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3 

(b)

Descr be  e roe of m ochondr

.............................................. ......................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
.................................... ................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
(2)
(  5 marks)

3.

The d  ram beow shows he srucure of a chromosome as  m  h appear a he end of

prophase of m os s.
A

(a)

Name he pars abeed A and .

A ....................................................................................................... ..........................
 ........................................................................................................................... ......
(2)

(b)

Dur ng meaphase of m os s, he chromosomes become aached o he equaor of he
sp nde. Name he sage of m os s ha foows meaphase and descr be he evens ha
occur n h s sage.
Sage ....................................................................................................................... ....
Evens occurr ng ........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
....................... .............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
(3)

c

(c)

Expa n he s gn f cance of he sage you have named and descr bed n (b).
............................................................................................................................. .......
................................................ ....................................................................................
(1)

(d)

M os s forms par of he ce cyce. Name one oher sage of he ce cyce and sae wha
occurs n he sage ha you have named.
............................ ........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
.................. ..................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

4.

The abe beow refers o hree organees commony found n eukaryo c ces. !ompee he
abe by wr  ng he name of he organee, s descr p on or one func on, as appropr ae, n
each of he f ve boxes prov ded.
Name of organee

Descr p on

One func on

Gog apparaus

!y ndr ca organees
made up of m croubues

Invoved n sp nde
Organ sa on dur ng ce
d v s on n an ma ces

od-shaped srucures
w h a doube membrane,
he nner one foded o
form cr sae
( ota 5 marks)

5.

(a)

The abe beow descr bes some of he key evens ha occur dur ng m os s !ompee he
abe by wr  ng he name of he sage of m os s nex o s descr p on.

c

ey events

Stage

!hroma ds separae and move o oppos e poes

of he d v d ng ce.
!hromosomes shoren and h cken. The nucear
enveope breaks down and he sp nde forms.
The sp nde f bres break down, he nucear
membrane re-forms and he chromosomes
eongae.
!hromosomes  ne up on he equaor of he ce,
aached o sp nde f bres by he r cenromeres.
(4)

(b)


The graph beow usraes he change n DNA conen dur ng he ce cyce

ass of DNA /
arb rary un s
6

4
3 A

G1

1
0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

T me / hours

c

( )

!acuae he percenage of he ce cyce  me spen n G1.

Answer...................................................................
(3)

( )

A wh ch po n, A, , ! or D, does chromosome rep ca on (he S phase) beg n?

Expa n your answer.
....................................................................... ...................................................
..........................................................................................................................
................................................................................. .........................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
( ota 9 marks)

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3............................................................................................................................ ................
............................................................................................................................. .................
......................................................................................................... .....................................
............................................................................................................................. .................
( ota 6 marks)

7.

A freshwaer sream was samped over a d sance of 4.0 km o deerm ne he abundance of an
aqua c nverebrae. The oxygen concenra on of he waer was measured over he same
d sance. The resus are shown n he graphs beow.
100
Number of organ sms found
a each samp ng sa on

50
0
0

1.0

2.0
D sance / km

3.0

4.0

1.0

2.0
D sance / km

3.0

4.0

xygen concenra on

(a)

Name one aqua c nverebrae ha m gh show h s d sr bu on aong he sream.
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................................................................................................ .............................
(1)

c

(b)

Sugges two adapa ons ha woud enabe an nverebrae o hr ve beween 0.2 and 1.0
km aong he sream. In each case sae how he adapa on ass ss surv va.
1................................................. ..................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................... ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
2............................................................................................................................ .......
........................................................................................................................... ..........
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................... ......................
(4)
( ota 5 marks)

8.

The abe beow refers o feaures of prokaryo c and eukaryo c ces. If he feaure s usuay
presen, pace a  ck ( ) n he appropr ae box and f he feaure s absen, pace a cross (m)c n
he appropr ae box.
Feaure

Prokaryo c ce

Eukaryo c ce

!e surface membrane
Pasm ds
bosomes
M ochondr a
( ota 4 marks)

c

9.

The draw ng beow shows an an ma ce, magn f ed 1000, undergo ng m os s.

(a)

G ve two feaures ha hep o den fy h s as an an ma ce.

1 ........................................................................................................................... ......
2 ...................................................................................... ...........................................
(2)

(b)

Name he pars abeed A and .

A ........................................................................................................................... .....
 ............................................................................................................................. ...
(2)

(c)

Name he sage of m os s shown n he draw ng.

..................................................................... ...............................................................
(1)

c

(d)

!acuae he acua max mum d ameer of h s ce. Show your work ng.

Answer ...........................................................
(2)
( ota 7 marks)

10.

A procedure was carr ed ou o separae he major organees w h n  ver ces. Th s nvoved
break ng up (homogen s ng)  ver  ssue n an ce-cod sa sou on wh ch had he same waer
poen a as he ce cyopasm.
Uracenr fuga on was hen used o separae he organees. Uracenr fuga on s a process
ha separaes maer as of d fferen dens  es by sp nn ng hem n a ube a d fferen speeds. The
denser maer as are forced o he boom of he ube as a pee, wh e ess dense maer as
rema n nearer o he op of he ube n  qu d known as he supernaan.

The fow char beow summar ses he seps nvoved n h s procedure.

L ver  ssue broken up

n ce-co sa sou on

Cenr
uged a o speed
or
10 m nues

ee

upernaan cenr
uged a med um
speed
or 20 m nues

ee B

upernaan cenr
uged a h gh
speed
or 30 m nues

ee C

na supernaan

(a)

Sugges why  was necessary for he sa sou on o have he same waer poen a as he
ce cyopasm.
....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
............................................................................................................................. .......
........................................................................................................................ ............
(2)

(b)

Th s procedure separaed m ochondr a, nuce and r bosomes no he hree pees, 
and . !ompee he abe beow o show wh ch one of hese organees woud be found
n wh ch pee.
Pee

Organee

!
(2)

(c)

Sugges two componens of he ce, oher han waer, ha m gh be presen n he f na
supernaan.
1 ........................................................................................................................... ......
2 .................... .............................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

In he space beow, draw and abe a d agram o show he srucure of a m ochondr on.

(4)


c

(e)

Expa n why arge numbers of m ochondr a are found n  ver ces.

............................................................................................................................. .......
.................................................................................... ................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
.......................................................................... ..........................................................
(2)
( ota 12 marks)

11.

The d agram beow shows he srucure of a bacer um, a yp ca prokaryo c ce.


!

(a)

Name A,  and ! as abeed on he d agram.

A ............................................................................................................................. ..
 ........................................................................................................................... ....
! ........................................................................................................................... ....
(3)

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(a)

Descr be how you woud prepare a roo  p squash so ha m os s can be sud ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
(4)

(b)

Sae wh ch of he ces abeed AE s n:

( )

meaphase ...................

( )

anaphase .....................
(2)

(c)

Sae two evens ha ake pace dur ng nerphase.

1. ..
2. ..
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

c

13.

The d agram beow shows a germ na ng poen gra n as seen us ng a  gh m croscope.

(a)

Name he pars abeed A and .

A ............................................................................................................................. ..
 ........................................................................................................................... ....
(2)

(b)

Descr be he roes of he wo mae nuce dur ng fer  sa on.

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(4)

c

(c)

An nves ga on was carr ed ou no he effec of sucrose concenra on on he
germ na on of poen gra ns from wo spec es of pans, d
 

 and   
   . The resus are shown n he graph beow.

30
Germ na on
rae (%)
25
20

d 



15

   

10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

Sucrose concenra on (%)

  d  
  

( )

Wha s he op mum concenra on of sucrose for he germ na on of poen gra ns
from boh spec es?
...
(1)

( )

!ompare he germ na on rae of hese wo spec es as he concenra on of sucrose
ncreases from 20%.
...
...
...
...
...
...
(3)
( ota 10 marks)

c

14.

The d agram beow shows a m dge arva,   
. Th s s a spec es wh ch s adaped o  ve

n fresh waer w h a ow concenra on of d ssoved oxygen.

1 cm

Descr be two ways n wh ch nverebraes such as   
 are adaped o  ve n waer w h
a ow concenra on of d ssoved oxygen.
............................................................................................................................. .................
................................................................................................................. .............................
............................................................................................................................. .................
................................................................................... ...........................................................
............................................................................................................................. .................
..................................................... .........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .................
....................... .......................................................................................................................
( ota 4 marks)

15.

The d agram beow shows par of a ransverse sec on a h gh magn f ca on hrough a

sem n ferous ubue n human es s.

c

(a)

Iden fy ces  and !.
 ........................................................................................................................... ...
! ................................................................................... ...........................................
(2)

(b)

( )

G ve he eer of one ce w h he hapo d (n) number of chromosomes.

(1)

( )

Expa n how me os s resus n he produc on of hapo d ces.

(4)

(c)

G ve two feaures of a spermaozoon ha enabe  o carry ou fer  sa on. Expa n n
each case how hese feaures ass s n fer  sa on.
..
..
..
..
(2)
( ota 9 marks)

c

16.

Some bacer a were grown n a cuure w h rad oac ve am no ac ds. They used he
abeed am no ac ds o synhes se proe ns wh ch were ncorporaed no he r ces.
The bacer a were hen washed horoughy and m xed w h some wh e bood ces. The
amoun of rad oac v y aken up by he wh e bood ces was measured a nervas of
wo hours for 24 hours.

The wh e bood ces were phagocy c and engufed (ook up) he bacer a by a process
caed phagocyos s. Phagocyos s s a form of endocyos s. Th s process s usraed n
he d agram beow.

acer um

Membrane exens ons

Phagosome
(phagocy c vacuoe)

Nuceus

Wh e bood ce

ysosomes hen fuse w h he phagosome and reease he r conens no .

The abe beow shows he eve of rad oac v y found ns de and ous de he wh e bood ces
dur ng he 24 hour per od.
T me afer m x ng ces
ogeher/hours
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24

(a)

( )

ad oac v y ns de wh e
bood ces/arb rary un s
0
16
48
61
70
72
72
71
43
21
10
8
5

ad oac v y ous de wh e
bood ces/arb rary un s
80
64
32
19
10
8
8
9
37
59
70
72
75

Descr be he srucure of a ysosome.

c

..
..
..
..
(2)

( )

Descr be he roes of ysosomes.

