV system is configured as a star network. F 51. Noninterlaced scanning is called "progressive" scanning. T 52. HDTV uses the same aspect ratio as standard NTSC. F 53. An HDTV signal cannot fit into the bandwidth of a standard broadcast TV channel. F 43. Most of the supply voltages in a TV receiver come from the horizontal output transformer. T 44. A typical color CRT contains three electron guns. T 45. A typical monochrome CRT contains a "shadow mask". F

2. The NTSC specification was drawn up by the: a. FCC b. IRE c. EIA 3. RGB stands for: a. Red-Green Burst b. Red-Green Brightness

d. IEEE

c. Red-Green Bandwidth d. Red-Green-Blue d. 1250 d. 60 d. 60 d. 625 : 525 d. raster d. NTSC units

4. The number of scan lines in an NTSC signal is: a. 525 b. 625 c. 1024 5. The number of NTSC frames sent per second is: a. 25 b. 30 c. 50 6. The number of NTSC fields sent per second is: a. 25 b. 30 c. 50 7. The aspect ratio of a standard TV receiver is: a. 3 : 4 b. 4 : 3 c. 525 : 625 8. Luminance refers to: a. brightness b. contrast c. chroma c. IRE units

17. In a color TV receiver, Y I Q refers to: a. luminance signal, in-phase color component, quadrature phase color component b. composite color signal, in-phase color component, quadrature phase color component c. composite video signal, in-phase video component, quadrature video color component d. a method of demodulating stereo sound 18. The modulation used for the video signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver is: a. SSB c. suppressed-carrier AM b. vestigial sideband AM d. FM 19. The modulation used for the audio signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver is: a. SSB c. suppressed-carrier AM b. vestigial sideband AM d. FM 20. The modulation used for the chroma signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver is: a. SSB c. suppressed-carrier AM b. vestigial sideband AM d. FM 21. The function of the "color burst" is to: a. detect the presence of a color video signal b. regenerate the color sub-carrier c. to synchronize the color demodulation line by line d. all of the above 22. SAP stands for: a. separate audio program b. separate audio pulse c. sync amplitude pulse d. sync audio pulse

9. Luminance is measured in: a. foot-candles b. lumins

10. The maximum luminance level is called: a. max white c. all white b. peak white d. whiter than white 11. The blanking level corresponds to a luminance of: a. white c. whiter than white b. black d. blacker than black 12. The sync pulse level corresponds to a luminance of: a. white c. whiter than white b. black d. blacker than black 13. The vertical blanking pulse is serrated to: a. maintain horizontal sync c. equalize the DC level b. maintain vertical sync d. all of the above 14. When measured in lines, horizontal resolution: a. is greater than vertical resolution b. is about the same as vertical resolution c. is less than vertical resolution d. horizontal resolution is not measured in lines 15. The smallest picture element is called a: a. dot b. pic c. pixel d. none of the above

23. The horizontal output transformer is also called: a. the isolation transformer c. the flyback transformer b. the video transformer d. the yoke 24. Compared to a monochrome CRT, the accelerating voltage on a color CRT is: a. about the same c. much lower b. much higher d. color CRTs use magnetic acceleration 25. Deflection in CRTs used in TV receivers is done: a. magnetically for both vertical and horizontal b. electrostatically for both vertical and horizontal c. electrostatically for vertical and magnetically for horizontal d. magnetically for vertical and electrostatically for horizontal 26. AFPC stands for: a. allowed full picture chroma b. automatic frequency and phase control c. automatic frequency and picture control d. none of the above

16. Compared to the luminance signal, the horizontal resolution for color is: a. much greater c. much less b. about the same d. resolution does not apply to color

COMPLETION 1. ________ is a conductive coating on both the inside and outside of the CRT in a TV. ANS: Aquadag 2. The ________ standard for TV has been in use since 1953. ANS: NTSC 3. Video systems form pictures by a ________ process. ANS: scanning 4. During the horizontal blanking interval, the electron beam ________ from right to left. ANS: retraces 5. The NTSC specifies a ________ video signal. ANS: composite 6. The ________ ratio of a CRT screen is the ratio of width to height. ANS: aspect 7. Brightness information is called ________. ANS: luma, luminance 8. Color information is called ________. ANS: chroma, chrominance 9. The blanking period before the sync pulse is called the front ________. ANS: porch 10. Odd and even fields are identified by the ________of the vertical sync pulse. ANS: position 11. Each horizontal scan line takes ________ microseconds, not including blanking. ANS: 62.5 12. Horizontal blanking lasts ________ microseconds. ANS: 10 13. Vertical blanking lasts about ________ milliseconds. ANS: 1.3 14. Picture elements are called ________. ANS: pixels 15. The maximum number of scan lines under NTSC is ________. ANS: 525 16. The human eye is most sensitive to the color ________. ANS: green 17. The color sub-carrier frequency is approximately ________ MHz. ANS: 3.58

18. SAP stands for ________ audio program. ANS: separate 19. The second anode of a CRT is often called the ________. ANS: ultor 20. The accelerating voltage for a color CRT is about ________ kV. ANS: 20 to 30 21. The inside of a CRT's face-plate is coated with ________ to generate the picture. ANS: phosphor 22. The horizontal output transformer is called the ________ transformer. ANS: flyback 23. A good way to separate luma from chroma is to use a ________ filter. ANS: comb 24. The color ________ turns off the color circuitry when a color TV is receiving a monochrome signal. ANS: killer 25. Signal levels in cable TV systems are usually measured in ________. ANS: dBmV 26. The antenna for a CATV system is located at the ________ end. ANS: head 27. A ________ shows a color-bar signal with predetermined levels and phases. ANS: vectorscope 28. Color intensity is called ________. ANS: saturation 29. The ________ of the chroma signal represents the color hue. ANS: phase 30. The ________ controls in a color TV adjust the electron beams to strike the correct color phosphor dots. ANS: purity 31. The ________ controls in a color TV adjust the electron beams to strike the correct triad of phosphor dots. ANS: convergence

