1.

NOTABLE THINKERS / IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN EDUCATION

y Plato considered education as the key in fashioning and supporting his Republic - Author of the first educational treaties in the history of education called Republic Philosophy is the Highest Music - Idealist who views that man, in his earthly existence, is only an imperfect image of his real self, a perfect being in the realm of human thought y Aristotle perhaps the greatest philosopher, originated the term Lyceum - Advocated rationalism with his view that man s ability to reason is the one attribute which distinguishes him from other creation and places him above all of them - Education and teaching are always about an object and should have content. In the Aristotelian teaching act, the teacher instructs a learner about some object, some body of knowledge, or some discipline. Teaching and learning never represent merely an interpersonal relationship or the expression of feelings. They are always about disciplined inquiry into some aspect of reality. ... the school should cultivate and develop each person's rationality y Rudolf Steiner Anthroposophy Spiritual discipline, a source of spiritual knowledge and a practice of inner development seeks to support individuals who are working on their own inner development and who wish to bring the fruit of that inner work to benefit the wider world. y Socrates He believed that we are here in this world to be happy and that the path of happiness is thru knowledge which leads to virtue that leads to happiness - Learning is the seeking of truth in matters, and it occurs when after questioning and interpreting the wisdom and knowledge of others, one comes to recognize their own ignorance. Skills and knowledge are acquired by: (1) interpreting the statements of others; (2) testing or examining the knowledge or wisdom of those reputed (by themselves or others) to be wise; (3) showing those who are not wise their ignorance; (4 ) learning from those who are wise; (5) examining oneself; (6) exhorting others to philosophy; (7) examining the lives of others; (8) attaining moral knowledge. y John Dewey education is life itself and a continuous reconstruction of experience for social efficiency The parson of practical (functional) psychology and was principal delegate of the progressive association in the US education throughout the first half of the 20th century declared Francis Wayland Parker as father of progressive education y Francis Wayland Parker father of progressivist education y Robert hutchins y George counts y Burrhus Frederic Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory y Edward Lee Thorndike formulated the three laws of learning, remedies, reading exercise and effect - Formulated the Theory of Identical Elements y Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist who formulated the Classical Conditioning Theory

Alfred Binet author of the intelligence test Albert bandura David Ausubel the proponent of meaningful learning David Hume argued that there are only two kinds of reasoning: probable and demonstrative Blaise Pascal Michel de Montaigne Sextus Empiricus Immanuel Kant- advocate of transcendental idealism Kurt Levin Jerom Bruner initiated the thought of discovery learning Wolfgang Kohler Gestalt theorist Max Wertheimer - Gestalt theorist Kurt Koffka - Gestalt theorist St. Albert the Great teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas famous student of St. Albert the Great St. Dominic a well educated Spaniard who founded the Order of Preachers in 1216 St. Ignatius of Loyala John Locke Father of English Empiricism - Tabula rasa mind is blank at birth - secondary qualities are qualities that we impose on an object: color, smell, texture, etc y Francis Bacon- formulated Induction, a response against deductive logic - Known by his fundamental thesis in education known as Knowledge is power y Francis Fenelon y John Baptist de la Salle y Henry Newman y William James y Maria Montessori known for her philosophy: Respect for the child s individuality and encouragement of his personal freedom a doctor of medicine who first turned to educate handicapped and underprivileged youth and later introduced a new pedagogy for teaching young children. This new pedagogy is characterized by freedom and individually prepared environment and specific goals of developing the child. y Froebel originated the concept of kindergarten y John Watson development does not proceed through a series of stages, instead he pointed that development is a continuous process marked by the gradual acquisition of new and more sophisticated behavioral patterns or habits y Eric Erikson proponent of the Theory of Pyschosocial Stage of Human Development y Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development of Humans y Thomas Hurley coined the term agnosticism meaning not being able to know y Sigmund Freud believed that all human being pass through a series of psychosexual stages of development y Jean Piaget the exponent of the Cognitive Theory of Human Development y Jesus Christ greatest Teacher of all time y William James American psychologist and philosopher who coined the term self-esteem as one of the oldest concepts in psychology . y Freire celebrated for his strike on what he describes the banking concept of education where the learner is believed to be a blank account to be stuffed by the mentors y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