..
..
..
..
(2)

(b)

Descr be he changes n he eve of rad oac v y found ns de he wh e bood ces
dur ng he per od of 24 hours.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3)

(c)

Sugges wha s happen ng o he bacer a ns de he phagosomes beween 10 and

14 hours.
.
.

c

(d)

Expa n why he amoun of rad oac v y ncreases ous de he wh e bood ces
afer 14 hours.
.
.
.
.
(2)

(e)

Sugges why he wh e bood ces d d no ake up a he rad oac v y.
.
.
(1)
( ota 11 marks)

17.

G ve an accoun of he process of me os s and s s gn f cance n he produc on of gamees

n humans.
3   
( ota 10 marks)

c


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Name he pars abeed A,  and !.

A .
 .
! .
(2)

(c)

Descr be how he spermaozoa are ransferred no he femae.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5)
( ota 9 marks)

c

19.

The fow char beow shows he sequence n wh ch some ces are formed dur ng

spermaogenes s n he mamma an eses.
Spermaogon um

!e A

Secondary spermaocye

!e 

Spermaozoon

(a)

Sae he par of he es s where spermaogenes s occurs.

............................................................................................................................. ...
(1)

(b)

Name ces A and .
!e A .......................................................................................... ...........................
!e  .....................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Expa n he mporance of me os s n he forma on of spermaozoa.

.......................... ......................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...
........................ ........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...
...................... ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...
(3)
( ota 6 marks)

20.
c

The d agrams beow show wo nverebraes found n freshwaer hab as. a-a ed maggos

c


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(b)

Sugges wha adapa ons sonefy nymphs m gh have for  v ng n fas fow ng waer.
............................... ................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..
............................... ................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..
(2)
( ota 6 marks)

21.

D s ngu sh beween each of he foow ng pa rs of erms.

T ssues and organs
............................................................................................................................. ..................
.................................. .............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
............................................................................................................................... ................
( ota 2 marks)

c

22.

The d agrams beow show four sages of m os s.

(a)

( )

Wr e he eers of he sages n he sequence n wh ch hey occur dur ng m os s.
........... .......... .......... ...........
(1)

( )

Name sage D.
............................................................................................................................. ....
(1)

c

(b)

The graph beow shows how he quan y of DNA var es w h  me n a ce cyce.

4
/01
Quan y o

/ arb rary un s
3

0
0

10

15

20

25

T me/hours

( )

Expa n he changes n he quan y of DNA ha ake pace:

beween 10 o 15 hours
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................... ..................................................................
a 20 hours
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

c

( )

Wha s happen ng- n he ce beween 15 and 20 hours?

....................................................... ..............................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

( )

Wha s he minimum engh of  me ha nerphase woud occupy n h s ce

cyce?
............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)
( ota 6 marks)

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(b)

!acuae he acua engh of he srucure abeed  n  m. Show your work ng.

Acua engh of  .................. m

(3)

(c)

Descr be how proe ns synhes sed on he rough endopasm c re cuum are processed and
ranspored ou of he ce.
............................................................................................................................. ..................
..................................................................... ..........................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
..................................... ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
.................................................................................................................................. .............
..................................................................................................................... ..........................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
..................................................................................... ..........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
(5)
( ota 10 marks)

24.

(a)

The d agram beow shows a sage n he d v s on of a ce aken from he es s of an

an ma. The d po d number of chromosomes of he an ma s 4.


c

Iden fy he sage of me os s shown n he d agram.

....................................................................... ........................................................................
(2)

c

(b)

The  fe cyce of a human can be represened by he d agram beow.

3perm

4vum
5

0ygoe

du

mbryo

The d po d number of chromosomes n a human ce s 46.

Sae he number of chromosomes presen n each of he foow ng.
( )c

Sperm ...........................................................................................................

( )c

Zygoe ..............................................................................................................

( )c

A ce n he embryo ........................................................................................

(3)

c

(c)

Descr be spermaogenes s n humans.

............................................................................................................................. ..................
................................................................................................. ..............................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
................................................................. ..............................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
................................. ..............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
.............................................................................................................................. .................
................................................................................................................. ..............................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
(5)
( ota 10 marks)

c

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c cc c
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(b)

Feshy sems, cona n ng arge, h n-waed ces.

............................................................................................................................. ..................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
................................................................................................................ ...............................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
(2)

(c)

eaves reduced o sp nes.

............................................ ...................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
......................................................................................................................................... ......
............................................................................................................................ ...................
............................................................................................................................. ..................
............................................................................................ ...................................................
(3)
( ota 7 marks)

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ery h gh spec es d vers y and

h ghes number of d fferen
hab as or rare hab as

ery ow spec es d vers y and

owes number of d fferen
hab as or rare hab as

oogi a ategory
5

The second sage s o cacuae he mpac of he proposed deveopmen w h n each area us ng
he foow ng formua:
area (m2 ) ecoog ca caegory = un s of damage
F nay, cons dera on s g ven o wheher he damage s revers be or rrevers be. F gure 3
shows he resus of h s ecoog ca assessmen survey for S e 1 and S e 2.

Figure 3  omparison of the resuts of the e oogi a assessment survey for Site 1 and Site 2
Site 1
Area

Type of
deveopmen

Area/m2

Ecoog ca
caegory

Un s of
damage

evers be
damage

Irrevers be
damage

u d ng

10 500

21 000

21 000

b*

P pe ne

150 000

750 000

750 000

Toas

771 000

750 000

21 000

Site 2
Area/m2

Area

Type of
deveopmen

u d ng

21 000

q*

P pe ne

2 500

r*

P pe ne

3 000

s*

P pe ne

500

*

P pe ne

2 000

Ecoog ca
caegory

Un s of
damage

evers be
damage

Irrevers be
damage

10 000

Toas
* nvoves ay ng of underground p pe ne ony.
    d 

 

c

(a)

Sugges why some damage s cons dered o be revers be and some damage s cons dered
o be rrevers be.
............................................................................................................................. ...............
..................................................... .......................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
........................... .................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

!ompee he daa for S e 2 n F gure 3.

(3)

(c)

Us ng he daa n F gure 3, compare he ecoog ca effec ha he deveopmen of he
sewage reamen works woud have a S e 1 and S e 2.
............................................................................................................................. ...............
.................................................... ........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
.......................... ..................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
............................................................................................................................. ...............
(3)

(d)

Sae wha s mean by spe ies diversity.

............................................................... .............................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
(1)

 c

(e)

The ecoog ca mpac on he mar ne env ronmen aso needs o be cons dered. Us ng
nforma on from F gure 1, sugges three facors affec ng he mar ne env ronmen ha
shoud be cons dered when compar ng S e 1 w h S e 2.
1 ...
2 ...
3 ...
(3)

(f)

Sugges why an acc dena d scharge of raw sewage from he reamen works m gh ead
o an ncrease n he numbers of carn vorous f sh around he d scharge p pe.
.................................................................................................................................... ........
.......................................................................................................................... ..................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
................................................................................................ ............................................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
...................................................................... ......................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...............
............................................ ................................................................................................
(4)
( ota 16 marks)

 <c

 c


c

  c
ccc

cc
c

c
cc
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3 "
c
c

c
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cc c cc
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c
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3

cc
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c
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c
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3

cc
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cc

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3

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?
c
c
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c
c
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3

=>c

(c)

Name he pars of he m ochondr on abeed  and !.

 ..................................................................................................................................
! ........................................................................................................................... .......
(2)
( ota 6 marks)

28.

(a)

Descr be two feaures of a human sperm ce and expa n how hey aow  o carry ou
@
eave s roe n fer  sa on. bank
Feaure 1 ......................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
Expana on..................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
Feaure 2 ................................................................................................................... ...
............................................................................................................................. ........
Expana on..................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(4)

(b)

Name he ype of nucear d v s on by wh ch sperm ces are produced, and wh ch

nroduces var a on hrough random assormen.
........................................................................................................... ..........................
(1)

c

(c)

In h s  fe me a man produces many m  ons of sperm ces and ye he s mos un key o

have more han en ch dren. Sugges a b oog ca advanage of produc ng such vas
numbers of sperms.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)
( ota 7 marks)

29.

Pan ces have a ce wa made of ceuose, whereas an ma ces do no have a ce wa.

(a)

Sae hree oher srucura feaures found n pan ces bu no n an ma ces.

1 ..................... .............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
2 ..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
3 ............................................................................................................................. .....
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

c

 c


c c
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c
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c
c

cc   c

c
r

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c cc c 
c  ccc4cc
c
c

cc
c

c
c
 c

c
  
C


cc
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c
c
c
c
c
ccccc4c
c  c
4c c
3

ABc

( )

Expa n how he srucure of he ce was found a P and E prov des he srengh
o hep suppor he whoe pan.
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................... ..................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

S ng ng nees can be grown on and unsu abe for crops.

( )

Sugges one poss be use of harvesed nee sems.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

( )

Expa n how crops of nees coud be used as a susa nabe resource.

................................................................. ..........................................................
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................................... ..................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
( ota 11 marks)

Dc

30.

The foow ng abe refers o organees found n eukaryo c ces. !ompee he abe by wr  ng
he name of he organee, two feaures of s srucure or one func on of he organee n each
of he four empy boxes as appropr ae.
Name of organee

wo feaures of srucure

One func on

1. Sack of curved c sernae

Mod f ca on
of proe ns
2. Surrounded by many ves ces

1.
ough endopasm c
re cuum
2.

1.
S e of
phoosynhes s

!horopas
2.

( ota 6 marks)

c

31.

The fow d agram beow shows a mehod for prepar ng and sa n ng ces n order o sudy
sages of m os s.
Trea pan maer a w h hydrochor c ac d

ace n sa n and warm

Break open pan maer a

5oun on s de

Gquash geny

(a)

Name a su abe par of a pan o use, g v ng a reason for your cho ce.

(2)

(b)

( )

Expa n why sa n ng s necessary n h s prepara on.

(1)

( )

Name a su abe sa n for h s echn que.

............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

c

(c)

Expa n why  s necessary o squash he prepara on.

(1)
( ota 5 marks)

32.

The abe beow refers o some feaures of prokaryo c and eukaryo c ces.

