Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N A D
N A D H + H
e le c tr o n - tr a n s p o r t
c h a in
A c e ty l C o e n z y m e A
K re b s c y c le
(a)
N A D
N A D H + H
e le c tro n - tr a n s p o rt
c h a in
(b)
Name the process that results in the production of ATP from ADP by the electrontransport chain.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
With reference to the diagram, explain why Krebs cycle can only take place when oxygen
is available.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
2.
The diagram below shows a summary of glycolysis and two alternative pathways that may
follow this process in anaerobic conditions.
G lu c o s e
G ly c o ly sis
P a th w a y A
T a k e s p la c e in
e x e r c is in g m u s c le s
L a c tic a c id
(a)
P a th w a y B
T a k e s p la c e in
y e a st c e lls
W a s te p ro d u c ts
(b)
In glycolysis, NAD is converted to its reduced form (NADH + H+). Describe how NAD
is regenerated in pathway A.
.
.
.
.
(2)
(c)
(d)
Describe the role of reduced NAD (NADH + H+) when respiration takes place in aerobic
conditions.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
3.
Give an account of the stages of respiration that take place in the mitochondrion, stating
the location of each stage.
(Allow three lined pages)
(Total 10 marks)
4.
5.
The flow chart below illustrates some of the stages that occur in glycolysis.
G
l u
c o
2
2
c a r b
2
2
G
l y
r u
D
T
P
v
o x i d
r e d u
c e r a t e
A
A
(a)
3
iP
a t e
- p
+
i s e d
c e d
h
s p
s e
A
A
s p
N
N
iP
Ai
r y
l a t e d
D
D
a Gt e l y
c e r a t e
A
A
P
r u
D
T
P
v
i n
t e r m
2
2
A
A
D
T
- p
iP
e d
+
P
o
s p
a t e
State the net gain in ATP from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis.
............................................................................................................................................
(1)
a t e
(b)
Explain why the yield of ATP from the respiration of one molecule of glucose when
oxygen is present is more than the yield of ATP from the respiration of one molecule of
glucose under anaerobic conditions.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 6 marks)
6.
The diagram below shows part of a metabolic pathway which occurs in mitochondria.
c i- sa c o
i t a t e
i s o
c i t r a t e
(a)
A+
a l o
s u
c c i n
a t e
(b)
Suggest what happens to the NADH + H formed during the conversion of isocitrate to
oxalosuccinate.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
7.
O
C
e r
t e r
e m
e m
r a n
r a n
r i s t a e
I n t e r m
s p a c e
S
p
e m
r a n
t a l k e d
a r t i c l e s
With reference to the structures labelled on the diagram, describe the role of the mitochondrial
membranes in the production of ATP.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(Total 5 marks)
8.
In an investigation, small samples of tissue were removed from the leg muscles of international
athletes of the same age and sex. The athletes included sprinters (100 m), middle distance
runners (800 m) and long distance runners.
SDH is an enzyme involved in the reactions of the Krebs cycle. LDH is an enzyme that
catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
The results of the analysis of the muscles are shown in the table below.
Athletes
Mean percentage
of slow twitch
fibres
100 m sprinters
24
1.70
1.60
800 m runners
52
2.00
1.10
70
2.25
1.00
(a)
Explain why successful sprinters usually have a low percentage of slow twitch fibres in
their leg muscles.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain the relationships between the mean activity of SDH and LDH in the leg muscles
and the distances run by the athletes.
(i)
SDH
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
LDH
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Describe the role of the electron transport chain of mitochondria in the synthesis of ATP.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(d)
Explain the fate of lactate produced by the activity of LDH in athletes such as sprinters.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
9.
An investigation was carried out into the effect of cyanide on the respiration of yeast cells.
Cyanide is an electron transport inhibitor. It binds irreversibly with one of the electron carriers.
