Analysis of Wireless Optical CDMA using Chip-Level Detection

Yusuke KOZAWA

, Hiromasa HABUCHI

Graduate School of Science and Engineering Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, JAPAN

College of Engineering Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, JAPAN
E-mail: 09nd301l@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp, habuchi@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
Abstract In this paper, to achieve high maximumthrough-
put performance, the optimum combination of the optical
PN code and modulation scheme is presented. Moreover,
bit error rate (BER) performances of the wireless OCDMA
system using chip-level detection are evaluated from the the-
oretical analysis in the multi-user case. Consequently, in the
wireless OCDMA system with the chip-level detection, the
maximum throughput performance of the multi-pulse PPM
(MPPM) systems with the optical pseudo noise code gener-
ated by M-sequence is better than that of the MPPM systems
with optical orthogonal code and that of the MPPM system
with extended prime code sequence.
key words: Wireless OCDMA, Optical pseudo noise code,
Chip-level detection, Multi-pulse PPM
1. Introduction
Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) have at-
tracted much attention as a multiple access technique in
optical wireless communications[1]-[2]. These wireless
OCDMA systems have been increasing interest in future
home networks and sensor networks due to easy network
constitution, miniaturization of the transmitter and high in-
formation capacity. To enhance the performance of this
wireless CDMA system, it is necessary to consider the three
points: (i) optical pseudo noise (PN) code, (ii) modulation
scheme and (iii) detection scheme.
The wireless OCDMA system suffers from multiple
access interference (MAI) caused by cross-correlation be-
tween the desired users optical PN code and other users
optical PN codes. By the depression of noise immu-
nity that arises from the MAI, bit error rate (BER) per-
formance deteriorates and user capacity decreases. In or-
der to overcome this problem, several optical PN codes
were reported for intensity-modulation and direct-detection
(IM/DD) OCDMA networks. These optical PN codes can
be generated by the following two design policies: (I) To
avoid the collisions between pulses; (II) To permit the col-
lisions between pulses. Based on the design policy (I), the
optical orthogonal code (OOC)[3][4] and the extended prime
code sequence (EPCS)[5] were proposed. On the other hand,
based on the design policy (II), the optical PN codes gener-
ated by the maximum-length sequence (M-sequence) were
proposed. For example, the pseudo orthogonal M-sequence
(POM)[6] and the modied pseudo orthogonal M-sequence
sets (MPOMS)[7]-[8] were investigated. This design of op-
tical PN code is a key technology not only to reduce the in-
uence of MAI, but also to achieve high maximum through-
put performance of the wireless OCDMA system. We there-
fore focus on the combination of the optical PN code and the
modulation scheme and show the optimum combination for
the goal of improving the BER performance and the maxi-
mum throughput performance.
Our other objective of this paper is to consider detec-
tion scheme of the wireless OCDMA system. In the wireless
OCDMA system, as the number of simultaneous users N in-
creases, the BER performance seriously degrades since the
splitter divides the received optical power into N demodula-
tors. The wireless OCDMA system with simple correlation
detector can realize the system without the loss due to split-
ting the received optical signal when the system employs the
OOC or the EPCS which are generated by the design pol-
icy (I). However, when the system uses the optical PN codes
based on the design policy (II), the wireless OCDMA system
with the simple correlation detector have the loss by splitter
because these optical PN codes are designed to permit the
collisions between pulses. We therefore consider the chip-
level detection[9] which can realize the system without the
loss independent of the optical PN code design policy.
In this paper, we analyze the maximum throughput per-
formance in consideration of the BER performance of the
wireless OCDMA systems with a combination of the opti-
cal PN code and the modulation scheme. In our theoretical
analysis, we take into account background-noise, avalanche
photo-diode (APD) noise, thermal noise, signal dependence
noise and the MAI.
2. Optical PN codes for the wireless OCDMA
system
In the wireless OCDMA system, it is expected that the op-
tical PN code fullls the following three conditions: (i) the
optical PN codes consist of zero and positive chips, (ii) the
relation between any two optical PN code is orthogonal and
(iii) the number of generated orthogonal codes, N, per op-
tical PN code length, L, is large, that is, N/L 1. In this
section, we show whether the proposed optical PN codes can
fulll these conditions.
Design policy (I) for avoiding the collisions between
pulses
The OOC[3] and the EPCS[5] are designed to avoid the
collisions between pulses because the MAI is caused by
the collision between pulses. These optical PN codes
are often employed for the OCDMA systems. Espe-
cially, the OOC can be applicable to the asynchronous
OCDMA system[4]. But, these optical PN codes are
not an orthogonal code in essence and N/L < 1 (i.e., it
is difcult to fulll the conditions (ii) and (iii).
Design policy (II) for permitting the collisions be-
tween pulses
Based on this design policy, the optical PN codes gen-
978-1-4244-4378-9/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE Proceedings of IWSDA09 52
erated by the M-sequence are proposed[6]-[8]. In these
codes, at the receiver, the reference code consists of
positive chips and negative chips (i.e., polar signaling).
These optical PN codes can fulll the conditions (i) and
(ii) and achieve N/L 1. In particular, the MPOMS
can achieve N/L 2 because we can use the opposite
polarity code in this sequence[10].
Table 1 shows the number of orthogonal codes N and the
applicability to the asynchronous wireless OCDMA system
for OOC, EPCS, POM and MPOMS where L is the code
length and w is the code weight. As shown in Table 1, the
N/L of POM and MPOMS is better than that of OOC and
EPCS.
Table 2 shows the maximum throughput [bit/chip] (i.e.,
the total transmission data rate from all users) of the systems
with a combination of the optical PN code and the modu-
lation scheme in the synchronous wireless CDMA. As the
modulation schemes, we treat the on-off keying (OOK), se-
quence inversion keying (SIK)[11], pulse position modula-
tion (PPM), multi-pulse PPM (MPPM)[12] and MPPM with
SIK (MPPM/SIK)[10] where M is the number of slots per
frame, r is the number of selected slots in a frame. This ta-
ble shows that the throughput performances of MPPM with
EPCS and POM are better than those of the other modulation
schemes with EPCS and POM. In addition, the throughput
performance of the MPPM/SIK with MPOMS is the best in
the 12 systems.
Table 1 The characteristic of the optical PN codes (code length : L,
weight : w).
OOC EPCS POM MPOMS
N