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Lewis-Lerman major proponent of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale which was published in 1916 Pedro Poveda proposed the idea of what we describe today as Faculty Development Program Charles Horton Cooley advocate of self-concept idea Edmund Husserl founded that phenomenology promotes the idea that the natural world is largely shaped by the human mind Kierkegaard and Nietzsche generally considered as the Fathers of Existentialism Thomas Reid founder of the Common Sense School of Philosophy Karl Marx author of the Communist Manifesto (1848) Rene Descartes often called the father of Philosophy; his most important works are Principles of Philosophy, Discourse on Method and Meditation John Donne English poet who wrote No man is an island Pierre Laplace formulated Divine Calculator which is a mathematical physicist of all sorts knowing the velocities and positions of all the particles in the world at a particular instant, could calculate all that had happened and all that would happen Thomas Huxley asserted the propositions God exists and God does not exist are meaningless Kung Fu- Tysu - considered Ancient China s greatest philosopher Kalki a messiah in Hindu which will make his appearance on a white horse and brandishing a flaming sword and that this savior will save the righteous and destroy the wicked at the end of the 4th world period Adolf Hitler Everyone in Germany is a National Socialist the few outside the party are either lunatics or idiots Abraham Maslow The great cause of much psychological illness is the fear of knowledge of oneself, of one s emotions, impulses, memories, capacities and potentialities of one s destiny William Graham Sumner coined the world Ethnocentricism Auguste Compte French founder of Positivism who believes that individuals had a moral obligation to serve the interest of others for the greater good of humanity - Termed the word Sociology Thomas Hobbes authored the Leviathan, great political treatise Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi developed the object lesson method wherein it use concrete objects as the basis of form, number and name of lessons Sophists members of a group of itinerant educators in Ancient Greece during the period from 470 to 370 BC who emphasized rhetoric, public speaking and other practical skills Ausubel Expository testing Robert Gagne advocated the employment of the task analysis model in teaching

EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS
Academic freedom pertains to the search and dissemination of truth which should be untrammeled and unencumbered by academic, political, religious or any form of bias or prohibitions, especially on the part of those who administer and supervise educational institutions Accountability - means holding teachers, administrators and also school board members responsible for student performance or for the use of educational funds

Acting mechanics of teaching role playing and dramatization Adjustment term used to indicate how well an individual has been able to make peace internally with the surrounding world, making possible to the teacher to measure the social behavior of students Affective the motional facet of an individual s inner life, including attitudes, feelings, disposition and outlooks, which have a tendency to color interactions with others and with exterior activities Affective questions questions asked in performing certain activities such as pronunciation of words Analysis - Bloom s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, refers to the ability to differentiate between facts and inferences, to recognize faulty assumptions and be able to breakdown concepts, principles, etc into its component parts for better understanding - A part of cognitive domain of the taxonomy of educational objectives which involves breaking down a subject into its components Anecdotal records recorded observations of student behavior made during routine class work or perhaps in the halls or at the library Animation use a response of slightly different static images to trick the human eye into believing it is screening in motion - In e-learning it can be applied to explain complex ideas and processess Assessment the process of determining, estimating, and evaluating a broad range of evidence concerning student achievement and other characteristics - A way of finding out whether learning has taken place or measuring how much learning has taken place Assimilation refers to altering responses to the environment to be consistent with the schemata; it is also known as the process whereby those of different cultures learn how to adjust to another culture - The process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become a part of a different culture Associative Learning a type of learning that involves an accurate understanding of the relationships of things or situations Associativity the idea that the sum is independent of the order in which things are added Augustinians missionaries led the rise of parochial Schools in Cebu in 1565 Axiology the branch of philosophy that deals with values in general Behaviorism an educational philosophy which asserts that the only reality in the physical world that we recognize through careful, scientific observation Being needs Maslows last three needs knowledge and understanding, aesthetic and selfactualization, these needs are by no means completely satisfied Brainstorming conversation or discussion technique of teaching where there is a group meeting to stimulate creative thinking and develop new ideas - A technique in which an individual or a group generates a large number of solution to a problem without censoring them before a period of evaluating them Centration children s ability to focus on more than one dimension of a problem; it characterizes Piaget s second or preoperational period Chalk board most important audiovisual aid material in the classroom because almost all learning items can be written or illustrated on it Classroom Management refers to the proper arrangement of seats and setting of students plans, attention given to proper lighting, ventilation, heating cooling, cleanliness of the classroom and proper placement and arrangement of classroom fixtures - possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for may teachers and indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether Cloze test a good diagnostic device which shows the reading difficulty of an individual student Comprehension the lowest level of understanding in the taxonomy of educational objectives