!ompee he abe by wr  ng a  ck f he feaure s presen or a cross f he feaure s absen.
Do no eave any boxes empy. The f rs  ne has been done for you.
Prokaryo c ce

Eukaryo c ce

bosomes presen
!e d ameer usuay more han
20  m
!es may cona n pasm ds
DNA comb ned w h proe n no
chromosomes
Nucear membranes presen
!e wa aways presen
( ota 5 marks)

c

33.

ead hrough he foow ng accoun rea ng o some carbohydraes n pans, hen wr e on he

doed  nes he mos appropr ae word or words o compee he accoun.
Sarch s made from he monosacchar de ....................................... whereas ceuose s
made from he monosacchar de ....................................... . Poysacchar des are formed
when ....................................... monosacchar des jo n ogeher us ng . ......................................
bonds.
Sarch s ....................................... n waer and can herefore be used o sore
....................................... . !euose moecues are hed ogeher n parae groups by
.............. ......................... bonds.
( ota 7 marks)

34.

(a)

Descr be how he srucure of a xyem vesse heps  o carry ou he func on of waer
ranspor n pans.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

 c

(b)

Expa n how waer moves hrough xyem vesses n he ransp ra on sream.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................................. .......
........................................................................................................................... ..........
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................... ......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................... ..................................
(4)

 Hc

(c)

M nera ons are carr ed n he ransp ra on sream. Sae he mporance of each of he
foow ng ons for pan growh.
( )

!ac um ons
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

( )

Magnes um ons
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................ ...

( )

N rae ons
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. ..............
(3)
( ota 9 marks)


c

35.

(a)

The d agram beow shows he resus of wo d fferen ypes of ce d v s on, A and , n
an an ma ce w h s x chromosomes.

New sk n
ce
A
An ma
ce

Iamee

Name he ypes of ce d v s on nd caed by A and .

A ............................................................................................................................. .....
 ........................................................................................................................... .......
(2)

(b)

The d agram beow shows he fus on of wo gamees.

Iamee

Iamee

( )

Name he process by wh ch gamees fuse.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

( )
c

Name he ype of ce formed by h s process.

c

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The d agram beow shows a sperm ce.

Name he organees abeed X, Y, and Z.

X ........................................................................................................................... .......
Y ...................................................................................................................... ............
Z ........................................................................................................................... .......
(3)
( ota 7 marks)

36.

Gar c s known o cona n an an bacer a subsance caed a c n.

(a)

Sugges an advanage o a pan n produc ng an bacer a subsances n s ces.

............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................... ......................................................................................
(1)

c

(b)

The presence of an bacer a subsances n gar c can be demonsraed by gr nd ng gar c

n ehano o produce an exrac. A sampe of h s exrac s hen app ed o a sma d sc of
f er paper.
( )

Descr be how you woud demonsrae ha h s d sc cona ned an an bacer a
subsance.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................ ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................ ...................................................................................................
(4)

( )

A newy d scovered ra nfores pan s hough o cona n a powerfu an bacer a

subsance. Expa n how you woud compare he effec veness of h s new subsance
w h a c n n gar c.
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................... ..................................
...........................................................................................................................
................................................................................................. ..........................
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................... ..................
(3)

c

(c)

Sugges how h s newy d scovered pan subsance m gh have a usefu app ca on wh ch
does no nvove gene c mod f ca on.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(1)
( ota 9 marks)

Jc

  c


c
c
c
c
c)c cc
"
c


c c1c
#
c
c c
c

c
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c
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c6 Mc c
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cc  c
c

c

c
N NN
N




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cc$./c
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c

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cc
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c c
cc  c8/9c
c
c

 c
 "
 c
c
c
c c c

c)c
c
c

KLc

(a)

Sugges wo facors wh ch m gh ead o he ex nc on of  gers n he w d.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

(b)

Sugges why  s necessary o nroduce new  gers o he breed ng programme.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................................................................................................... ..............
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

(c)

Expa n he mporance of ma na n ng a eas 90% of he gene c d vers y n he zoo
popua on for he successfu re nroduc on of  gers no he w d.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................. .......................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(4)
( ota 9 marks)

c

38.

ead hrough he foow ng accoun of m os s n an an ma ce, hen wr e on he doed  nes

he mos appropr ae word or words o compee he accoun.
Dur ng prophase, he ................................................ breaks down and he
................................................ m grae o oppos e poes of  he ce.
Dur ng ................................................, he chromosomes are v s be as pa rs of
chroma ds,  ned up aong he equaor of he ce. Sp nde f bres exend from he poes
of he ce and aach o he ............................ .................... .
In ................................................, he sp nde f bres conrac, pu ng he chroma ds
apar.
( ota 5 marks)

39.

The d agram beow shows he srucure of a bacer a ce as seen us ng an eecron

m croscope.
Ce wa

Sorage granue

(a)

( )

Name he pars abeed A and .

A ........................................................................................................................... .
 .................................................................................. ..........................................
(2)

c

( )

Name he carbohydrae presen n he sorage granues.

............................................................................................................................. ..
(1)

( )

Descr be how he ce wa n h s bacer a ce d ffers from ha n a pan ce.

............................................................................................................................. ..
........................................... ....................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The d agram has been magn f ed 6000  mes. !acuae he acua engh of he
bacer a ce beween X and Y. Show your work ng, and g ve your answer n
m cromeres.

Answer ............................. m
(3)
( ota 7 marks)

40.

Eukaryo c ces cona n organees, many of wh ch are bound by a membrane. Some organees
have a doube membrane, ofen caed an enveope.
(a)

( )

Descr be two srucura d fferences beween he doube membrane surround ng a

m ochondr on and he doube membrane surround ng a nuceus.
............................................................................................................................. ...
................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...
................................................................................................................................
(2)

O c

( )

Name one oher organee ha has a doube membrane.

......................................................................... .......................................................
(1)

(b)

!enr oes are an exampe of organees ha are not membrane-bound. Descr be he
srucure and func on of cenr oes.
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................................................ ...............
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................................ ...............................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................ ...............................................
(3)
( ota 6 marks)

PQc

41.

The d agram beow shows he sequence of sages n me os s.

Prophase I

Meaphase I

Anaphase I

Teophase I

Prophase II

Meaphase II

Anaphase II

Teophase II

(a)

Descr be wha s happen ng o he chromosomes dur ng he foow ng sages.

( )

Prophase I
............................................................................................................................. ...
............................................................................................................................. ...
............................................................................................................................. ...
............................................................................................................................. ...
(2)

R
c

( )

Meaphase I
............................................................................................................................. ...
.................................................................................................... ............................
............................................................................................................................. ...
.................................................................................................. ..............................
(2)

( )

Anaphase II
............................................................................................................................. ...
........................................................................ ........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...
............................................................................................................................. ...
(2)

(b)

Me os s n humans resus n he produc on of gamees. Name he ype of ce produced

by each of he foow ng sages.
( )

Me os s I n oogenes s.
............................................................................................................................. ...
(1)

( )

Me os s I n spermaogenes s.
....................................................... .........................................................................
(1)
( ota 8 marks)

Sc

 c


c c
ccc"

c
 c cc

cc

c
ccc

c
  cc c 
c cc
ccc c "
c c
 c

c
c
 
 cc c
c
c

c

c
cc
 c

U
c

 c
c
c 
c

cc "  cc
# c
cc
c
1 c  c
&# c c
  c
 c
  c
3 

cc
 c

V
c

 c
c
c
c c
c c c

c
$c c
 c
%c  c
 c
3

 Tc

(c)

Sugges why somaa are found ony n he upper ep derm s of h s eaf.

............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................... .............
............................................................................................................................. .........
........................................................................................................... ...........................
(2)
( ota 7 marks)

43.

The b od vers y of rop ca ra nforess n he !enra Amer can counry of Honduras s be ng
nves gaed, and changes n he use of and are be ng recorded.
(a)

Expa n wha s mean by biodiversity.

............................................................................................................................. ........
......................................................................................................................... ............
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................. ........................
(2)

(b)

Descr be two ways n wh ch a axonomy of  v ng organ sms s of benef  o he process

of measur ng b od vers y.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

Wc

(c)

The abe beow g ves es maes of he oa ra nfores cover n Honduras over a per od of
e gh years.
Year

Area of cover / km2

1992
1994
1996
1998
2000

56250
55660
55080
54480
53820

!acuae he percenage change n fores cover beween 1992 and 2000. Show your
work ng.

Answer ............................
(2)

XXc

(d)

ack of adequae regua ons n Honduras has encouraged rad  ona sash-and-burn
farm ng, exens ve graz ng, fores f res and ega cearance of he ra nfores.
Sugges reasons why he governmen of Honduras m gh not wan o nroduce
regua ons for he conro of changes n and use, and sugges reasons why conserv ng
he ra nforess shoud be encouraged.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................... ...............................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................... ...........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................. .......................................................................
(5)
( ota 11 marks)

44.

 
 s a grass ha grows near od copper m nes n Norh Waes. !opper s usuay
very ox c o pans, bu some  pans can oerae copper n he so  and grow on he
wase  ps from he copper m nes.
(a)

Sugges a mehod for measur ng oerance o copper n a sampe of  pans.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

Yc

(b)

 pans were samped from hree s es cose o a copper m ne. S e  was on he
wase  p from he m ne, S e Awas up-w nd of he  p and S e ! was down-w nd, as
shown beow. The oerance o copper of each of he sampes was measured and he
resus are shown n he graph beow.
Up-w nd s e
No copper presen n so 

Site 

!opper m ne wase  p
!opper presen n so 

Site 

Down-w nd s e
No copper presen n so 

Site

Ma n w nd d rec on

H gh

Toerance
o
!opper

ow
S e A

S e 

S e !

Sugges an expana on for he d fference n oerance beween pans n he up-w nd s e
(A) and pans n he down-w nd s e (!).
................................................... ..................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................... ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................... ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

[c

(c)

Sampes of oeran and non-oeran pans were grown n hree rays of so  ha
cona ned no copper. Tray 1 cona ned ony oeran pans, Tray 3 cona ned ony nonoeran pans and Tray 2 had a m xure of equa numbers of boh ypes. The oa dry
mass of he pans n each ray was measured. The arrangemen of he pans and he
resus are summar sed beow.
ray 1
 oeran pans

Toa dry mass

of oeran pans
Toa dry mass
of non-oeran
pans

ray 2
5 xed oeran and
non-oeran pans

ray 3
 non-oeran
pans

46 g

12 g

___

___

30 g

47 g

Sugges an expana on for he resus oba ned n Tray 2.