Chapter 20: Satellite Communications TRUE/FALSE 1. Communications satellites could be just passive reflectors. T

2. A typical communications satellite can cover half of the earth's surface. F 3. Most communications satellites are in a geosynchronous orbit. T

25. Conventional analog satellite transponders cannot be used with digital data signals. F 26. It is possible to transmit signals from one satellite to another. T

4. Most communications satellites are in a geostationary orbit. T 5. "Geostationary" means the same thing as "geosynchronous". F 6. A geosynchronous orbit is about 3,600 km above the equator. F 7. Signals from satellites in a geosynchronous orbit suffer a great deal of free-space attenuation. T 8. It is easier to reach a geosynchronous satellite from higher northern latitudes. F 30. LEO communications satellite systems have been a great commercial success. F 9. At the frequencies satellites use, the ionosphere has negligible effect. T 10. The closer a satellite is to earth, the faster the velocity it needs to stay in orbit. T 11. In the Northern Hemisphere, an antenna must face south to reach a satellite. T 12. You cannot communicate with a geosynchronous satellite from the Southern Hemisphere. F 13. You cannot communicate with a geosynchronous satellite from the South Pole. T 14. Typically, ground antennas must be movable to "track" a geosynchronous satellite. F 15. The azimuth and elevation needed for an antenna to "see" a certain satellite depend on the location of the antenna on the ground. T 16. The power in the uplink signal to a typical communications satellite is in the range of 50 to 240 watts. F 17. The power in the downlink signal from a typical communications satellite is in the range of 10 to 250 watts per transponder. T 18. The EIRP of a satellite depends on the gain of its antenna. T 19. The EIRP of a satellite is the same anywhere reception is possible. F 20. It takes over half a second for a signal to go from point A to point B and back again via geostationary satellite. T 21. The useful life of a communications satellite is over when it runs out of fuel. T 22. The maximum useful life of a communications satellite is about three years. F 23. Using the C band for satellites may conflict with terrestrial microwave communications. T 24. Ku-band antennas can be smaller than C-band antennas. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The height of the geosynchronous orbit above the equator is about: a. 3,578 km c. 357,800 km b. 35,780 km d. depends on satellite velocity 2. The high and low points of a satellite's orbit are called, respectively,: a. apogee and perigee c. uplink and downlink b. perigee and apogee d. downlink and uplink 3. The area on the earth that is "covered" by a satellite is called its: a. earth station c. footprint b. downlink d. plate 4. The velocity required to stay in orbit: a. is constant b. is zero (freefall) c. is lower close to the earth than far from the earth d. is higher close to the earth than far from the earth 5. An antenna is aimed by adjusting the two "look angles" called: a. azimuth and elevation c. declination and elevation b. azimuth and declination d. apogee and perigee 6. The power per transponder of a typical Ku-band satellite is in the range: a. 5 to 25 watts c. 500 to 2500 watts b. 50 to 250 watts d. depends on its orbit 7. The power level for an earth station to transmit to a satellite is on the order of: a. 101 watts b. 102 watts c. 103 watts d. 104 watts 8. The "payload" on a communications satellite consists of: a. transponders b. batteries c. solar cells 9. "Station-keeping" refers to: a. antenna maintenance b. power-level adjustments d. all of the above 27. In practice, the beamwidth of a parabolic reflector is independent of its diameter. F 28. Communications satellites are particularly well suited to long-distance telephony. F 29. With TDMA, more than one hundred earth stations can use the same satellite transponder. T

c. orbital adjustments d. none of the above

10. DBS stands for: a. decibels of signal b. down-beam signal 11. LNA stands for: a. low-noise amplifier b. low north angle

c. direct-broadcast system d. direct-broadcast satellite c. low-noise amplitude d. low-noise array d. EIRP drop

3. The _________ is the signal path from the earth station to the satellite. ANS: uplink 4. The _________ is the signal path from the satellite to the earth station. ANS: downlink 5. Non-geostationary satellites are sometimes called _________satellites. ANS: orbital 6. A geosynchronous orbit is about _________ km above the earth. ANS: 35,780

12. A reduction in TWT power for linearity is called: a. backdown b. backoff c. power-down 13. TVRO stands for: a. television receive only b. television repeater only 14. TDMA stands for: a. transponder-directed multiple antennas b. television distribution master antenna c. time-division multiple access d. transmit delay minimum aperture 15. VSAT stands for: a. video satellite b. video signal antenna terminal

c. television remote origin d. none of the above

7. A satellite in geosynchronous orbit takes _________ hours to complete one orbit. ANS: 24 8. All satellite orbits are _________ in shape. ANS: elliptical 9. The _________ is the distance of a satellite's closest approach to the earth. ANS: perigee

c. very small antenna terminal d. very small aperture terminal

10. The _________ is a satellite's farthest distance from the earth. ANS: apogee 11. An antenna's _________ is its angular direction between east and west. ANS: azimuth 12. An antenna's _________ is its vertical angle with respect to the earth's surface. ANS: elevation