L1
w(w1)

L L 2 (L 1)
Async./ Sync. Async. Sync. Sync. Sync.
Table 2 Comparison of the maximum throughputs of the systems that com-
bine the optical PN code and the modulation scheme.
EPCS POM MPOMS
PPM

L
L
log
2
M
M
log
2
M
M
L1
L
log
2
M
M
SIK

L
2L
1
2
L1
L
MPPM

L
L
log
2
(
M
r
)
M
log
2
(
M
r
)
M
L1
L
log
2
(
M
r
)
M
MPPM/SIK

L
2L
log
2
(
M
r
)+r
M
log
2
(
M
r
)+r
2M
L1
L
log
2
(
M
r
)+r
M
3. Theoretical Analysis
3.1 System Model
In this paper, to realize the wireless OCDMAsystem without
splitter loss irrespective of a optical PN code design policy,
we consider the wireless OCDMA system using the chip-
level detector. Figure 1 shows the receiver of the wireless
OCDMA/ MPPM using the chip-level detector. At the re-
ceiver, we use one APD for the chip-level detection.
In this system, the number of photons per chip is in-
dependently converted electrical signal before the received
optical power is divided into N receivers. The system there-
fore has no splitter-loss on the optical signals because this
system does not utilize the optical splitter. As a result, when
we use the PN code based on the policy (II), this system can
improve the BER performance by 10 log
10
N [dB] compared
with the system with the simple correlation detector.
APD
for chip-level
detector
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator N-1
Correlator N
Combination
Decision
Data
Combination
Decision
Data
Combination
Decision
Data
Combination
Decision
Data
Fig. 1 The chip-level receiver at the OCDMA/MPPM system
with the MPOMS.
3.2 Bit Error Rate Performance
In this section, we analyze the BER performance of the wire-
less OCDMAsystemusing the chip-level detection by taking
into account the background-noise, avalanche photo-diode
(APD) noise, thermal noise and signal dependence noise in
the slot synchronous case. The probability that a specied
number of photons are absorbed from an incident optical
eld by an APD detector over a chip interval with T
c
is given
by a Poisson distribution[4]. We assume that the output of
APD during each chip interval is a Gaussian random vari-
able. So, the correlator output, which is the accumulated
output during each chip interval, is also a Gaussian random
variable.
The average number of absorbed photons over T
c
is