- the ability to understand without necessarily being able to analyze or apply information Concept an idea that embodies what is common to a whole set for things that have one or more properties in common Conceptual Approach an approach in learning that involves the process of delivering ideas, rules, concepts or principle from a given set of related facts Conditioned response the teacher writes down on the board a small letter c , makes small letter c sound simultaneously. Then the student writes small letter c Constructed-response format assessment procedures that require the student to create an answer instead of selecting an answer form a set of choices Contextualization refers to understanding an idea, word, skill, event, etc in the context or setting in which it occurs Cognitive dissonance mental tension produced by conflicting cognitions, it has drive like properties leading to reduction Cognitive domain refers to the memory and reasoning objectives in Bloom s Taxonomy Cognitive Learning an outcome of learning that focuses in the acquisition of knowledge, facts and information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning, formulas , etc. Colloquium a class organization usually at a level in which conference related to advanced research projects constitutes the essential part of the class activity and serves as a means for planning, executing, and evaluating progress on research projects Configuration theory that refers to the unified or total pattern of organization of learning situation so that the components or elements lose their distinctiveness Confucianism teaches work life through devotion to the family, loyalty to elders, filial piety, love of learning, civil services and universal love and justice. Construction projects projects involve the exploitation of tools and supplies for the production of material objects Counseling the area of helping people to help themselves Critical thinking comprises the mental process, strategies and representations of people used to solve problem, make decision and learn new concepts. - Solving problems by means of general concepts of higher order relationships - This instruction generally emphasizes basic analytical skills applicable to a wide variety of intellectual experiences Cue a stimulus that through previous experience, indicates a situation where if a correct response is made, areinforcer will or will not follow Curriculum the term used to denote a body of courses and learning experiences Deductive development method a method of developing a lesson where the generalization rule or formula is followed by specific examples Descriptive Research the aim of this type of research is to find out the causes or effects of certain phenomena and institute remedial measures if there is a problem Development described as the qualitative and progressive series of change of an orderly and coherent type toward the goal of maturity Diagnostic questions questions given to find out what pupils or students know and what they do not know about a certain lesson, or whether they studied their lesson or not, their strengths and weaknesses, habits, interest and among others Didactic Approach the power of the study by means of this approach is to discover the moral lesson that the literary piece wants to impart Discipline refers to the process of developing among the students self-control, sense of responsibility and orderly conduct and recognition of and submission of legitimate authority and control

Distance Education a type of education project which uses interactive television, the internet and other modern communication technologies Domain used in the taxonomy of educational objectives, a major category of educational objectives: cognitive, affective or psychomotor Dramatization telling a story through a play or drama Drill refers to memorizing a learning material until recurrence of the same material become automatic Education equivalent to learning outcomes like knowledge, skills, attitudes, appreciation and values. Educational behaviorism educational philosophy constructed on the basis of setting established behavior and scheming the situation of learners to induce their behavior in positive ways Educational Field Trips taking a class out of classroom and bringing it to their place where the object of lesson is in Educational Psychology study of how human learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational intervention, the psychology of teaching and the social psychology of school as organization. Educational Reform an arrangement which endeavor to cause an organized transformation in educational theory or practice crossways a community or society E-learning the new term for what is known as web based training or WBT Epistemology branch of philosophy where the major concerns are the nature of knowledge, the process of knowing and the grounds for establishing the validity of knowledge Essentialism Contemporary Educational Theory that puts emphasis on the essential subject like the 3R s in the primary level and a concerted study of mathematics, services, humanities, language and literature in the secondary and higher education. Essentialism refers to the traditional or back to the basics approach to education Esthetic projects projects are aimed at some enjoyable experiences as for instance, having an excursion or reading a poem Ethics Moral Philosophy Ethology study of biological bases of behavior including evolution, causation and development Existentialism basic principle is Existence precedes essence Expository lecture type of lecture which explains and clarifies a topic, a fact, a principle, a point of view, an abstract idea or any subject matter Expository testing- a method by Ausubel where teachers present material in complete, organized ofrm, moving from broadest to more specific concepts Extension of Knowledge Function function is performed when a teacher writes books and articles about new things which benefit much those who read and make use of them Expert system a computer system that is programmed with a large knowledge base and that behaves intelligently by solving problems and providing instructions Extinction refers to the decrease in intensity and disappearance of a conditioned response due to repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus Face Validity the test looks as if it is measuring the traits, the test author designs to measure Facilitator the supportive role that a teacher takes by giving students the skills, materials, and opportunities they need to direct their own learning experiences Fact most fundamental piece of information Factor Analysis refers to a family of mathematical procedures for establishing contribution that individual tests make in assessing a common underlying ability or traits Framing the technique of asking a question very precisely, pausing and then calling on a student Filial piety respect for elders Gang age late childhood Gemeinschaft Bayanihan in Filipino