............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................................... ...............................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................... ...........................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................. .......................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................. ...................................................................
(4)

(d)

Sugges and expa n how he abundance of copper-oeran  pans woud be
 key o change f he copper were removed from he so  on he m ne wase  p (S e ).
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................................................... ...............
(2)
( ota 11 marks)

]c

45.

The d agrams beow show he srucures of a eaf pa sade ce and a bacer a ce, as seen
us ng an eecron m croscope.

Leaf paisade e

(Magn f ca on 100000)

(a)

a teria e
(Magn f ca on 18000)

Name he pars abeed A,  and !.

A ........................................................................................................................... ........
 ................................................................................ ...................................................
! ........................................................................................................................... ........
(3)

(b)

G ve one d fference beween he ce wa of a eaf pa sade ce and he ce wa of a

bacer a ce.
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................................................................................................. .........
(1)

(c)

Descr be he func on of par D.

.............................................................................. ........................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........

 c

................................................................ ......................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
(2)
( ota 6 marks)

46.

An nves ga on was performed o deerm ne he engh of  me ha a ce n an on on roo  p

spends n each sage of m os s.
A grow ng roo from an on on was seeced and a roo  p squash was made. Th s was exam ned
under a  gh m croscope and he percenage of ces n each sage of m os s was deerm ned.
The resus are shown n he abe beow.

Sage of m os s

Percenage of ces n h s
sage

Prophase

2.43

Meaphase

1.40

Anaphase

0.70

Teophase

2.78

 ^c

(a)

Descr be how you woud prepare a roo  p squash so ha m os s coud be sud ed.
............................................................................................................................. ..........
......................................................................................... ..............................................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
......................................................................... ..............................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................................................ ...............
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................................ ...............................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
(4)

(b)

The percenage of ces n a sage of m os s s propor ona o he dura on of ha sage.
Use h s nforma on o compare he dura on of each sage of m os s n hese roo  p
ces.
............................................................................................................................. ..........
.......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
............................................................................................................................. ..........
.................................................................................................................. .....................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
.................................................................................................. .....................................
............................................................................................................................. ..........
(3)


c

(c)

The dura on of each sage of m os s can be cacuaed us ng he equa on beow.
_
Dura on of a sage =

ercenage of ces n ha sage 0 ce cyce  me

100

The ce cyce  me for hese ces s 1200 m nues.

Descr be how you woud use h s daa o deerm ne he oa dura on of m os s.
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................................................ ...............
............................................................................................................................. ..........
........................................................................................................ ...............................
(2)
( ota 9 marks)

47.

(a)

Draw and abe a d agram o show he srucure of he Gog apparaus as seen us ng an
eecron m croscope.

(3)

c

(b)

The process of proe n synhes s n ces and he secre on of proe ns from he ces was
nves gaed us ng rad oac vey abeed am no ac ds.
The ces were ncubaed w h rad oac ve am no ac ds for 30 m nues. The ces were
hen removed and washed horoughy o remove any rad oac ve am no ac ds on he ce
surfaces.
The washed ces were hen ncubaed w h non-rad oac ve am no ac ds for 120 m nues.
Every 20 m nues a sampe of ces was removed and he eve of rad oac v y n he
rough endopasm c re cuum and n he secreory ves ces was deerm ned.
The graph beow shows he eves of rad oac v y n he rough endopasm c re cuum
and he secreory ves ces.
80
`ecreory
ves ces

70
60
50
Leve of
rad oac v y
/ arb rary 40
un s
30

Rough
endopasm c
re cuum

20
10
0
0

( )

20

40

60
80
Incuba on  me / m n

100

120

Descr be and expa n he changes n he eve of rad oac v y n he rough
endopasm c re cuum dur ng he f rs 40 m nues of he ncuba on per od.
............................................................................................................................. ..
............................................................................................................................. ..
............................................................................................................................. ..
............................................................................................................................. ..
............................................................................................................................. ..
............................................................................................................................. ..
(2)

( )

Expa n he shape of he curve for he secreory ves ces beween 0 and 40 m nues.

c

................................. ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..
................................. ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..
................................. ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..
................................. ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..
(3)
( ota 8 marks)

48.

The d agram beow shows a sage n he d v s on of a ce from he mae par of a fower.

The d po d number of chromosomes for h s pan s 14.

(a)

Sae he exac oca on of such a ce n he mae par of a fower.

.................................... ..................................................................................................
(1)

c

(b)

Iden fy he sage of me os s shown n he d agram.

............................................................................................... .......................................
(2)

(c)

Fer  sa on n a pan nvoves d fferen ypes of ces and nuce .

Sae he number of chromosomes presen n each of he foow ng n h s pan.
A poen ube nuceus ..........................
A femae gamee (egg ce) .................
A zygoe nuceus .................................
An endosperm ce ...............................
(4)
( ota 7 marks)

49.

(a)

The d agram beow shows some of he sages dur ng he deveopmen of a human ovum.

ac

( )

On he d agram, wr e he eer M o show when he f rs d v s on of me os s s

compee.
(1)

( )

Name srucure b, shown n he d agram.

............................................................................................................................. ..
(1)

( )

Afer ovua on, srucure b deveops o form a corpus ueum. Name two
hormones ha are secreed by he corpus ueum.
1 ........................................................................................................................... ..
2 ........................................................................................................................... ..
(2)

(b)

Descr be he process of fer  sa on n humans.

............................................................................................................................. .........
........................................................... ...........................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................. .........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................... .......................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
( ota 7 marks)

c

50.

!e A n he d agram beow has wo pa rs of chromosomes. !e  s one of four ces ha were

produced from ce A by ce d v s on.

(a)

Sae he ype of ce d v s on wh ch has occurred o produce ce , and g ve a reason for

your answer.
Type of ce d v s on ................................................................................................ .....
eason ...................................................................................................................... ....
........................................................................................................................ ..............
(2)

(b)

Expa n wha happened dur ng h s ce d v s on wh ch resued n he d fferen

appearance of chromosome P.
........................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................................................................................. .........................
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................... .............
(3)

c

(c)

G ve he exac oca on n a human mae where h s ype of ce d v s on occurs.

............................................................................................................................. .........
(1)
( ota 6 marks)

51.

Wr e an essay on he foow ng op c:

The upake, ranspor and roes of m nera ons n fower ng pans.
Marks w  be awarded for sc en f c conen, coverage of he op c, and he qua y of wr en
commun ca on. You shoud ncude n your answers any reevan nforma on from he whoe
of your course. You may ncude d agrams f you w sh, bu make sure ha hey are reevan o
your essay and add exra nforma on o .
( ota 15 marks)

52.

The abe beow  ss some feaures of a yp ca pan ce and a yp ca an ma ce.

!ompee he abe w h a  ck ( ) f you woud expec he feaure o be usuay presen or a
cross ( ) f you woud expec  o be absen.
o not eave any boxes empty.
The f rs  ne has been done for you.
Typ ca pan ce

Typ ca an ma ce

!euose ce wa
!horopass
!e membrane
c
arge cenra vacuoe
!hromosomes
!enr oes
!yopasm
Sored sarch
( ota 7 marks)

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( )

Sae wha happens o he gene c maer a dur ng h s process.

...........................................................................................................................
......................... ..................................................................................................
(1)
( ota 6 marks)

54.

!ompee he foow ng by f  ng n he spaces w h he mos appropr ae word or words.
Pan ce was are argey made up of ceuose. !euose moecues cons s of
6 .................................... moecues jo ned ogeher n very ong cha ns. These

ceuose moecues  e parae, bound ogeher by .................................... bonds

mak ng up ..................................... A xyem vesse s a ube wh ch forms when a
ong row of ces d es and he end was of he ces break down. As we as
cona n ng ceuose he was of xyem vesses cona n  gn n, wh ch makes hem
................................. ... and .....................................
( ota 5 marks)

55.

The d agrams beow show some ces n d fferen sages of m os s.

A


 fc

(a)

Name he sages of m os s shown by he ces abeed A,  and !.

A ............................................................................................................................. ....
 ........................................................................................................................... ......
! ........................................................................................................................... ......
(3)

(b)

Descr be he evens ha occur n he sage of m os s shown by ce D.

.................................... .................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................ .............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(2)

(c)

Expa n he s gn f cance of he sage shown by ce D.

............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(1)
( ota 6 marks)


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(a)

G ve two feaures, v s be n he d agram, wh ch show how mayfy nymphs are adaped
for  v ng n an aqua c hab a. In each case, expa n how he feaure heps he mayfy
nymphs o  ve n waer.
1 ........................................................................................................................... .......
.................................. ...................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
2 .................... ..............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

Freshwaer sreams may be poued w h organ c effuens. One of he effecs of an
organ c effuen s o reduce he concenra on of d ssoved oxygen n he waer.
The graph beow shows he d sr bu on of arvae of   
a freshwaer
nverebrae, a ncreas ng d sances downsream from he source of an organ c effuen.
Po n a wh ch effuen
eners he sream
Numbers of
  

arvae

D sance downsream from effuen

c

( )

Sugges and expa n two ways n wh ch   
arvae coud be adaped o
 v ng n waer w h a ow concenra on of d ssoved oxygen.
1 ........................................................................................................................
................................. ..........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ....................................... .................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.................................................. .........................................................................
(4)

( )

Immed aey afer he po n a wh ch he effuen eners he sream, numbers of
  
arvae decrease and hen ncrease.
Sugges an expana on for h s in rease n he numbers of   
arvae.
...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................. .........................
...........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................... .................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
( ota 10 marks)

c

58.

k
Ahough zoos have changed cons deraby s nce ondon Zoo f rs showed mpored an mas o
he pub c, he r roe n an ma conserva on s cr  c sed by some.
(a)

Descr be two ac v  es of zoos wh ch can be used o jus fy keep ng an mas n cap v y.
.......................................................................................................... ...........................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................. .......................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................. ...................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(4)

(b)

The sma numbers of an mas yp cay found n zoos can be a probem for ma na n ng
popua ons of heahy cap ve an mas over severa genera ons.
Descr be and expa n seps aken o avo d such probems.
.......................... ...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............. .......................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
( ota 6 marks)

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A ............................................................................................................................. .....
 ........................................................................................................................... .......
! ........................................................................................................................... .......
(3)

(b)

The magn f ca on of h s choropas s 5000. Measure he w dh of he choropas
beween po ns X and Y on he phoograph.
!acuae he acua w dh of he choropas, express ng he answer n  m (m cromeres).
Show your work ng.