16. On the uplink from a terminal, a VSAT system uses: a. high power to a small antenna c. low power to a large antenna b. low power to a small antenna d. LEO satellites 17. A typical VSAT system is configured as a: a. star b. mesh c. ring 18. LEO stands for: a. long elliptic orbit b. low-earth orbit d. repeater

13. An antenna's _________ is the angle by which it is offset from the earth's axis. ANS: declination c. lateral earth orbit d. longitudinal earth orbit 14. Satellites using the _________ band operate on 12 GHz. ANS: Ku 15. The time for a signal to make a round trip via satellite is about _________ milliseconds. ANS: 500 16. A _________ is a type of repeater used on communications satellites. ANS: transponder 17. Both the gain and the beamwidth of a dish antenna depend on its _________. ANS: diameter 18. VSAT systems commonly use a _________ network configuration. ANS: star 19. To date, LEO satellite systems have been a financial _________. ANS: failure

19. For real-time communication, LEO systems require: a. a constellation of satellites c. very high power b. tracking dish antennas d. all of the above 20. The frequency bands used by Ku-band satellites are: a. 4 GHz and 6 GHz c. 20 GHz and 30 GHz b. 12 GHz and 14 GHz d. none of the above COMPLETION 1. A _________ is an outline of the area on the earth's surface that a satellite broadcasts to. ANS: footprint 2. A satellite in a _________ orbit appears to stay directly above one spot on the equator. ANS: geostationary

20. C-band antennas are _________ than Ku-band antennas. ANS: larger SHORT ANSWER 1. A receiving antenna with a gain of 44.4 dBi looks at a sky with a noise temperature of 15 K. The loss between the output of the antenna and the input of the LNA is 0.4 dB, and the LNA has a noise temperature of 40 K. Calculate the G/T. ANS: 25 dB 2. A receiver has a noise figure of 1.7 dB. Find its equivalent noise temperature. ANS: 139 K. 3. A receiving antenna with a G/T of 25 dB is used to receive signals from a satellite 38,000 km away. The satellite has a 100-watt transmitter and an antenna with a gain of 30 dBi. The signal has a bandwidth of 1 MHz at a frequency of 12 GHz. Calculate the C/N at the receiver. ANS: 38 dB

14. In AMPS, some control functions are done over the voice channels. T 15. Paging signals are sent over voice channels in AMPS. F 16. For efficient handoff, an optimum cell-site radius is a bit less than 0.5 km. F 17. With AMPS, a cell phone can receive a voice channel and a control channel simultaneously. F 18. "Blank-and-burst" control signaling is done over the voice channel. T 19. There is no encryption in AMPS. T 20. The MIN represents the 10-digit phone-number of the cell phone. T 21. The MIN is stored in the NAM. T 22. If used, the ESN must be keyed in by the cell phone user. F 23. Both the ESN and the MIN are required for proper billing. T 24. The power a cell phone transmits is controlled by the land station. T

Chapter 21: Cellular Radio 25. It is possible to have a "collision" when two cell phones try to use the same control channel at the same time. T TRUE/FALSE 26. The DCC is used to tell a cell phone it is "roaming". F 1. AMPS was the original mobile phone system in America. F 27. With AMPS, handoffs always involve a change in the voice channel. T 2. AMPS is an analog system. T 28. With AMPS, handoffs result in a 100-msec interruption of the voice signal. T 3. AMPS is a circuit-switched system. T 29. The AMPS system was designed to ensure privacy. F 4. Originally, only one carrier was allowed to operate an AMPS system in any given region. F 5. High path loss makes it easier to reduce interference in a cellular system. T 6. Adjacent cell sites usually have some overlap. T 7. Portable handheld cell phones have a maximum ERP of 4 watts. F 8. All cell sites in a region are connected to a central office. T 9. AMPS provides for direct cell phone-to-cell phone connection. F 10. AMPS reuses frequencies over a relatively short distance. T 11. AMPS uses narrowband FM. T 12. With AMPS, each individual cell uses all available voice channels. F 13. Besides voice channels, AMPS uses a set of control channels. T 30. It is relatively easy to "clone" an AMPS cell phone. T 31. The AMPS system is full-duplex. T 32. Analog cell phones require linear RF amplifiers. F 33. The optimum size of a cell depends on the amount of traffic. T 34. Calls can never be blocked on a cell phone. F 35. Calls can be "dropped" when a cell phone moves into another cell. T 36. Capacity can be increased by using fewer cells. F 37. Digital data cannot be sent over an AMPS system. F 38. Digital cellular systems actually use less bandwidth than analog systems. T 39. Digital cellular systems in North America use the same frequencies, power levels, and channels as AMPS. T

40. Privacy using the digital cellular system is much better than using AMPS. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. AMPS stand for: a. American Mobile Phone System b. Analog Mobile Phone Service 2. PCS stands for: a. Personal Communications Service b. Personal Communications Systems c. Personal Cell phone Service d. Portable Communications Systems 3. RCC stands for: a. Radio Common Carrier b. Radio Cellular Carrier 4. MSC stands for: a. Mobile Switching Center b. Mobile Service Cellular c. Regional Cellular Carrier d. none of the above c. Maximum Signal Carrier d. Minimum Signal Carrier c. Advanced Mobile Phone System d.Advanced Mobile Phone Service

12. The SID is used by a cell phone to: a. identify the type of system (analog or digital) b. recognize an AMPS system c. set its transmitted power level d. recognize that it is "roaming" 13. DCC stands for: a. Digital Color Code b. Digital Communications Code 14. SAT stands for: a. Station Antenna Tower b. Supervisory Audio Tone c. Digital Communications Carrier d. Direct Channel Code c. Supervisory Access Tone d. none of the above