Gestalt identifies a school of philosophy that stresses the idea that the whole person or the total organism is not merely the sum of its parts but that the character of interconnectedness is itself an aspect of what a thing is Gestalt psychology philosophy of psyche and brain that recommends that the operational standard of the brain is holistic, parallel and analog, with self-arranging inclination; or that the whole is superior than the total of its components Growth qualitative change in a person such as height and weight Guidance refers to the systematic organized plane of educational process which helps an individual grow in his power to give point and direction to his own life to the end that he may gain inches of personal experiences which make his own unique contribution to his society Halo effect the tendency for a general impression of a person to influence our perception of any aspect of that person Hands on Method the purpose of this teaching method is to provide students with experiences to solve problems or apply conceptual knowledge to concrete problems or situations Heuristic a method for solving problems in which they employ rules of thumb that usually lead to a solution High-level thinking skills operations that include comprehension and interpretation of information and problem solving Holism the thought that every property of a specified structure cannot be construed or explicate by the amount of its constituent elements only. The structure as a whole determines in a significant way how the parts perform Home schooling the instruction of children at home, normally by parents or custodians rather than in a public or exclusive school Homework refers to work assigned by teachers to be done outside of school. Excludes in-school guided study and extracurricular activities Identity versus confusion according to Erikson, the stage of development in school in which adolescents deal with their roles in society and the nature of their own selves Idiosyncrasies teacher s behaviors and habits that interfere with effective classroom instruction Impairment a measureable, physiologic or functional loss of a capability as compared with the normal range of variance among the population Incentive something that can satisfy a motive Inductive development method method of developing lesson of forming specific examples with a common element and then formulating a generalization based on the common element Inductive inquiry the method that teachers use when they ask students to infer a conclusion, generalization, or pattern of relationship from a set of data or facts Inductive logic the process of reasoning from particulars to generalities, from the part to the whole and from the individual to the genera; it is the basis of scientific method - A thought process wherein the individual observes a selected number of events, processes or objects and then constructs a particular pattern of concepts or relationships based on these limited experiences Inductive method a category of teaching method, the practice of arriving at a given generalization starting from the known to the unknown Inference process of arriving at a tentative conclusion as a result of a certain event or happening Informal lecture a type of lecture delivered conversationally and it is interrupted once in a while by questions, comments or discussions coming from the audience Instructional Function conveying to the students all the essential subject matter that may ought to learn form a lesson