Answer ............................. m
(3)

(c)

Name two ypes of ces wh ch cona n choropass and are found n a eaf.
1 ........................................................................................................................... ........
2 .................................................... ...............................................................................
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

c

61.

The d agram beow shows he sages n he ce cyce of a pan roo ce.

Cyok nes s
Teophase

Inerphase

Anaphase
5eaphase

(a)

rophase

The ce had 2 arb rary un s of DNA a he sar of nerphase. Sae he number of
arb rary un s of DNA n h s ce n each of he foow ng sages.
( )

a he end of prophase

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

( )

dur ng anaphase
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

c

(b)

Descr be how you woud prepare a roo  p squash o observe he sages of m os s.
.............................. .......................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................. ...................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................................................... ..
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................................... .................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................................................................................................ .............................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
(5)

 c

(c)

Two on on bubs were grown o oba n some roos. One on on bub was grown n waer,
he oher n a sou on of a drug caed v ncr s ne, as shown beow.

pn on bub

Roos

Waer

qou on o

v ncr s ne

ncr s ne s a drug used n he reamen of cancer. I prevens sp nde forma on dur ng

m os s. The resu of a roo  p squash on he roos grown n a sou on of v ncr s ne
showed an ncrease n he percenage of ces found n one of he phases compared w h
roos grown n waer.

( )

Sugges n wh ch phase of m os s h s ncrease occurs.

................................................................................................................... ........
(1)

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(b)

Par A cona ns a ube nuceus and wo mae nuce . Descr be he roes of he wo mae
nuce n he process of fer  sa on n a fower ng pan.
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................... ..................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................... ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................... ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................................................ .....
............................................................................................................................. ........
(4)

(c)

An exper men was carr ed ou o nves gae he effec of sucrose concenra on on he
germ na on of poen gra ns from    fowers. The resus graph beow.

Percenage 30
germ na on
of poen
25
gra ns (%)
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Sucrose concenra on (%)

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tuc

(a)

Name he sage of me os s shown n he phoograph and g ve a reason for your answer.
Name of sage .............................................................................................................
eason ........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................................................ .....
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

(b)

In a spec es of buerfy, he d po d (2) number of chromosomes s 360. Sae he

number of chromosomes presen n each of he foow ng ces.
( )

A buerfy sperm ...........................................................

( )

A buerfy zygoe ..........................................................

(2)

(c)

Expa n he mporance of me os s n he forma on of gamees.

........................................................................................................... ..........................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................... ......................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................... ..................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................................................... ..............................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
( ota 7 marks)

c

64.

The d agrams beow show some of he sages of me os s I n an an ma ce.

(a)

Sae he d po d (2n) number of h s ce.

............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

(b)

Wr e he eers n he correc order o show he sequence of sages n me os s I.

............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

vc

(c)

Expa n he mporance of me os s n spermaogenes s.

............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................... ...............................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................... ...........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(4)

(d)

Semen cona ns abou 100 m  on sperm per cm3. Sugges why he chances of
fer  sa on are s gn f cany reduced f h s number fas beow abou 30 m  on per cm3.
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................................................... ..
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................................... .................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(2)
( ota 9 marks)

c

65.

(a)

D s ngu sh beween he erms gene and aee.

............................................................................................................................. ........
................................ .....................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................... .................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Marfans Syndrome s a rare gene c d sease wh ch affecs he eyes, hear and bones. The
fam y ree beow shows how h s d sease was nher ed hrough hree genera ons of a
fam y.

unaffeced femae
unaffeced mae
femae w h Marfans
Syndrome
mae w h Marfans
Syndrome

c

( )

Mae A s an unaffeced homozygous nd v dua. Sae wheher he aee for

Marfans Syndrome s dom nan or recess ve. Expa n your answer.
......................................... ..................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................................................. ..........................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................... ..................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

( )

Us ng he symbos of  for dom nan aee and d for recess ve aee, show he
genoype for he foow ng nd v duas.
 ......................................................
F ......................................................
J ......................................................
(2)

c

( )

Ind v duas ! and D have one affeced ch d. Use a gene c d agram o deerm ne
he probab  y of he r nex ch d be ng affeced.

(3)

(c)

A gene c d sease can suddeny appear n a fam y w h no prev ous h sory of he d sease.
Sugges how h s coud be poss be.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................... ...............................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................... ...........................................................
(2)
( ota 11 marks)

x c

66.

The abe beow refers o sarch and ceuose moecues. !ompee he abe by pac ng a  ck (
) n he appropr ae box f he saemen s correc or a cross ( ) f he saemen s ncorrec.
o not eave any boxes empty.
The f rs  ne has been done for you.
Sarch
Moecue w h branches
aached by 1-6  nkages

!euose
l

Moecues aways ong

and sra gh
Formed from gucose
moecues
Form m crof br s by
hydrogen bond ng
Major componen of
pan ce was
Sored n amyopass
( ota 5 marks)

67.

ead hrough he foow ng accoun rea ng o sexua reproduc on. Wr e on each doed  ne

he mos appropr ae word o compee he accoun.
A sperm s produced by a spec a k nd of nucear d v s on caed......................................
In h s ype of d v s on he chromosome number of he norma body ce s
..................................... The chromosomes are ........ ............................ assored wh ch
ncreases gene c var a on.
A sperm can ony fer  se an egg by penera ng he jey surround ng he egg
membrane. The head of he sperm reeases .................................... wh ch aow he
sperm o reach he egg membrane. Th s process s caed he ....................................
reac on. Fer  sa on produces a d po d ce caed a .................................... wh ch
d v des by ..................................... o form an embryo.
( ota 7 marks)

y yc

68.

(a)

Iden fy he organees (srucures ns de a ce) wh ch f  he descr p ons g ven n he

abe beow. The f rs one has been done for you.
Descr p on

Where phoosynhes s akes pace and carbon d ox de

s convered no sugar

Where aerob c resp ra on akes pace

Where am no ac ds are jo ned ogeher o form

proe ns

Packages proe ns no ves ces so ha hey can be

reeased from he ce by exocyos s

A arge space ns de a pan ce surrounded by a

onopas and hep ng o ma na n ce urg d y

D v des and organ ses a sp nde n an an ma ce as 

sars o undergo m os s

Name of organee


c

(5)

(b)

Descr be he srucure of p s n pan ces and expa n he r func on.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

(c)

G ve two ways n wh ch he srucure of a prokaryo c ce d ffers from a eukaryo c ce.

1 ........................................................................................................................... .......
............................................................................................................................. ........
2 ...................................................................................................................... ............
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
( ota 9 marks)

z
c

69.

Many pans are grown for he r f bres for use n mak ng coh. For exampe, nee f bres can be
used for h s purpose. In he fuure nee f bres may be deveoped n he Un ed K ngdom as an
aerna ve o mpored coon pan f bres.
A suden nves gaed he srengh of pan f bres o f nd ou f hey coud be made no coh.
The foow ng mehod was used.
Sep 1.

Harves nee pans and remove eaves from sems

Sep 2.

|
Pace sems n buckes and cover w h waer. eave for en days

Sep 3.

(a)

emove sems and wash f bres under runn ng waer

Sugges and expa n he changes ha ake pace n he nee sems dur ng Sep 2.
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................ .....................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................... .................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Descr be a re abe mehod for measur ng he srengh of hese pan f bres.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................... ...............................................
(4)

{ c

(c)

Sugges why, n he Un ed K ngdom, coh made from nee f bres coud be made more
cheapy han coh made from coon.
............................................................................ .........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................ .....................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

70.

A newspaper receny pub shed he foow ng repor.

S ientists find gene to hat ovarian an er

A gene ha can sop he deveopmen of cancer of he ovary has been den f ed. Th s
gene acs as a umour suppressor. If he gene s sw ched off hen a umour deveops.
Sc en ss have sw ched he gene back on n m ce and he cancer ces sopped
deveop ng.
Sc en ss hope o be abe o f nd a drug o urn h s gene back on. Th s coud prov de a
means of rea ng ovar an cancer n humans.

} c

(a)

( )

If a su abe drug s found  w  have o be carefuy esed n c n ca r as.

Descr be he mehods ha woud be used o r a a new drug o rea ovar an cancer.
............................................................................................................. ..............
...........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... ......
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

( )

W  am W her ng carr ed ou r as of he d g a s soup wh ch he used o rea

pa ens. Expa n why h s mehods coud no be used as par of a modern c n ca
r a.
...........................................................................................................................
................................................................................................... ........................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... ................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

~ c

(b)

In he fuure,  may be poss be o rea ovar an cancer by ranspan ng heahy sem ces
no a d seased ovary. Some peope h nk ha sem ce research shoud no be carr ed ou.
Sae wheher you are for or aga ns he use of sem ces o rea ovar an cancer.
For or aga ns? ........................
Presen an argumen o expa n why you hod h s po n of v ew (for or aga ns) us ng
your b oog ca knowedge of sem ce research and he eh ca ssues conneced w h .
............................................................................................................................. ........
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(3)
( ota 9 marks)

71.

A sudy of mammas n Wes Afr ca has found ha popua ons have decreased by up o 76% n
41 d fferen spec es. Some spec es have become ex nc n he area, reduc ng he b od vers y.