15. CMAC stands for: a. Control Mobile Attenuation Code c. Central Mobile Access Control b. Control Mobile Access Code d. Carrier Mode Attenuation Control 16. The CMAC is used to: a. control access to the cell site b. set the access code of the cell phone c. set the transmit power of the cell phone d. select the transmit channel for the cell phone 17. In an AMPS system, voice is sent using: a. AM b. FM c. FSK d. CDMA

5. MTSO stands for: a. Minimum Transmitted Signal Output b. Maximum Transmitted Signal Output c. Mobile Telephone Switching Office d. Mobile Transmission Time-Out 6. MIN stands for: a. Manual Identification Number b. Mobile Identification Number 7. NAM stands for: a. Numerical Access Mode b. Numerical Assignment Mode 8. ESN stands for: a. Electronic Serial Number b. Emitted Signal Number 9. SCM stands for: a. Service Class Mark b. Station Class Mark 10. SCM identifies the: a. code number of a cell phone b. base-station class 11. SID stands for: a. Sequential Interrupt Demand b. Standard Identification Number c. Maximum In-band Noise d. Minimum In-band Noise c. Number Access Module d. Number Assignment Module c. Emission Strength Number d. none of the above c. Signal Class Mark d. Serial-Code Mode c. signal classification (analog or digital) d. maximum power level of a cell phone c. System Identification Number d. Signal Intensity Descriptor

18. In an AMPS system, control-channel signals are sent using: a. AM b. FM c. FSK d. CDMA 19. The ERP of a typical handheld AMPS cell phone is: a. less than 600 W. c. between 1 and 2 watts b. less than 600 mW. d. 4 watts 20. BSC stands for: a. Base Station Controller b. Base Signal Controller c. Basic Service Contract d. Basic Service Code

21. The combination of the mobile cell phone and the cell site radio equipment is called the: a. BSC b. MTSO c. RF interface d. air interface 22. The optimum cell-site radius is: a. 2 km b. 0.5 km c. as small as possible 23. Phone traffic is measured in: a. calls b. erlangs d. none of the above

c. number of user

d. number of blocked calls

24. One way to increase the capacity of a cell phone system is: a. increase the number of cells c. increase the ERP b. decrease the number of cells d. decrease the ERP

25. CDPD stands for: a. Code-Division Packet Data b. Cellular Digital Packet Data COMPLETION 1. AMPS uses the _________-MHz band. ANS: 800

c. Coded Digital Packet Data d. Cellular Digital Pulse Data

16. A cell phone moving into a site with no available frequencies will have a _________ call. ANS: dropped 17. The reduction in cell size to increase traffic is called cell _________. ANS: splitting 18. A _________site is a very small unit that can mount on a streetlight pole. ANS: microcell 19. Very small cells called _________ are used for reliable indoor reception. ANS: picocells 20. Compared with AMPS, digital cellular phones require _________ bandwidth. ANS: less

2. _________ is still the most common cellular phone system in North America. ANS: AMPS 3. Frequency _________ is what makes cellular phone systems complex. ANS: reuse 4. A _________ occurs when an in-use cell-phone moves from one cell site to another. ANS: handoff 5. If a cell-site radius drops below _________ km, handoffs will occur too frequently. ANS: 0.5 6. The number of ERP classes in AMPS is _________. ANS: three 7. A cell phone permanently installed in a car would be ERP class _________. ANS: I, one 8. The maximum ERP of class III cell phones is _________. ANS: 600 mW 9. A portable, handheld cell phone would be ERP class _________. ANS: III, three 10. Mobile transmitter power is controlled by the _________. ANS: land station 11. A MAC is a mobile _________ code. ANS: attenuation 12. For security, you should always assume that AMPS transmissions are _________. ANS: public 13. A mobile switching center is also called an _________. ANS: MTSO 14. The optimum size of a cell site depends on the amount of _________. ANS: traffic 15. Telephone call traffic is measured in _________. ANS: erlangs

SHORT ANSWER 1. Give two reasons why digital cell phone systems are more secure than analog cell phone systems. ANS: 1. Digital is inherently more secure because of its format. 2. Digitized voice signals are easily encrypted.

2. If a 28.8-kbps modem is being used over a cell phone, how many words of text would be lost during a 100-msec handoff interruption assuming 10 bits per letter and 5 letters per word? ANS: 57.6 3. A certain cell site contains 200 cell phones. The probability that a given cell phone is being used is 15%. What is the traffic in erlangs? ANS: 30 4. What is "trunking gain"? ANS: For a given probability of being blocked, the maximum allowable traffic per channel increases as the number of channels increases.