Intellectual agility a teacher using discussion must have this ability to follow the twist and turns of discussion without losing track of the argument or losing patience with its complexity. Internet global networking of networks Intrinsic motivation refers to the device of the students themselves to learn in order to achieve specific objectives without the need external inducements - refers to the motivation associated with activities that are their own regard Inquiry Approach it pertains to research and investigation and to selling information by asking questions Inquiry learning an approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation and students solve the problems by gathering data and testing their conclusion Inquiry method a learner-focused scheme of education which focuses on soliciting inquiries where learners are encouraged to ask questions which are significant to them and do not necessarily have simple answers Just-in-time learning the holy grail of e-learning which is described as the ability of a learner to access just what they need to know when and where they need to know it Kitharist a teacher of music Knowledge - Bloom s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, pertains to objectives related to simple recall, rote-memory, learning and knowledge of facts Kohler s theory theory of learning where factors of trial and error is involved but insight and understanding are exploited to the maximum Laboratory research a study conducted in a controlled setting Latent learning occurs from environmental interactions in the absence of a goal or reinforcement Law of Effect Thorndike s law which say that if a stimulus is followed by a response and then satisfied, the stimulus-response correction is strengthened - satisfying consequences strengthen a connection; annoying consequences weaken a connection but it was eventually modified by Thorndike to state that annoying consequences do not weaken connections Law of Exercise it pertains to constant correct practices that make the learning perfect and permanent Law of Readiness if a learner does not discern the answer to the question and he is called upon to answer, that situation is very annoying to him. Learning process that produces relatively permanent changes in behavior as a result of one s experience, practice or exercise - an enduring change in behavior or in the capability to behave in a given fashion which results from practice on other forms of experience refers to the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds, abilities, habits, attitudes, values and skills Lecture known as the authoritarian form of teaching Lewin s theory a theory of learning dealing with external forces which are acting on the individuals such as things or situations Life spare consists of everything one needs to know in order to understand his/her behavior in a specific psychological environment at a specific time. Logic generally described as the art of correct thinking and reasoning Mapping a learning tactic in which one identifies important ideas and specifies how they are related Mastery instruction an approach in which students are tested after initial instruction, and those who fail to master the objectives receive corrective instruction and retesting, emphasizes short units of instructions and learning defined skills Material devices examples: visual aids, audio aids and audio-visual aids Memory questions sometimes called factual questions or content questions

Metaphysics the modern meaning is any dealing with the ultimate nature of what exist; part of philosophy of mind Methods of teaching an organized, orderly, systematic and well-planned procedure of providing learning materials, situation, activities and experiences to enable the learners to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, habits and skills, critical thinking, decision-making and bodily movement. - Also known as strategy of teaching M-learning refers to the delivery of learning content to handheld wireless devices - It can sometimes mean disconnected learning for example: learning on a laptop to the internet is available Module a self-conditioned and independent unit of instruction with a primary focus on a few welldefine objectives Motivation in Psychology, it refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior - process of arousing one s interest to act in a desired way Music, arts, P.E. and Health - learning areas of the Basic Education Curriculum which does not need to be taught in English language Naturalism a western philosophy where the school is seen as an extension of the home and teacher are deemed proxy parents Network computers in various locations connected to one another and to central peripheral devices Not Learning any change as a result of maturation, fatigue, drug, injury or illness Objectives refer to the definite or explicit statements of what are to be learned in the lessons - Example: to make the populace knowledgeable Operant behavior a behavior that produces an effect on the environment Operant Conditioning learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequence or antecedents Originality the infrequency or rarity of a response, it is used as a measure of creativity Overlappingness refers to the teacher s skill of attending to two or more activities or problems at the same time without getting confused or losing awareness of all that is occuring Paraphrastic Approach an approach in teaching of literature that can be used when there are passages in the poem or story that are difficult to understand by the students Panel Discussion type of discussion technique wherein numerous persons may be encouraged to speak on a conversation issue during which the discussant presents their own viewpoint s regarding the subject Peg word method a mnemonic tactic in which the learner memorizes a set of objects rhyming with integer names, generates an image of each item to be learned and links it with the corresponding object image. During recall, the learner recalls the rhyming scheme with its associated links Perennialism theory founded on the belief that the body of knowledge which has endured through education and space should form the basis of one s education - A very conservative and inflexible philosophy of education which is based on the view that reality comes from fundamental fixed truths especially related to God. - - it believes that people find truth through reasoning and revelation and that goodness is found in rational thinking Philosophy the science of being in their ultimate reason, causes and principles acquired by human reason alone Philosophy of Education study of educational problems of aim, curriculum and methods from a philosophical perspective Planning the process of choosing instructional goals, contents, materials, and activities before teaching Portfolio a compilation of work that document a student s progress and accomplishments