Isand of Agad r

uAURITANIA


 


Source: www.news.bbc.co.uk

 c

(a)

Expa n why ex nc on of spec es reduces b od vers y.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

(b)

I s hough ha h s oss of b od vers y s an nd rec resu of European eg sa on

wh ch  m s f sh ng n European waers. aher han ose he r way of  fe, European
f shermen now f sh off he Wes Afr can coas, and h s has reduced f sh socks
drama cay. The h ghes dens y of human popua ons n Wes Afr ca s aong he coas.
( )

Sugges one reason why f sh socks are mporan for he human popua on n
Wes Afr ca.
..................................... ......................................................................................
(1)

( )

Sugges reasons why changes n European eg sa on have had an effec on he

w d mamma popua ons of Wes Afr ca.
........................................ ...................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................................................ ...........................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

W h reference o he nforma on g ven, descr be he mporance of cons der ng cuura
ssues when us ng eg sa on for conserva on of organ sms.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................................. .......
(2)

c

(d)

Expa n why oca eg sa on s  key o be ess effec ve han nerna ona agreemens

for major conserva on projecs.
............................................................................................................................. ........
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(3)
( ota 10 marks)

72.

The abe beow descr bes some srucures found n eukaryo c ces.

!ompee he abe beow by wr  ng he name of he srucure n he box nex o s descr p on.
Descr p on

Name of srucure

!y ndr ca organee made up of m croubues,

nvoved n sp nde organ sa on.
S e where r bosoma NA s made and he
subun s of he r bosomes are assembed.
Organee cons s ng of sacks of c sernae and
ves ces, concerned w h he mod f ca on of
proe ns.
Sma spher ca srucures surrounded by a s nge
membrane, cona n ng hydroy c enzymes.
( ota 4 marks)

c

73.

The abe beow refers o srucures ha may be found n bacer a ces or  ver ces.

Pace a  ck ( ) n he box f he srucure s found n he ce and a cross ( ) n he box f  s
no.
Srucure

acer a ce

ver ce

bosomes
!enr oes
Sarch gra ns
Nuceus
( ota 4 marks)

74.

The d agram beow shows some of he organees found n a eukaryo c ce.

bosomes

A

Gog
apparaus

Nucear
membrane

(a)

Name he pars of he Gog apparaus abeed A and .

A ........................................................................
 ........................................................................
(2)

c

(b)

Some of he proe ns synhes sed by r bosomes are ranspored o he Gog apparaus.
Descr be wha happens o hese proe ns n he Gog apparaus.
............................................................................................................. ........................
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(3)
( ota 5 marks)

75.

The  ps of hree on on roos were cu off and each was used o make a roo  p squash.
(a)

Name a su abe sa n ha can be used o show chromosomes n a roo  p squash.
................................ .....................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The number of ces observed n each phase of m os s was couned and hese resus are
shown n he abe beow.
Number of ces observed

oo  p
Prophase

Meaphase

Anaphase

Teophase

15

23

17

The number of ces observed n a phase s d recy propor ona o he engh of ha
phase. Us ng hese resus, pu he phases n order sar ng w h he onges phase and
end ng w h he shores phase.
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................ .....................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................... .................................................................
(1)

(c)

The appearance of he chromosomes from par of a roo  p squash s shown beow.

P2

P1

( )

The ces abeed P1 and P2 are boh n prophase. Sugges an expana on for he
d fference n appearance beween he wo ces.
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................... ............................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... ............
...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... ....
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

( )

Wr e he eer A on he usra on o abe a ce ha s undergo ng anaphase.

(1)

( )

Descr be wha happens dur ng anaphase.

................................................................................................................. ..........
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... ..
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

c

76.

(a)

The d agram beow shows some of he sages and ces nvoved n he process of
spermaogenes s.

Spermaogon a

r mary
spermaocyes

Secondary
spermaocyes

Ces 

Spermaozoa

( )

Name
es  shown n he d agram above.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

( )

Sae wh ch of he ces named n he d agram are dipoid (2n).

................ ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

c

(b)

The graph beow shows he changes n he DNA conen of ces n he eses, dur ng he
forma on of spermaozoa.

4n


conen
per ce

2n

T me

Name he ype of nucear d v s on shown by he graph and expa n why  s mporan o
reduce he DNA conen from d po d (2n) o hapo d (n), dur ng he forma on of
spermaozoa.
............................................................................................................................. ........
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(3)
( ota 6 marks)

c

 c


c c
ccc"

c
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c
c cc

c  cc
 c 
c  cc
#
c
ccc c#
 c c

c
cc
 c

&# cc c
cc
c
c ^

ii


c
 c
 c
3

(b)

Descr be and expa n two feaures, v s be n he phoograph, ha show how   
s adaped o s env ronmen.
............................................................................................................................. ........
..................................................................................................................... ................
............................................................................................................................. ........
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(4)
( ota 5 marks)

78.

(a)

Some peope ake gar c exracs as hey be eve ha hese cona n naura chem cas
capabe of reduc ng nfec on.
An exper men was carr ed ou o sudy he effec of gar c exracs on he growh of
Gram nega ve and Gram pos  ve bacer a.
The 100% exrac was oba ned by crush ng he gar c. Th s exrac was d ued w h
waer o g ve 4 d fferen concenra ons (80%, 60%, 40% and 20%). Sma d scs of f er
paper were hen soaked n he 100% exrac and he d ued exracs, removed and dr ed.
A suspens on of Gram nega ve bacer a was spread eveny over a so d med um n a per
d sh. One d sc from each d u on of he gar c exrac was paced on he surface of he
med um. The cuure was ncubaed for 48 hours.
Th s procedure was repeaed w h a suspens on of Gram pos  ve bacer a.
The appearance of he cuures afer 48 hours s shown beow. The numbers show he
percenage concenra on of gar c exrac used.
D scs soaked n
gar c exrac

ram negative uture

after 48 hours

Zone of no
bacer a growh

ram positive uture

after 48 hours

c

The d ameer of he zone of no bacer a growh was measured for each d sc on each
pae.
The graph beow shows hese resus.

ameer of zone of no bacer a growh / mm

12

10

ffec of gar c exrac on

ram nega ve bacer a

ffec of gar c exrac on

ram pos  ve bacer a

0
0

20

40
60
80
Concenra on of gar c exrac ()

100

Descr be he effec of d u ng he gar c exrac on he growh of Gram nega ve bacer a.
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................... ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................... ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)
c

Sugges how he nforma on shown n he graph suppors he foow ng concus ons
drawn from h s exper men.
c

( )

The chem cas n he gar c exrac do no nerfere w h he ce wa.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

( )

The ce wa of Gram nega ve bacer a s more permeabe o he chem cas

cona ned n he gar c exrac han he ce wa of Gram pos  ve bacer a.
.................................................................................................... .......................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ ...............
(1)
( ota 4 marks)

79.

Write an essay on the foowing topi .

Gene c var a on and naura seec on.
Marks w  be awarded for sc en f c conen, coverage of he op c, and he qua y of wr en
commun ca on. You shoud ncude n your answer any reevan nforma on from he whoe of
your course. You may ncude d agrams f you w sh, bu make sure ha hey are reevan o your
essay and add exra nforma on o .
( ota 15 marks)

c

80.

!ompee he abe beow by pac ng n each box a  ck ( ) f you woud expec he feaure o
be presen or a cross ( ) f you woud expec  o be absen.
The f rs row has been done for you.
Feaure

Sperm

Egg

Ta 
Hapo d nuceus
Acrosome presen
M ochondr a presen
!yopasm cona n ng
many  p d dropes
Use ATP for movemen
( ota 5 marks)

81.

Th s ques on s abou he prepara on of a m croscope s de ha woud enabe you o see he
sages of m os s.
(a)

Name a su abe organ sm and  ssue wh ch coud be used o sudy m os s.

( )

organ sm .................................................................................................................
(1)

( )

 ssue ............................................................................................... ........................

(1)

(b)

Name a sa n you m gh use o make he chromosomes v s be.

............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

(c)

Expa n why he ces are warmed n ac d dur ng he prepara on of he s de.
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................. ........................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

c

(d)

The d agram beow shows a chromosome dur ng an eary sage of m os s. Wr e he

names of he pars abeed  and  on he  nes prov ded.



c

Bc

(2)
( ota 6 marks)

c

82.

The d agram beow shows he seps needed o produce human  ssues from embryon c sem
ces. Th s procedure has no ye been successfuy carr ed ou ahough some sc en ss hope
ha  w  soon be poss be. Perhaps one day new nervous  ssue w  be produced ha w 
enabe peope w h sp na njur es o wak aga n.
Sep 1

fer  sa on

Sep 2

spare embryo

Sep 3

grown o form basocys

Sep 4

sem ces soaed, rema ns

of basocys d scarded

Sep 5

sem ces cuured

Sep 6

ce d fferen a on

Sep 7

human  ssues for

ranspana on

(a)

( )

Descr be how sc en ss m gh oba n a suppy of spare embryos (Sep 2) o
produce  ssues.
...........................................................................................................................
............................................. ..............................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

c

( )

Afer fer  sa on, ces are o poen bu by he  me a basocys has formed he
ces are pur poen. Expa n wha s mean by he erms totipotent and
puripotent .

totipotent ......................................................................... .................................

...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................. .........................

puripotent .......................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................. .........
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Expa n why he foow ng are mporan n produc ng  ssues from sem ces.

( )

stem es utured (Sep 5)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

( )

e differentiation (Sep 6)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................ ...........................................................................................................
(2)

c

(c)

The use of embryon c sem ces o produce  ssues n h s way s conrovers a. Some

peope h nk ha  shoud be banned, wh s oher peope h nk ha  woud be wrong
no o ry h s echn que. Sae wheher you are for or aga ns us ng embryon c sem ces
o produce new  ssues.
For or aga ns?.............................................
Use your knowedge of sem ce research ssues o jus fy your v ew.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................. .......................................
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............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
(4)
( ota 11 marks)

83.

The oerance of pans o copper ons n he so  s under gene c conro. The frequency of an
aee, wh ch causes a pan o be more oeran of copper, was measured a wo d fferen s es A
and .
The abe beow shows he percenage frequenc es of he oerance and non-oerance aees n
pan popua ons a he wo s es.
S e

Percenage frequenc es of
Toerance aee

Non-oerance aee

30

70

80

20

c

(a)

Expa n wha s mean by he frequency of an aee n a popua on.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

(b)

Descr be how naura seec on coud have brough abou he d fferen aee frequenc es
a he wo s es.
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................................... ..................
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................................................................................... ..............................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................................................................................... ..........................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................... ......................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................... ..................................................................
(4)

(c)

Sugges why bacer a ofen adap o chang ng cond  ons much more qu cky han pans.
............................................................................................ .........................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................ .....................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................... .................................................................
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

c

84.

nswer the foowing essay question.