Chapter 22: Personal Communications Systems TRUE/FALSE 1. There are three competing, and incompatible, PCS systems in North America. T 2. The current PCS systems are "true" personal communications systems in their performance. F 3. Current PCS systems are referred to as "third-generation", with AMPS and digital cell phones being the first and second generations. F

4. Europe has basically one PCS system based on GSM technology. T 5. GSM is used in North America. T

30. The Walsh code is used for error detection in CDMA systems. F MULTIPLE CHOICE

6. One reason for developing PCS was that the 800-MHz band was too crowded. T 7. The North American PCS band is 1.9 GHz. T 8. PCS cells are typically smaller than AMPS cells. T 9. All first generation cellular systems are analog. T 10. Current digital technology is not as efficient as analog FM in its use of bandwidth. F 11. Today, roaming is easier with PCS than it is with AMPS. F 12. IS-136 PCS is usually just called TDMA PCS. T 13. In TDMA PCS, control frames are mixed in with frames carrying voice. T 14. GSM is a TDMA system. T 15. GSM is not as sophisticated as IS-136. F 16. In GSM PCS, control frames are mixed in with frames carrying voice. T 17. GSM uses extensive frequency hopping for spread-spectrum. F 18. Frequency hopping lessens the impact of multipath fading. T 19. The SIM used in a GSM phone helps prevent unauthorized use. T 20. GSM security is not as good as it is in IS-136. F 21. IS-95 PCS uses CDMA technology. T 22. IS-95 allows a "soft" handoff. T 23. A "soft" handoff is done without interrupting service. T 24. IS-95 can achieve space diversity by using antennas in separate cell-sites. T 25. One drawback of IS-95 is its lack of frequency diversity. F 26. Security with CDMA is not as good as it is in GSM. F 27. Unlike AMPS, CDMA PCS does not require the cell phone to adjust its ERP. F 28. Potentially, CDMA makes the best use of available bandwidth. T 29. In CDMA it is common for the signal power in the receiver to be less than the noise power. T 10. AMPS uses: a. CDMA b. TDMA c. spread-spectrum d. none of the above 9. In GSM, voice channels are called: a. traffic channels b. voice channels c. bearer channels d. talking channels 7. CDMA technology was invented by: a. AT&T b. Lucent 8. GSM is used in: a. Asia b. Europe c. Bell Labs c. North America d. Qualcomm d. all of the above 4. Compared to AMPS, PCS cell sites are: a. bigger b. smaller 5. AMPS was designed for: a. POTS b. voice c. distributed d. higher-power 2. The frequency band designated for PCS in North America is: a. 800 MHz b. 900 MHz c. 1.9 GHz d. 12 GHz 3. The "forward" PCS channel is: a. from the base to the mobile b. from the mobile to the base c. from mobile to mobile d. same as the uplink 1. Current PCS systems are referred to as: a. first-generation b. second-generation c. third-generation d. digital-generation

c. use built into an automobile d. all of the above

6. The number of competing PCS systems in North America is: a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. many

11. Other things being equal, battery life in a GSM phone should be: a. less than in a TDMA phone c. greater than in a TDMA phone b. no better than in an AMPS phone d. no better than a TDMA phone 12. It is necessary to send control information on traffic channels in: a. no PCS system c. TDMA only b. GSM only d. both GSM and TDMA 13. GSM uses: a. frequency hopping b. direct-sequence modulation 14. In GSM, SIM stands for: a. Short Inbound Message b. Subscriber-Initiated Message c. CDMA d. all of the above c. Subscriber ID Module d. Subscriber ID Method

15. IMSI stands for: a. Integrated Mobile Subscriber Identification b. International Mobile Subscriber Identification c. Interim Mobile Subscriber Identification d. Intermodulation System Interference 16. IS-95 uses: a. frequency hopping b. TDMA 17. IS-136 uses: a. frequency hopping b. TDMA c. CDMA d. all of the above c. CDMA d. all of the above

9. The orthogonal PN sequences used in CDMA are called a __________ code. ANS: Walsh 10. Unlike other systems, in CDMA __________ frequencies are used in all cells. ANS: all 11. PN stands for Pseudo-__________ Noise. ANS: random 12. __________ diversity is inherent in any spread-spectrum system. ANS: Frequency 13. RF channel S/N ratios __________ than zero are typical in CDMA systems. ANS: less 14. CDMA uses a __________-rate vocoder. ANS: variable 15. A phone user typically talks less than __________% of the time during a conversation. ANS: 50 d. orthogonal 16. CDMA requires __________-loop power control to work properly. ANS: closed 17. GPRS stands for General __________ Radio Service. ANS: Packet 18. IMT stands for International __________ Telecommunications. ANS: Mobile 19. UPT stands for __________ Personal Telecommunications. ANS: Universal 20. UWT stands for Universal __________Telecommunications. ANS: Wireless 21. W-CDMA stands for __________ CDMA. ANS: Wideband SHORT ANSWER

18. In CDMA: a. all frequencies are used in all cells b. each cell uses half the available frequencies c. each cell is assigned a frequency by the base d. the frequency is selected by the mobile phone 19. CDMA uses a set of PN sequences that are: a. common b. unique c. rotating

20. The next generation of PCS is expected to have: a. faster data rates c. wider roaming area b. Internet access d. all of the above COMPLETION 1. PCS stands for __________ Communications System. ANS: Personal 2. Current PCS systems are called __________-generation systems. ANS: second 3. In North America, PCS is assigned the __________-MHz band. ANS: 1900 4. Compared to AMPS, PCS cells are __________ in size. ANS: smaller 5. Besides TDMA and CDMA, __________ is also used in North America for PCS. ANS: GSM 6. The spread-spectrum technique used in IS-95 PCS is __________. ANS: CDMA, direct sequence 7. The spread-spectrum technique used in GSM is __________. ANS: frequency hopping 8. Unlike AMPS, CDMA allows for a __________ handoff. ANS: soft

1. What is the advantage of a "soft" handoff? ANS: No calls are dropped. 2. If CDMA receivers hear all frequencies all the time, how do they pick a specific frequency? ANS: Each frequency is modulated using a separate orthogonal PN sequence. To demodulate, the receiver uses the PN sequence specific to the channel it wants.