Portfolio Assessment a collection of tangible student products examined for evidence of the student skills Principles of teaching a psychological law or statement of important concepts or facts that many serve as a guide to educational procedure, either teaching or learning procedure. Practical test not tough to construct, not difficult to administer, not hard to score and not very expensive Pre-conventional morality first of Kohlberg s 3 levels of morality which comprises heteronomous and instrumental purpose stage Privitization occurs when public-school operation is contracted out to business corporations Process Approach this approach gives stress not on the attainment of cognitive knowledge but of the acquisition of skills Probing means continuing to question a student after an initial response to bring out more knowledge or clarity points that the student made Progressivist axiom learns by doing or learns by discovery Project method method of teaching linked to problem-solving, oral reporting, written report and note taking method Psychomotor learning type of learning involving the muscles in bodily movements. The reflexes are especially important because the activities are usually responses to stimuli that require body movements Psychomotor objectives objectives consisting of ways of moving, from fine finger movement to wholebody activity Rationalism refers to any view emphasizing the importance of human reason Readiness willingness and ability of a student to begin learning Recitation a component of classroom teaching in which the teacher engages in structuring and solicitying, with a student responding and the teacher reacting to the student s response Reconstructionism a contemporary educational theory where the teacher is regarded as an authority figure, a master teacher whose expertise is not to be questioned. Reinforcement example: saying excellent to a correct answer Reinforcer any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances of the behavior to occur again Reporting method teaching method wherein the teacher initially presents the scope and coverage of the subject he teaches and later he assigns each student a particular topic (s) to research on and giving certain pointers on delivering them orally in front of the class - A technique in teaching that entails the process of assigning a certain topic to a student who discusses it before his classmates for learning purposes Research refers to a systematic process of gathering data or information to be used in finding a solution to a problem in a scientific way. - Systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge Resource center a place where learning materials, books, supplies, reference materials, games, videotapes, computer programs and so forth are brought together for use in independent study Review it means having another view of a past lesson or lessons in a different manner from the first teaching Ripple effect describes the way in which students who are not themselves the target of a teacher s negative behavior are still negatively affected by what the teacher says or does to another class member Rote learning memorization without attempting to make the material meaningful Routines refer to the daily organizational tasks (such as taking attendance and checking papers) that must be a part of a teacher s classroom time management plan Schema the abstract structure representing the knowledge stored in memory Score the basic element in educational measurements

Scholastic Education led to the rise of universities, with University of Paris, a famous cathedral school, as the first university founded Seatwork the setting in classroom in which students work at their seats on problems or an assignment received from the teacher Self-actualization Abraham Maslow s famous concepts, it pertains to one s abilities to the limit of one s potentialities Seminar type of discussion type of discussion used when the group is too large and the topic can be subdivided into several subtopics. Sequencing the art of developing a logical plan for instructional activities that will help students effectively master a body of knowledge or discipline in an organized way Simulation an approach to learning which engages the learner in a realistic highly interactive representation of a device, process or situation on the basis that the best way to learn is to do - A pretend setting or situation that parallels a real-world situation and allows students to practice problem solving skills Skepticism scientific attitude Stem refers to the question part of a multiple choice item Social Cognitive Learning process whereby the information learned by individuals has been observed from other people. Socratic a method akin to the science of midwifery where it draws out or elicits the best in the pupil Special Education a teaching that is modified or particularized for learners with disabilities such as learning disparities, cerebral health troubles, or particular disabilities Speculative philosophy a methodical philosophy intended to get off at world outlook, rational schemes of thinking or world viewpoint. Spiral Curriculum Bruner s structure for teaching that introduces the fundamental structure of all subjects in the school years, and then revisits the subjects in more and more complex forms over time Strategy of teaching refers to an organized, orderly, systematic and well-planned procedure of providing learning materials, situations, activities and experiences to engage the learners to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, habits and skills, critical thinking, decision-making, self-direction, selfreliance, mechanical manipulation and bodily movement - Also known as methods of teaching - Tantamount to the expression method of teaching Syllabus contains introduction, objectives and bibliography Synchronous learning describes a real-time or live online learning event in which all participantstypically, an instructor and a number of learners, are all logged on to the system at the same time Synthesis Bloom s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, it is the cognitive domain which is the ability to construct parts or element together to form whole or ability to formulate together new scheme for classifying object and to integrate many idea into one solution - Refers to cognitive processes that require putting pieces of things together to form a whole Task analysis this model has long proved valuable in business and industry; it subdivides a lesson s content, concepts or processes into smaller, sequential steps, beginning with the least complex and progressing to the most complex Teaching recognized as the direction of learning Teaching Approach specifies the nature of teaching and the teaching activity used Teaching by example educational principle from a Greek epic, Phoenix (teacher of Achilles) tells Achilles to be both a speaker of words and a doer of deeds Teaching Efficacy a teachers belief that he or she can reach even the most difficulty students and help them learn Technique of Discipline example: assigning permanent seats to students