The yeast cells were mixed with a buffer solution which had ADP, phosphate ions and glucose
dissolved in it. This suspension was incubated for 30 minutes and during this time the oxygen
content of the solution was monitored using an oxygen probe.
The experiment was then repeated but cyanide was added to the suspension after 5 minutes of
incubation.
The results obtained are shown in the graph below.
1
O
x y g e n
c o n t e n t
t h e
s u s p e n s8 i o n
/ a r b i t r a r y
u n i t s
6
f
C
a n
i d
a d
e d
4
2
0
0
5
T
(a)
1
i m
0
o
2
f
i n
15 53
c u
0
a t i o
c y
2
a n
i d
a d
0
n
i n
(b)
Explain why the oxygen content of the suspension did not change after the cyanide was
added.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
t e s
(c)
Suggest why the oxygen content of the suspension of cells without cyanide did not reach
zero.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
11
10.
The flow diagram below shows some of the steps involved in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Some ATP is made directly. Hydrogen is also released and this can result in the production of
more ATP.
(a)
Describe how the hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle results in the
production of ATP.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced from
one triose phosphate molecule.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
As well as carbohydrates, triglycerides can be respired. The first step is to break down
each triglyceride molecule into glycerol and three fatty acids.
Each fatty acid is broken down into acetyl CoA molecules. The acetyl CoA molecules
then enter the Krebs cycle.
(i)
Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced
from one acetyl CoA molecule.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
13
(ii)
Suggest why fatty acids can only be respired under aerobic conditions.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
11.
The diagram below summarises some of the stages of a metabolic pathway responsible for
generating ATP in mitochondria.
r e d u c e d
h y d r o g e n
c a r r i e r
2 H
( f r o m
r e d u c e d
2
N
(i)
o x i d i s e d
h y d r o g e n
c a r r i e r
(a)
o x i d i s e d
c y t o c h r o
H+
r e d u c e d
c y t o c h r o
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Name the type of enzyme involved in this pathway and explain its role.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain what happens to the electrons released at the end of this pathway.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
15
12.
In oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is formed when electrons pass down the electron transport
chain from one component to the next. ATP is synthesised at three sites.
The order of some components in the electron transport chain and the three sites of ATP
synthesis are shown in the diagram below.
R
e d
c e d
S
e n
t o
i t e
z y
m R e e dQ u
c h
r o
i t e
c e d
t o
c 1h
r o
t o
c h
r o
t o
c h
r o
i t e
e n
F A
(a)
The oxidation of one molecule of reduced NAD (NADH + H ) yields three molecules of
ATP.
Using the information given in the diagram above and your knowledge of mitochondria
and oxidative phosphorylation, explain how the three molecules of ATP are made.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
17
(b)
The diagram below shows some of the stages that occur in the Krebs cycle.
1
P
r u
a t e
( 3
r e d
r e d
C
a l o
c e d
c e d
c e t y
a c e t a t e
N
l
A
C
D
o
( 4 CC
e n
z y
i) t r a t e
( 6
a l a t e
( 4
- k
a r a t e
( 4 S C u )c c i n
r e d
c e d
C
a t e
F A
r e d
l u
2O
c e d
2O
g
1
e t o
( 2
C
M
( 4
t a r a t e
r e d
( 5
c e d
Using the information given in both diagrams, explain why the oxidation of one molecule
of succinate to oxaloacetate yields only five molecules of ATP.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
13.
p
H
l u
A T
c a r b o n
m
p o u n
s e
P A
A T
y
r u
a c e t y
4
c o
c o
v
X
a t e
6
c o
X
2
6
(i)
P
X
(a)
c a r b o n
m
p o u n
5
c o
c a r b o n
m
p o u n
Name substance X:
X ........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
19
(b)
(c)
14.
15.
The table below refers to three major stages of aerobic respiration and the products of each
stage.
Complete the table by inserting the part of the cell in which the stage occurs and two products in
the blank spaces.
Stage
Two products
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Matrix of mitochondrion
16.