3. What is the effect of cochannel interference in CDMA? ANS: It increases the background noise level, but CDMA can tolerate a lot of such noise. 4. How does GSM achieve frequency diversity? ANS: It uses limited frequency hopping. 5. Why was PCS assigned to 1.9 GHz instead of the 800-MHz band used for AMPS? ANS: The 800 MHz band was already overcrowded. 6. Why would a battery in a GSM phone be expected to last longer than a battery in a TDMA phone? ANS: A TDMA phone is active during one out of every three time slots. A GSM phone is active during one out of every eight. 7. What is the advantage of using offset QPSK over standard QPSK? ANS: With standard QPSK, the transmitted power repeatedly goes to zero. With offset QPSK, it never goes to zero. Linearity requirements are less strict for offset QPSK transmitters. 8. What is the "near/far" effect in CDMA, and what causes it? ANS: A stronger station farther away can "drown out" a weaker station that is near. This happens when the power transmitted by mobile units is not well controlled by the base.

12. The IEEE 802.33 covers wireless LANs. F 13. Few companies actually use the IEEE 802 wireless LAN specifications. F 14. Wireless LANs typically use a spread-spectrum modulation. T 15. IEEE 802 allows up to 1 watt of transmitter power. T 16. The typical range of a wireless LAN in an office environment is about 10 meters. F 17. The range of a Bluetooth system in an office environment is about 0.01 meters to 10 meters. T 18. Any Bluetooth device should be able to communicate with any other Bluetooth device. T 19. Bluetooth has a channel bit rate of 100 Mbps. F 20. Bluetooth devices communicate automatically once they are in range of each other. T 21. Bluetooth uses spread-spectrum modulation. T 22. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping. T 23. Bluetooth is designed for audio as well as data. T

Chapter 23: Paging and Wireless Data Networking 24. Currently, no wireless LAN uses light-wave transmission. F TRUE/FALSE 1. Traditional paging systems use low-power transmitters. F 2. Traditional paging systems use widely spaced transmitters. T 3. Pagers use the VHF band. T 4. Pagers use the UHF band. T 5. Pager messages typically require a lot of bandwidth. F 6. Each pager has a unique address. T 7. Typically, pager systems keep track of each pager's location. F 8. Satellite systems are used by pagers. T 9. All pagers are one-way only. F 10. Wireless LANs are typically slower than wired LANs. T 11. Wireless LANs are typically more expensive than wired LANs. T MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Pagers use: a. the VHF band only b. the UHF band only c. both the VHF and UHF bands d. the VHF band, the UHF band, and the ISM band 2. ISM stands for: a. IEEE Standard Message b. IEEE Secure Message c. Industrial, Scientific, and Messaging d. Industrial, Scientific, and Medical 25. A wireless LAN based on light waves would need direct line of sight for connections. F

3. CAPCODE is: a. an encryption scheme used for pagers b. an addressing scheme used for pagers c. an error-detection scheme used for pagers d. a digital modulation scheme used for pagers 4. The IEEE specification covering wireless LANs is: a. 802.10 b. 802.11 c. 802.12 d. 802.13

5. In a one-way pager system: a. all pages are sent from all transmitters b. each transmitting antenna covers a wide area c. transmitters use relatively high power d. all of the above 6. POCSAG stands for: a. Pager Operations Common Standards Advisory Group b. Pager Operations Code Standardization Advisory Group c. Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group d. Post Office Common Standards Advisory Group 7. A typical pager system does not: a. require "handoffs" b. allow "roaming" c. require error detection d. all of the above

19. Infrared networks: a. cannot penetrate walls b. can use diffused infrared beams

c. can use reflected infrared beams d. all of the above

20. The maximum range of a typical wireless modem is: a. 1 meter c. several hundred meters b. several meters d. several thousand meters COMPLETION 1. Each pager has a unique address called a _________. ANS: capcode 2. Many pagers can share a frequency using _________. ANS: TDMA 3. The POCSAG was devised by the British _________ Office. ANS: Post 4. A POCSAG message uses a _________-bit error correction code. ANS: 10 5. IEEE _________ covers wireless LANs. ANS: 802.11 6. The IEEE document specifies a maximum power of _________ for wireless LANs. ANS: 1 watt

8. The IEEE 802 spec for wireless LANs uses the: a. VHF band b. UHF band c. ISM band

d. infrared band

9. The IEEE 802 document for wireless LANs specifies the use of: a. CSMA/CA b. CSMA/CD c. CDMA d. all of the above 10. BSS stands for: a. Basic Service Set b. Basic Service System 11. Bluetooth uses: a. CDMA b.frequency hopping c. Bluetooth Service System d. none of the above c. QPSK c. ISM band d. infrared band c. Time Delay Difference d. Total Distance Delay c. 2 to 8 nodes d. 2 to 16 nodes d. scatternet d. all of the above

12. Bluetooth uses the: a. VHF band b. UHF band 13. TDD stands for: a. Time-Division Duplex b. Time-Delayed Duplex 14. A Bluetooth "piconet" has: a. 2 nodes b. 2 to 4 nodes

7. Bluetooth uses the _________ band. ANS: ISM 8. A network of 2 to 8 Bluetooth devices is called a _________. ANS: piconet 9. A Bluetooth scatternet consists of 2 or more _________. ANS: piconets 10. An IRDA system is deliberately restricted to a range of _________. ANS: 1 meter