Technique of teaching embraces the teacher s method of teaching he is following, the tools of teaching he is using, the audio-visual aids he is manipulating, the test he is giving and scoring, the medium of instruction he is utilizing and all other devices he is using Test-retest a learning theory called operant or instrumental conditioning - This procedure involves testing a group of students and retesting the group at second time Theories of transfer of learning the theory of mental disciplines, the theory of identical elements, the theory of generalization and the theory of configuration Theories sets of concepts, assumptions, conjectures and propositions that help people to describe and explain observation that one has made - Sets of ideas or beliefs, often based on research findings or generalization from practice, that guide educational policies or procedures The Republic prominent labor of philosophy and political supposition by the Greek philosopher Plato, printed in approximately 360 BC. It is published in the design of a Socratic discourse Think-aloud a research procedure in which participants verbalize aloud their thoughts, actions and feelings while performing a task Transfer process that enables people to make previously learned responses in new situation Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Sternberg s theory asserting three types of intelligence componential, contextual and experiential Tutor a private teacher who educates a definite instructional topic or skill to an individual learner Universitas signifies a corporation of teachers and students Virtual Reality a term used to describe a computer-operated environment that is designed to create an illusion of a real setting or situation Withitness the teacher s ability to be aware of events accruing simultaneously in the classroom Work backward a problem solving strategy in which one starts with the goal and asks which subgoals are necessary to accomplish it, what is necessary to accomplish these subgoals and so forth until the beginning state is reached

3. TEST MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

Achievement known as the measure of the students skill or knowledge attainment which are expressed in marks or grades Achievement test measures the degree to which students acquired information or skills taught in a formal or school setting Alternative refers to one of the choices in a multiple-choice test item Analytic scoring when scoring responses to essay questions, it involves the assessment of student response(s) using a rating system Aptitude those abilities both inherited and acquired through the environment over a period of time that allows an individual to achieve or learn Aptitude test a test intended to measure an individual s potential to achieve but actually measures present skills or abilities - Test that helps predict the degree to which an individual will succeed in any area of cognitive learning; to predict future performance - Examples: the House-Tree-Person Test and the Differential Aptitude Test Battery Assessment bias qualities of an assessment instrument that offend or unfairly paralyze a group of students because of the students gender, sex, race, ethnicity, etc

Attitude refers to the sum total of a man s inclination and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, ideas, fears, threats, and convictions about any specific topic Averages measures of central tendency Battery term given to a group of two or more tests that are less standardized for the same population and that measures different aspects of behavior Binet-Simon scales of mental ability first published 1905, designed to aid educators in identifying students whose mental ability were insufficient for them to benefit from standard public education Checklist consists of a set of questions used by the teacher to determine if the student exhibits a desired behavior or favorable attitude or if they neglect certain outcome in the performance of an assigned task Chronological age refers to the actual age of an individual, usually expressed in years and months Class limits end numbers of a class interval Class mark middle of an interval Cognitive ability tests come in place of the word intelligence test Correlation it tells us to what degree two sets of variable are related to each other Criterion-referenced interpretation converting the test score into a description of what the student can perform - Test having a predetermined level of success that will show whether a student has met the established criteria Decile referred to as a point in scale where the distribution is divided into ten equal parts Descriptive method examples are case studies, surveys, trend analysis Diagnostic test serves as the basis for remedial instruction - An assessment tool that pinpoints students strengths and weaknesses specifically what students need to learn in designated field - Testing that yields information as to the cause of difficulties in comprehension, problem solving etc Distractors refer to the wrong answers offered as choices in a multiple choice items Divergent questions questions that have no single correct answer - Questions that encourage students to give complex, creative, longer answers Evaluation-refers to the process of summing up the results of measurements or test, giving them some meaning based on value judgments. - this process includes measurement and possibility testing as well as value judgment - entire process of making measurements and rendering decision - refers to the decision making about student performance and about appropriate teaching strategies Experimental method a research method that involves the manipulation of at least one independent variable control of other relevant variables and observation of the effect on one or more dependent variables Experimentation a research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects are recorded Formative a kind of testing used to identify areas of student weaknesses that may serve as basis for remedial instruction and improvement of instruction by using different techniques and strategies