(a)
G
l u
c o
s e
2
r u
a t e
(i)
s t a n
t h
a n
c e
a l
t h
a n
Name substance X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
21
(ii)
(b)
A student carried out an investigation into the effect of glucose and sucrose on the rate of
respiration of yeast cells. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) is an artificial hydrogen
acceptor, which is colourless in the oxidised form and red when reduced. A colorimeter is
an instrument used to measure the percentage of light transmitted through a liquid. In this
investigation, when the TTC is fully oxidised 100% of the light is transmitted through the
liquid. The darker the red colour of the TTC solution becomes, the lower the percentage
of light transmitted.
Yeast cells were suspended in 0.5% glucose solution. The student set up a tube containing
10 cm3 of this suspension and 1 cm3 of TTC solution. The tube was covered and placed
in a water bath for 20 minutes. During this time, the percentage of light transmitted
through the solution was measured at two-minute intervals.
The experiment was repeated using yeast cells suspended in 0.5% sucrose solution.
The results of the investigation are shown in the graph below.
1
P e r c e n t a g e
o f l i g 6h 0t
t r a n s m
i t t e d
( %
)
4
1
T
i m
1
e
1
/
4
m
l u
c o
s e
c r o
s e
i n
23
(i)
Describe the rate of respiration of yeast in the glucose solution during the 20
minutes of this investigation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
State one way in which the rate of respiration of yeast in the sucrose solution
differs from the rate in the glucose solution.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
17.
The diagram below shows a simple respirometer used to investigate gas exchange in
germinating seeds.
c 3 ms y
l l
r i n
c a l e
a p
i l l a r y
t u
c o
t a i n
e r
e r m
f i l t e r
a p
e r
r o
t a s s i u
t a i n
i n
c o
l o
25
i n
i d
r e d
(a)
The syringe
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(b)
Suggest why immersing the respirometer in a water bath helps to ensure that the results
are reliable.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
In an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by the seeds, the coloured liquid
moved 12 mm up the right hand side of the capillary tube in 15 minutes. The cross2
sectional area of the capillary tube is 0.19 mm .
Calculate the volume of oxygen taken up per minute by the seeds.
Show your working.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
18.
(a) The diagram below shows some of the stages of anaerobic respiration in a muscle
cell.
l u
c o
s e
F
G
l y
c o
l y
r u
c t o
, 6
- b
l y
c e r a t e
s t a n
a c t i c
- p
c e
s p
t a g
t a g
t a g
i s p
s i s
(i)
s e
t a g
s p
a t e
a t e
c i d
Name substance A.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
27
(b)
The Krebs cycle occurs during aerobic respiration and is an example of a metabolic
pathway.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
The diagram below shows some of the stages that occur in the Krebs cycle.
A
c e t y
A
a c e t a t Ce
a l o
e n
z y
i ( t 4 r aC t e)
( 6
r e d
( 2
B
1
r e d
c e d
M
N
F
a l a t e
( 4
a- k
C
E
F
CO 2
e t o
g l u
a r a t e
D
1
r e d
( 4
c e d
1
)
C O
F A
c e d
t a r a t e
r e d
2
c e d
c c i n
a t e
Oxidoreductase enzymes are involved in some of the reactions in the Krebs cycle.
Using the letters A to F and the information given in the diagram, list all the stages that
involve an oxidoreductase enzyme.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
( 4
Isolated mitochondria in a solution containing inorganic phosphate and an electron donor can be
used to study respiration. An electrode is used to record changes in oxygen concentration while
mitochondria respire. The graph below shows changes in oxygen concentration for some
isolated mitochondria.
a d
e d
o x y g e n c o n c e n tra tio n
o f s o lu tio n /
a rb itra ry u n its
19.
(a)
(i)
i m
i l l i s e c o
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
(iii)
29
(iv)
(b)
Nerve impulse
transmission ................................................................................................................
...............
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)