15. Two or more connected piconets forms a: a. micronet b. multinet c. TDD net

Chapter 24: Fiber Optics 16. The basic range of a Bluetooth device is: a. 10 cm to 1 meter c. 10 cm to 100 meters b. 10 cm to 10 meters d. within 10 feet 17. IRDA stands for: a. Infrared Data Association b. Infrared Digital Association 18. The range of an IRDA system is: a. 1 meter b. 10 meters c. Infrared Restricted Data Area d. Infrared Roaming Data Area c. 1 foot d. 10 feet TRUE/FALSE 1. An optical fiber is a waveguide for light. T 2. Fiber has greater bandwidth than copper cable. T 3. Optical fiber has greater loss per kilometer than copper cable. F

4. Fiber is immune to crosstalk. T 5. Optical fiber carries a very small amount of current. F

30. A LASER diode can be turned on and off at a rate of 10 GHz. T MULTIPLE CHOICE

6. Optical fiber is easy to "tap". F 7. Optical fiber is easy to splice. F 8. Optical fiber can be used safely in an atmosphere of explosive gas. T 9. Optical fiber can be used to connect a radio transmitter to an antenna. F 10. The core has a higher index of refraction than does the cladding. T 11. Single-mode fiber causes less dispersion than does multimode fiber. T 12. Single-mode fiber is always made from glass. T 13. The core of a single mode fiber is on the order of 1000 m. F 14. Single-mode fiber is free of all dispersion effects. F 15. Dispersion can be expressed in units of time. T 16. The terms "linewidth" and "bandwidth" are equivalent for fiber. T 17. Dispersion increases with cable length. T 18. Glass fiber-optic cables have a loss of about 3dB per km. F 19. Plastic fiber-optic cables have a loss of several hundred dB per km. T 20. The losses due to splicing can be greater than the losses due to the cable itself. T 21. The purpose of the cladding is to add strength to the fiber-optic cable. F 22. The terms "splice" and "connector" are equivalent for fiber. F 23. A typical splice has a loss of 0.2 dB or less. T 24. Unlike copper cables, it is not possible to make an optical power splitter. F 25. Like copper cables, it is possible to make an optical directional coupler. T 26. It is possible to make an optical switch. T 27. Energy can be expressed in electron-volts. T 28. LEDs are commonly used to drive single-mode fiber cables in communications systems. F 29. PIN diodes are used as receivers on single-mode fiber cables in communications systems. T 12. LASER stands for: a. Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation b. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation c. Light Amplification by Simulated Emitted Rays d. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emitted Rays 10. Which of the following is a type of fiber connector: a. ST b. SC c. SMA 11. The quantum of light is called: a. an erg b. an e-v c. a photon d. all of the above d. a phonon 7. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to the glass is about: a. 40 dB per km b. 4 db per km c. 0.4 dB per km 8. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to a splice is about: a. 0.02 dB b. 0.2 db c. 1 dB d. 3 dB 9. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due to a connector is about: a. 0.02 dB b. 0.2 db c. 1 dB d. 3 dB d. zero loss 6. Scattering causes: a. loss b. dispersion c. intersymbol interference d. all of the above 5. A single-mode cable does not suffer from: a. modal dispersion c. waveguide dispersion b. chromatic dispersion d. all of the above 4. Fiber-optic cable cannot be used: a. in an explosive environment b. to connect a transmitter to an antenna c. to isolate a medical patient from a shock hazard d. none of the above 3. Single-mode fiber is made from: a. glass c. both a and b b. plastic d. none of the above 2. Fiber-optic cables do not: a. carry current b. cause crosstalk c. generate EMI d. all of the above 1. Compared to the core, the index of refraction of the cladding must be: a. the same c. less b. greater d. doesn't have an index of refraction

13. APD stands for: a. Avalanche Photodiode b. Advanced Photodiode

c. Avalanche Photo Detector d. Advanced Photo Detector

14. The optical fiber is not free to move around in a _________ cable. ANS: tight-buffer 15. A _________ is a short length of fiber that carries the light away from the source. ANS: pigtail 16. Good connections are more critical with _________-mode fiber. ANS: single 17. A _________ diode is the usual light source for single-mode cable. ANS: laser 18. The quantum of light is called the _________. ANS: photon 19. A _________ diode is the usual light detector for single-mode cable. ANS: PIN 20. For safety, you should never _________ at the end of an optical fiber unless you know it is not connected to a light source. ANS: look

14. In a PIN diode, leakage current in the absence of light is called: a. baseline current c. dark current b. zero-point current d. E-H current 15. For a light detector, responsivity is measured in: a. amps per watt c. mA per joule b. W per amp d. sec per W COMPLETION 1. In the core, the angle of incidence equals the angle of _________. ANS: reflection 2. The core is surrounded by the _________. ANS: cladding 3. The _________ angle is where refraction changes to reflection. ANS: critical 4. An electron-volt is a measure of _________. ANS: energy 5. The numerical aperture is the _________ of the angle of acceptance. ANS: sine 6. Optical fiber relies on total _________ reflection. ANS: internal 7. Chromatic dispersion is also called _________ dispersion. ANS: intramodal 8. With optical fiber, _________ light is more common than visible light. ANS: infrared 9. In multimode fiber, _________ index has less dispersion than step index. ANS: graded 10. For laser diodes, the term _________ is used instead of bandwidth. ANS: linewidth 11. Dispersion can be expressed in units of _________ rather than bandwidth. ANS: time 12. _________ interference is when one pulse merges with the next pulse. ANS: Intersymbol 13. The optical fiber is free to move around in a _________ cable. ANS: loose-tube