You are expeced o answer n con nuous prose. You shoud use exampes from he b oogy
course you have sud ed bu need no resr c yoursef o he course conen.
You shoud spend approx maey 45 m nues answer ng h s ques on ncud ng pann ng  me.
Marks w  be awarded for he foow ng areas:
readh: seec on of a range of reevan exampes

(up to 6 marks)

Deph: Furher descr p on and d scuss on of he exampes

(up to 8 marks)

aance: Have you answered he ques on asked; for exampe have you recogn sed he
advanages and d sadvanages or benef s and r sks
(up to 6 marks)
Sye: !oherence, car y and express on

(up to 4 marks)

Some peope ca m ha many med ca probems, such as he shorage of su abe organs needed
for ranspan surgery, may become a h ng of he pas. The use of sem ces, wh ch may have
had a spec f c gene or genes nsered, coud g ve r se o many new reamens.
Wr e an essay on: Manipuating stem es: a mira e ure or a dangerous deveopment?
( ota 20 marks)

85.

(a)

The ce cyce ncudes nerphase and m os s. M os s has four phases: prophase,
meaphase, anaphase and eophase. The phoograph beow shows pan roo ces a
var ous sages of he ce cyce.
( )

Draw a  ne o nd cae a ce n he phoograph ha s undergo ng anaphase and

abe h s  ne .
(1)

( )

Draw a  ne o nd cae a ce n he phoograph ha s undergo ng teophase and

abe h s  ne .
(1)

( )

How many of he ces shown n he phoograph are n teophase?

............................................................................... ............................................
(1)

c

(b)

G ve an accoun of he evens ha ake pace dur ng prophase and meaphase of m os s.
................................................................................................................. ....................
............................................................................................................................. ........
..................................................................................................... ................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
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............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(5)
( ota 8 marks)

c


 c

 c

7c
c
c
ccc
cc  ccc
c
c

cccc


c  cc

c 
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
3

cc
 c


c c
ccc c

c  c cc "
c
cc

c  cc


c 
c
c 
 c c-./c///c

c
c

( )

Measure he engh of he m ochondr on abeed  beween X and Y. !acuae

he acua engh of h s m ochondr on n m. Show your work ng.

Acua engh of A ......................m.

(3)

( )

Sugges one oher srucure ha m gh be v s be n he cyopasm of h s  ver ce
f he magn f ca on used was h gher.
............................................................................................... ............................
(1)

( )

Sugges one reason why he doube membrane s no ceary v s be a around he
m ochondr on abeed .
............................................................................................................ ...............
...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................... .......
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
( ota 9 marks)

c

87.

(a)

Some nverebraes, such as nsec arvae, show var ous adapa ons o  v ng n
freshwaer w h a ow concenra on of d ssoved oxygen. Some oher nverebraes are
adaped o  v ng n fas-fow ng waer.
( )

Descr be and expa n two ways n wh ch nverebraes are adaped o  v ng n fresh

waer w h a ow concenra on of d ssoved oxygen.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ....................... .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.................................. .........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.......................................... .................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

( )

Sugges and expa n one way n wh ch an nverebrae m gh be adaped o  v ng n

fas-fow ng waer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................ ...........................................................................................................
(2)

 c

(b)

An exper men was carr ed ou o nves gae he rea onsh p beween emperaure and
he concenra on of d ssoved oxygen n freshwaer. The resus are shown n he abe
beow.
Temperaure / !

!oncenra on of d ssoved oxygen / mg dm3

12.8

10

11.3

15

10.2

20

9.2

25

8.2

30

7.5

Descr be he rea onsh p beween emperaure and he concenra on of d ssoved oxygen,
as shown by he daa.
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................... ......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................... ..................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................................................................... ..............................................
(2)
( ota 8 marks)

 c

88.

(a)

The d agrams beow show some of he sages of me os s I n an an ma ce. The d po d

number (2n) of h s ce s 4.

Wr e he eers n he correc order o show he sequence of sages n me os s I.

............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

(b)

The d po d number of chromosomes n a human ce s 46. Sae he number of

chromosomes presen n each of he foow ng.
( )

A spermaogon um ...................

( )

A sperma d ..............................
(2)


c

(c)

Descr be he process of oogenesis.

............................................................................ .........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................ .....................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................... .................................................................................
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........................................ .............................................................................................
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............................ .........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................ .....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(4)
( ota 8 marks)

c

89.

The abe beow refers o some ce srucures. !ompee he abe by nser ng he correc word,

words or d agram n he appropr ae boxes. eave he shaded grey boxes empy.

ame of e stru ture

es ription of e stru ture

iagram of e stru ture

1. Darky-sa ned reg on n he

nuceus.
2. Where r bosoma NA s
made.

(1)

!enr oe

(2)
1.

ysosome

2.

(2)
1. Hoow cy nders made of
proe n.
2. Form sp nde f bres.

(1)
( ota 6 marks)

c

90.

The graphs beow show changes n he DNA conen of ces dur ng he ce cyce n wo
d fferen pans, A and .
ant 

DNA conen n each

ce / arb rary un s

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
T me / hours

ant 

DNA conen n each

ce / arb rary un s

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
T me / hours

c

(a)

!ompare he ce cyce of pan A w h he ce cyce of pan .

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................... ...............................................
(3)

(b)

The DNA conen of he ces of pan A doubes beween 4 and 8 hours. G ve an

expana on for h s change n DNA conen.
........................................................................... ..........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................... ......................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................... ..................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

c

 c


 
c
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cc
c  c  
c
c
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c$$cc$'c
c
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  c
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  c
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3




c


c c
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c
 c cc

cc

c
c cc

c
  cc c 
c  ccc c c
cc "  c ccc
" 
c

c
M 
 c-$//c

(a)

Descr be and expa n three ways n wh ch he eaves of pans, such as   , are
adaped o he r env ronmen.
1 ............................................................................................................................. .....
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
2 ............................................................................................................... ...................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................................... ...............................
3 ........................................................................................................................... .......
........................................................................................... ..........................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(6)

(b)

Sugges one way n wh ch he srucure of a eaf of a hydrophyte m gh d ffer from he
srucure of a eaf of   .
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................... ...............................................................
(1)
( ota 7 marks)

92.

Write an essay on the foowing topi .

Sexua reproduc on and gene c var a on n fower ng pans.
Marks w  be awarded for sc en f c conen, coverage of he op c, and he qua y of wr en
commun ca on. You shoud ncude n your answer any reevan nforma on from he whoe of
your course. You may ncude d agrams f you w sh, bu make sure ha hey are reevan o your
essay and add exra nforma on o .
( ota 15 marks)

c

93.

The abe beow compares he feaures of yp ca pan, an ma and bacer a ces.

!ompee he abe by pac ng a  ck ( ) n he appropr ae box f he feaure s usuay presen
or a cross ( ) f he feaure s usuay absen.
o not eave any boxes empty.
The f rs  ne has been done for you.

ant
(eukaryoti ) e

nima
(eukaryoti ) e

a teria
(prokaryoti ) e

!e wa
!horopass
Nucear membrane
!e (un ) membrane
bosomes
!enr oes
( ota 5 marks)

94.

The hormone nsu n s a proe n. I s produced n cera n ces n he human pancreas.

Once nsu n moecues have been produced hey are secreed hrough he ce membrane no
he bood. Descr be he sequence of evens from when an nsu n moecue has been formed
un   passes hrough he ce membrane.
............................................................................................................................. ..................
................ ............................................................................................................................. ..
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................................................................................................................ ...............................
( ota 5 marks)

c

95.

!euose and sarch are boh poysacchar des, made up of gucose moecues condensed
ogeher.
(a)

Descr be how he moecuar srucure of a ceuose moecue d ffers from ha of a sarch
moecue.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
(3)

(b)

In he ce was of pans, he ceuose moecues are arranged so ha hey make up
ceuose m crof br s. Expa n how he arrangemen of ceuose moecues n a
m crof br  g ve  grea srengh.
.................................................................................................................................... .
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
..................................................................................................................... ................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

 c

(c)

Xyem vesses are ubes formed when coumns of ces d e. The r was are made of

ceuose srenghened w h oher subsances, such as  gn n. In add  on o prov d ng
suppor, xyem vesses aso ranspor waer from he roos o he eaves w h he hep of
cohes on. Expa n wha s mean by cohes on.
............................................... ......................................................................................
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................................... ..................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
( ota 7 marks)

96.

(a)

Mamma an gamees are formed by me os s and have he ab  y o fuse o form a zygoe.
Expa n why  s mporan ha gamees are produced by me os s.
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................ .........................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................ .....................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................... .................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Expa n how he gene c maer a from a mamma an sperm ce s abe o ener an ovum
o br ng abou he process of fer  sa on.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
(2)

(c)

( )

!acuae he number of ces ha w  be presen n he embryo afer he f rs four
m o c d v s ons of he zygoe.
 c

....................................................................................... ....................................
(1)

( )

Sugges why, dur ng he f rs four m o c d v s ons, he embryo does no ncrease
n voume even hough he oa number of ces ncreases.
.................................................................. .........................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

( )

Ou ne he evens ha occur n m os s from he sar of prophase up o he end of
meaphase.
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................... ............................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... ....
(3)
( ota 9 marks)

97.

(a)

A s nge sem ce can g ve r se o many gene cay den ca ces of d fferen ypes.