s
=
P
w
hf
(1)
where
s
is the photon absorption rate, P
w
is the received
laser power, is the APD efciency, h is Plancks constant
and f is the optical frequency. Through an avalanche mul-
tiplication process, the APD outputs some electrons in re-
sponse to the absorption of T
c
primary photons on the av-
erage. Here, represents the total photon absorption rate due
to signal, background light, and APD bulk leakage current
=

s
+
b
+
I
b
e
for a mark
s
Me
+
b
+
I
b
e
for a space
(2)
where
b
is the photon absorption rate due to actual back-
ground light (
b
= P
b
/hf when the background noise per
chip duration is P
b
), I
b
/e is represents the contribution of the
APD bulk leakage current to the APD output and M
e
is the
extinction ratio of the laser diode output power in the mark
and space states.
In this paper, we present the BER performance of
the wireless OCDMA/MPPM using the chip-level detec-
tor in the slot synchronous case at the multi-user case (N
[user]). The received optical power is converted into the
electrical signal by chip interval T
c
. Hence, at the kth
mark interval of desired users sequence in the jth slot (
j = 1, 2, , M), the total photon absorption rate due to
signal plus interference is given by [4] (1 + i
mk j
)
s
+
{N (1 +i
mk j
)}
s
/M
e
+
b
+ I
b
/e where i
mk j
is the
number of interference pulses fromN1 simultaneous users
at the kth mark interval of the desired sequence in the jth
MPPM slot (k = 1, 2, , w and w is code weight). On the
other hand, at the ith space interval in the jth slot, (1/M
e
+
i
si j
)
s
+{N (1 +i
si j
)}
s
/M
e
+
b
+I
b
/e where i
si j
53
is the number of interference pulses at the ith space interval
in the jth MPPM slot (i = 1, 2, , L w, , L). Here,
we dene the interference state vector I as
I =

I
mark 1
I
mark 2
I
mark M
I
space 1
I
space 2
I
space M

(3)
where, if the desired user transmits data using jth slot,
I
mark j
=

w
k=1
i
mk j
and I
space j
=

Lw
i=1
i
si j
, oth-
erwise I
mark j
= 0 and I
space j
=

L
i=1
i
si j
.
We express the BER, P
BER
, as P
BER
= P
SER
/2
where the P
SER
is the symbol error rate (SER). The sym-
bol error rate, P
SER
, is given by[10]
P
SER
= 1

log
2(
M
r )

=1
P
suc
()
2

log
2
(
M
r
)
P(I)

= 1

I
{P
suc
( = 1|I) P(I)} (4)
where P
suc
() is the symbol correct rate when the de-
sired user selects th transmitter signal pattern (1
2
log
2
(
M
r
)
).
Here, in order to simplify the expression of the BER,
we assume that the desired user transmits with successive r
slots consist of 1th slot, 2th slot, , r 1th slot and rth slot
(r < M) when = 1. In this case, P
suc
( = 1|I) can be
written as
P
suc
( = 1|I) = P
rob
[(q
1
, , q
r
) > (q
r+1
, , q
M
)]
= r!