Chapter 25: Fiber-Optic Systems TRUE/FALSE 1. Most new telephone trunk cables are fiber-optic. T 2. Cable TV systems use fiber-optic cable. T 3. Many data network cables are fiber-optic. T 4. Fiber-optic cable is not practical for telephone trunk cables. F 5. CATV uses analog modulation on fiber-optic cables. T 6. Usually, splicing losses can be disregarded in loss-budget calculations. F 7. The rise time of a transmitter limits its bandwidth. T 8. RZ encoding allows twice as much pulse spreading as NRZ. F 9. The product of bandwidth times distance describes dispersion in a multimode fiber-optic cable. T 10. Regenerative repeaters for fiber-optic cables typically convert the light signal to an electrical signal, and then back to light. T 11. Optical amplifiers are not suitable for digital signals. F

12. Dispersion effects accumulate when optical amplifiers are used. T 13. Most fiber-optic systems use TDM. T 14. Fiber-optic cables shorter than 100 km typically do not require repeaters. T 15. SONET operates at a base speed of 25 Mbps. F 16. SONET solves many of the timing problems in synchronizing digital signals. T 17. SONET is typically used on LANs. F 18. FDDI can be used on a LAN. T 19. Soliton pulses can travel down a fiber-optic cable with no dispersion. T 20. TDR cannot be used on fiber-optic cables. F MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. FDDI stands for: a. Fiber Digital Data Interface b. Fiber Distributed Data Interface 2. FITL stands for: a. Fiber In The Loop b. Fiber Input Timing Loss c. Fiber Distribution Delay Interface d. Frequency-Division Data Interface c. Frequency Input to The Loop d. Fiber Input Timing Loop

9. Typically, repeaters are not required for fiber-optic cable lengths up to: a. 1000 miles b. 100 miles c. 100 km d. 10 km 10. In SONET, OC-1 stands for: a. Optical Carrier level one b. Optical Coupler unidirectional 11. In SONET, STS stands for: a. Synchronous Transport Signal b. Synchronous Transport System c. Optical Channel one d. Optical Cable type 1 c. Synchronous Transmission Signal d. Synchronous Transmission System

12. A commonly used fiber-based system for LANs is: a. FDDI c. gigabit Ethernet b. high-speed Ethernet d. all of the above 13. The use of solitons on fiber-optic cables is: a. common b. experimental 14. OTDR stands for: a. Optical Time-Delay Response b. Optical Timing Delay Requirement c. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer d. Optical Time-Division Relay 15. Using fiber-optic cable in a telephone system except for the connection to the subscriber's phone is called: a. FDDI b. FTTC c. FITL d. SONET COMPLETION 1. FTTC stands for Fiber To The _________. ANS: Curb 2. FITL stands for Fiber In The _________. ANS: Loop c. Synchronous Optical Network d. none of the above 3. SDH stands for Synchronous Data _________. ANS: Hierarchy 4. WDM stands for _________-division multiplexing. ANS: Wavelength 5. SONET stands for _________ Optical Network. ANS: Synchronous 6. FDDI stands for Fiber _________ Data Interface. ANS: Distributed 7. Optical amplifiers use _________-doped glass. ANS: erbium 8. Optical amplifiers use a _________ laser. ANS: pump c. obsolete d. not possible

3. FTTC stands for: a. Fiber Transmission Timing Constraint b. Fiber Transmission Technology Committee c. Fiber Telephone Transmission Cable d. Fiber To The Curb 4. SONET stands for: a. Simple Optical Network b. Standard Optical Network

5. DWDM stands for: a. Digital Wavelength-Division Modulation b. Dense Wavelength-Division Modulation c. Double Wavelength-Division Modulation d. Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 6. A Soliton is a: a. defect in the glass b. type of particle c. type of pulse d. type of optical network

7. Adding bits to synchronize one digital signal to another is called: a. bit stuffing b. bit-synch c. SDH d. WDM 8. Power above the minimum required by an optical receiver is called: a. gain margin b. system margin c. excess gain d. overdrive

9. Dense _________ allows many different wavelengths of light to share a cable. ANS: WDM 10. The OC-1 line rate is _________ Mbps. ANS: 51.84 11. SONET does not use bit _________ to synchronize two digital signals. ANS: stuffing 12. SONET uses a _________ to denote the starting position of an information frame. ANS: pointer 13. FDDI systems use two _________ rings to carry signals. ANS: token 14. The two rings of an FDDI system carry data in _________ directions. ANS: opposite 15. Each _________ in an FDDI system acts as a regenerative repeater. ANS: node 16. FDDI uses _________ mode cables. ANS: multi 17. The data rate of an FDDI system is _________ bps. ANS: 100 M 18. SONET frames have considerably more _________ than do DS frames for information about signal routing and setup. ANS: overhead 19. The number of bytes in a SONET frame is _________. ANS: 810 20. The number of bytes in the payload of a SONET frame is _________. ANS: 774 21. The number of rows in a SONET frame is _________. ANS: 9 22. The total number of overhead bytes in a SONET frame row is _________. ANS: 4 23. The number of path overhead bytes in a SONET frame row is _________. ANS: 1 24. SONET frame rows contain path overhead and _________ overhead. ANS: transport 25. In SONET, SPE stands for synchronous payload _________. ANS: envelope

SHORT ANSWER 1. What is the bandwidth of a first-order LPF with a rise time of 350 nanoseconds? ANS: 1 MHz 2. Calculate the total rise time for a fiber-optic system if the transmitter, receiver, and cable each have a rise time of 50 nanoseconds. ANS: 86.6 nanoseconds