There are, for exampe, adu sem ces n he human bra n wh ch are capabe of
produc ng he d fferen ypes of bra n ces ncud ng nerve ces (neurones).
Sc en ss are ry ng o f nd ways of grow ng such adu bra n sem ces n he aboraory.
( )

Name he ype of ce d v s on by wh ch a sem ce can g ve r se o many

gene cay den ca ces.
..................... ......................................................................................................
(1)

( )

Expa n how ces produced from sem ces can have he same genes ye be of
d fferen ypes.
................................................ ...........................................................................


c

...........................................................................................................................
........................................................ ...................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................................................................ ...........................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

( )

Sugges why  m gh be usefu o keep a suppy of  ve sem ces from your bra n
n a aboraory.
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................ ...............................
...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................... .......................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ ...............
(2)

(b)

Much research rema ns o be done and so  w  be some  me before adu sem ce

reamens w  be ava abe o hose who m gh benef  from hem. However, research
us ng embryon c sem ces s much furher advanced.
( )

Sugges why research w h embryon c sem ces s furher advanced han research

w h adu sem ces.
...........................................................................................................................
................................ ...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................ ...................................................................................
(2)

c

( )

Some peope hod he v ew ha research no and he med ca use of embryon c
sem ces s uneh ca and ha we shoud awa  he resus of research on adu
sem ces.
Are you for or aga ns embryon c sem ce research? .....................................
Us ng your sc en f c knowedge and your undersand ng of he eh ca ssues
assoc aed w h embryon c sem ce research, expa n why you hod h s v ew.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
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(4)
( ota 11 marks)

98.

(a)

The d agrams  and  beow show ces from he same organ sm. oh ces are n he
same sage of nucear d v s on. One ce s undergo ng m os s and he oher ce s
undergo ng me os s.

( )

Wh ch ce s undergo ng m os s? Pu a cross n he correc box.


c


c

(1)

( )

G ve he name of he srucure abeed Z.

.......................................................... .................................................................
(1)

( )

Name he sage of m os s shown.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Descr be how you woud prepare ces n order o observe m os s.

............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................. ....................................................................
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..................................................... ................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
......................................... ............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................. ........................................................................................................
(4)
( ota 7 marks)

c

99.

(a)

Independen assormen and cross ng over boh resu n gene c var a on.
( )

Expa n how ndependen assormen eads o gene c var a on.

...........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. .............
...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... .....
(2)

( )

Descr be how cross ng over furher ncreases gene c var a on.

...........................................................................................................................
................................................... ........................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................... ................................................................
(2)

c

(b)

The graph beow shows changes n mean he gh of men n Japan from 1950 o 1980.
173
172

Mean height
of men aged 20 171
/ m
170
169
168
167
166
165
164
163
1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

Year

Descr be he changes n he gh beween 1950 and 1980.

............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)

c

The graph beow shows changes n he major componens of he d e of men n Japan
over he same per od.
eative proportion of dietary omponent /
arbitrary units

(c)

80
70
60
50

carbohydrae

40

fa

30

an ma proe n

20
10
0
1950

1960

1970

1980

Year

The ev dence from boh graphs suggess ha a comb na on of gene c and env ronmena
facors nfuence he he gh of men n Japan. G ve an expana on for h s.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................... ...........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
(4)
( ota 10 marks)

100. (a)

The d agram beow shows a v ew hrough a yp ca an ma ce.

The abe beow  ss hree organees. Pu a cross n he box o mach each organee w h
he correc eer shown on he d agram.

Organee

ough endopasm c re cuum

M ochondr on
Gog apparaus
(3)

(b)

For some  me afer he Gog apparaus was den f ed, here was doub as o wheher 
was a new and separae organee. Expa n how he Gog apparaus coud be confused
c

w h oher organees w h n a ce.
............................................................ .........................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................ .....................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................... .................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

(c)

In an exper men o nves gae he roe of organees n proe n ranspor, ces were g ven
rad oac vey-abeed am no ac ds for a f xed per od of  me. The percenage of he
rad oac v y found n four d fferen organees was hen measured a d fferen  me
nervas. The abe beow shows he resus.

ime after adding

radioa tivey-abeed
amino a id / min

( )

adioa tivity present / %

ough
endopasmi
reti uum

ogi
apparatus

Se retory
vesi es

Mito hondria

67

27

53

39

20

11

73

10

240

11

10

73

The daa prov de ev dence ha he Gog apparaus s a separae organee.

Sugges an expana on for h s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

c

( )

Expa n how he daa prov de ev dence for he sequence of evens n he process of
proe n ranspor n hese ces.
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.................... .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................ ...............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

( )

Sugges one reason for he presence of some rad oac v y deeced n he
m ochondr a.
...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................... .......................................................
(1)
( ota 13 marks)

101. (a)

Three srucures found n mamma an sperm ces are descr bed n he abe beow.
G ve he name of each srucure be ng descr bed.

es ription

Stru ture

eeases d ges ve enzymes o penerae egg

Aows he sperm o sw m o he egg ce
Prov des he energy requ red for sw mm ng
(3)

(b)

G ve he erm ha descr bes he ab  y of a sem ce from an embryo o produce a ce
ypes.
............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

(c)

Descr be how a ce oses he ab  y o produce oher ce ypes and becomes spec a sed.

 c

..................... ................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................................................................................................... ..............
(3)

(d)

Embryos have been produced from human egg ces wh ch have no been fer  sed by
sperm. These embryos never surv ve pas a few days. Th s s because some of he genes
needed for deveopmen are ony ac ve n chromosomes from he sperm.
I has been suggesed ha here w  be ess oppos  on o he med ca use of sem ces
from hese embryos han from norma embryos. Sugges reasons for h s.
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(3)
( ota 10 marks)

 c

102. Taxonomy s he branch of b oogy concerned

w h he cass f ca on of organ sms. In he

axonom c sysem f rs deveoped by nnaeus, organ sms are g ven a wo-par a n name.
(a)

Sae one advanage of he b nom a sysem deveoped by nnaeus.

............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................. ........................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(1)

(b)

The abe beow shows he cass f ca on of he bue whae, d   
!


ogeher w h some of he cass f ca on of he f n whae, d   "
.

!ompee he abe by sugges ng appropr ae names for he cass, order and fam y of he
f n whae.

assifi ation taxon

ue whae

Fin whae

K ngdom

An ma a

An ma a

Phyum

!hordaa

!hordaa

!ass

Mamma a

Order

!eacea

Fam y

aaenoper dae

Genus

d  

d  

Spec es

d   
!



d   "

(1)


c

(c)

eow are four feaures, , ,
and , used n he cass f ca on of organ sms. Pu a
cross n he box or boxes nex o he feaures wh ch are shared by boh bue whaes and
f n whaes.

 feed by heeroroph sm on organ c maer a

 mu ceuar

ces surrounded by ce wa
 cyopasm of ces cona n c rcuar DNA
(2)

(d)

Sugges reasons for he cass f ca on of he bue whae and he f n whae w h n he same
genus, d   , bu as d fferen spec es.
.................................................................... .................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)
( ota 7 marks)

103. (a)

Sae wha s mean by he erm spe ies ri hness.

............................................................................................................................. ........
........................................................................ .............................................................
(1)

c

(b)

In a survey, he mean spec es r chness for he vegea on found n roads de verges and
hedgerows n Engand and Waes was measured n 1990 and aga n n 1998. The resus of
h s survey are shown n he graphs beow.
17.5

Spe ies ri hness

17.0
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
1990

1998
joadside verges

14.5

Spe ies ri hness

14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
1990

1998
Hedgerows

c

!ompare he spec es r chness shown by he survey for he vegea on n he roads de
verges w h ha of he hedgerows over h s sudy per od.
............................................................................. ........................................................
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................................................................. ....................................................................
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..................................................... ................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

(c)

Oher nforma on woud be needed, n add  on o spec es r chness, o measure he

b od vers y of he vegea on n he wo ypes of hab a. G ve an expana on for h s.
.............................................................................................................. .......................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.................................................................................................. ...................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
...................................................................................... ...............................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(3)

c

(d)

Seed banks, such as he M enn um Seed ank Projec (MSP), are an effec ve means
of conserv ng pan spec es.
Wr e a shor br ef ng, nended for a governmen comm ee, descr b ng how seed banks
work and why he r fund ng shoud be con nued.
....................................................................... ..............................................................
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................................... ..................................................................................................
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....................... ..............................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(5)
( ota 12 marks)

c

104. S sa s a maer a used o make rope. I s made from he scerenchyma f bres found n he
eaves of he pan,  #  .
Afer exrac on of he f bres, he wase eaf maer a can be used n he produc on of organ c
fer  ser.
The four counr es ha produce mos of he words s sa are raz , Kenya, Tanzan a and
Madagascar. The abe beow shows he annua harves of freshy-cu  #  eaves
ogeher w h he oa annua produc on of s sa.

nnua harvest of freshyut eaves / tonnes 103

nnua produ tion of sisa /

tonnes 103

raz 

995

199

Kenya

196

40

Tanzan a

145

28

Madagascar

96

20

ountry

O L

(a)

( )

1432

!ompee he abe o show he oa annua produc on of s sa.

(1)

( )

!acuae he oa percenage of s sa produced from freshy-cu eaves. Show your
work ng.

Answer ..................... %
(2)

c

(b)

Nyon s a synhe c (man-made) f bre wh ch can be used o make ropes. Nyon ropes are

 gher and sronger han hose made us ng s sa. Sugges two advanages of us ng s sa
raher han nyon o make ropes.
1 .............................................. ....................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
2 ................................... ...............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)

(c)

( )

Expa n wha s mean by he erm tensie strength of a f bre.

...........................................................................................................................
................................................................................. ..........................................
(1)

( )

Sugges how you coud carry ou a prac ca nves ga on o compare he ens e
srengh of s sa and nyon f bres.
..................................................................................... ......................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................ ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

c

(d)

Descr be two ways n wh ch he srucure of xyem vesses s s m ar o ha of

scerenchyma f bres.
1 ........................................................................................................................... .......
.................................... .................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................... .......
......................... ............................................................................................................
(2)
( ota 12 marks)

105. (a)

eow are four ce srucures , ,
and . Pace a cross n he box nex o each
srucure found ony in pant es.

pasmodesmaa

r bosome

onopas

chromosome
(2)

(b)

The  s beow shows some organees found n eukaryo c ces.

amyopast
ysosome

entrioe

mito hondrion

horopast
nu eus

ribosome

!ompee he abe by choos ng he correc organee o mach each descr p on.

Organee

es ription
Has a smooh ouer membrane and a
foded nner membrane
!ona ns a sarch granue encosed by a
membrane
Spher ca sac formed from a s nge
membrane and cona n ng enzymes
(3)

c

(c)

Descr be he srucure of a ceuose m crof br .

............................................................................................................................. ........
....................................................................... ..............................................................
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............................................... ......................................................................................
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................................... ..................................................................................................
(4)
( ota 9 marks)