2
2
1
exp

(q
1

1
)
2
2
2
1

q1

2
2
2
exp

(q
2

2
)
2
2
2
2

qr1

2
2
r
exp

(q
r

r
)
2
2
2
r

i=r+1

qr

2
2
i
exp

(q
i

i
)
2
2
2
i

dq
i

dq
M
dq
r+1
dq
r
dq
2
dq
1
(5)
where q
j
is a output of the correlation value in the jth slot
(j = 1, 2, , M), the average
j
and variance
2
j
of the
correlation value of jth slot are
when j = 1, 2, , r

j
=

k=1

mk
for OOC, EPCS
w

k=1

mk

Lw

i=1

si
for POM, MPOMS
(6)

2
j
=

k=1

2
mk
for OOC, EPCS
w

k=1

2
mk
+
Lw

i=1

2
si
for POM, MPOMS
(7)
when j = r + 1, r + 2, , M

j
=

i=1

si
for OOC, EPCS

si
for POM
0 for MPOMS
(8)

2
j
=

i=1

2
si
for OOC, EPCS
L

i=1

2
si
for POM, MPOMS.
(9)
In Eqs.(6)-(9), the average and the variance of the APD out-
put for the chip-level detect during chip interval are written,
respectively, as

mk
= GTc

(1 +i
mk j
)s + {N (1 +i
mk j
)}
s
Me
+
b
+
I
b
e

+
IsTc
e
(10)
si = GTc

1
Me
+isi j

s + {N (1 +isi j)}
s
Me
+
b
+
I
b
e

+
IsTc
e
(11)

2
mk
= G
2
FeTc

(1 +i
mk j
)s + {N (1 +i
mk j
)}
s
Me
+
b
+
I
b
e

+
IsTc
e
+
2
th
(12)

2
si
= G
2
FeTc

1
Me
+isi j

s + {N(1+isi j)}
s
Me
+
b
+
I
b
e

+
IsTc
e
+
2
th
(13)
where G is the average APD gain, F
e
is the excess noise
factor, T
c
is the chip interval, I
s
is the APD surface leakage
current and
2
th
is the variance of thermal noise. F
e
and
2
th
are given by
Fe = k
eff
G+ (1 k
eff
)

2G 1
G

(14)

2
th
=
2kBTrTc
e
2
RL
(15)
where k
eff
is the APDeffective ionization ratio, k
B
is Boltz-
manns constant, T
r
is the receiver noise temperature and R
L
is the receiver load resistor.
4. Numerical results
In this section, we show the results from theoretical analy-
sis of the maximum throughput performance in considera-
tion of BER performance in the slot synchronous case. Ta-
ble 3 shows the numerical conditions for evaluation. We
54
use typical APD parameters[4] and assume that the inter-
ference of simultaneous user in an MPPM frame is uni-
form distribution in the multi-user case and the chip dura-
tion is xed (1/(156L) [sec]) where the length of MPOMS,
L, is 16 [chip]. Figure 2 shows the maximum through-
Table 3 The numerical conditions
Name Symbol Value
Laser wavelength 830 [nm]
Background noise P
b
-45 [dBm]
Quantum efciency 0.6
APD Gain G 100
Effective ionization ratio k
eff
0.02
Bulk leakage current I
b
0.1 [nA]
Surface leakage current I
s
10 [nA]
Modulation extinction ratio M
e
100
Receiver noise temperature T
r
1100[

K]
Receiver load resistor R
L
1030[]
put performance versus the received laser power per bit per
frame required for BER=10
8
for the MPPM with OOC
(L = 91, w = 3), the MPPM with EPCS (L = 289, w =
17), the MPPM with POM (L = 15, w = 8), the MPPM
with MPOMS (L = 16, w = 8) and the MPPM/SIK with
MPOMS (L = 16, w = 8) in the multi-user case (N = 15)
where M = 8 [slot/frame]. In the MPPM systems without
SIK, the MPPM with POM system is the best in the four
systems. The maximumthroughput of the MPPM/SIK using
MPOMS is superior to that of the MPPM with POM.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we have presented the optimum combination
of the optical PN code and the modulation scheme for im-
proving the BER performance and the maximum through-
put performance. Moreover, we have analyzed the wireless
OCDMA system with the chip-level detector. Consequently,
the maximum throughput performance of the MPPM/SIK
using MPOMS is better than those of the MPPM systems
with OOC, EPCS, POM and MPOMS in the multi-user case
and the slot synchronous case. Future work will consider the
effectiveness of the combination of the optical PN code gen-
erated by the M-sequence and the MPPM/SIK in the asyn-
chronous optical OCDMA network.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Scien-
tic Research (C).
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