Formative evaluation evaluation obtained during the course of instruction to acquire feedback about the effectiveness of instructional approaches or individuals progress so that appropriate changes can be made Frequency distribution table a tabulation of large numbers of scores showing the frequencies with which persons obtain scores within each of several divisions making up the tabulation Hypothesis scientific guess Intelligence quotient derived by comparing an individual s score on an intelligence test with the scores of average pupils of the same age Jigsaw a cooperative structure in which each member of a group is responsible for teaching other members of one section of the material Mean the arithmetic average of a set of value generated by using the value and then dividing by the number of values included Measurement the process of quantifying attributes or characteristics of learners through the use of appropriate measuring instruments - refers to the assigning of numerical values or an evaluative description to the traits or characteristics in question Measures of Central Tendency the point on the scale around which the scores to cluster Measuring instruments refers to examination, tests, items, checklists, ratings, scales, questionnaires.. - refers to the devices used to measure the degree or level of the learners or students achievement Median midpoint of distribution; 50th percentile; middle score in a group Mode the score that occurs most frequently and corresponds to the highest point in the frequency polygon and can be found by mere inspection Multi-modal used when more than two different scores have the same highest frequency Multiple choice most valuable and most widely used of the various informal objective test types Multiple choice item most widespread type of test item due to its flexibility, clarity and lower opportunity for guessing Multiple choice tests tests of skill, achievement, aptitude or attitude in which the individual is required to choose a correct, best or favored response from a more offered alternatives. Negatively Skewed Distribution frequency of scores congregates in the upper or left end of a frequency distribution Normal curve bell-shaped curve Norm-referenced interpretation comparing a student s performance with that of the other students - used to determine whether a student test performance is above average, average or below average compared to his/her classmates - test designed to measure individual traits or variables such as achievement as compared with the scores of individuals from the norm group - example: National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) Objective test test having clearly agreed upon criteria for scoring so that different scores will not disagree on the correctness or incorrectness of the answers Objective testing multiple choice, matching, true or false, short answer and fill-in tests; scoring answers of such do not require interpretation

Ogive known as the graph of the cumulative frequency Oral examination apparently the oldest of the various types of tests concerned to round up an achievement measurement program Percentile a point along a distribution of scores that indicates, for example, that the percentage of scores falling below the eightieth percentile is 80% Percentile rank the percentage of individual scoring at or below a given raw score Personality test Rorschack test, Piers-Harris Children Self-Concept scale, etc Placement evaluation a type of evaluation employed in a classroom instruction which accounts for a student s entry behavior or performance Positively Skewed distribution the frequency of scores congregates in the lower or right end of a distribution Power test consists of a series of test items graded in difficulty from the poorest to the most difficult, the score being the level of difficulty the student able to cope with. Practicability refers to the degree to which the measuring instrument can be satisfactorily used by teachers, supervisors, and school administrators without undue expenditure of time, money and effort Preference tests examples are the Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Preference Record Problem solving a computational test question which presents the student with a problem situation that entails a demonstration of work generated and a correct solution Quartiles values that divide a distribution into four equal points Range described as the discrepancy between the highest and the lowest scores of all the scores under consideration; poorest measure of variability Raw score counting up the number of right answer that a student earns on a test - the original or actual scores obtained on a test before it has been transformed to a more interpretable form Reliability refers to the degree of consistency and accuracy of a measuring instrument Reliability coefficients establishing reliability of the test is mainly done through statistical estimates Research a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition about the presumed relations among natural phenomena - scholarly activity aimed at finding new truth about a specific discipline Rubrics assessment tool that can provide readily comprehensible feedback to students and this tool contains two primary components: criteria and standards Sample a portion of a total population, perhaps representatives of the population Score known as a number that indicate the achievement level of a student in a test and is determined by the number of correct responses. Significance it depicts that the probability of the results of an experiment or of correlational study are not due to chance Soliciting means questioning or otherwise inviting a response from a student Standardized test a test constructed according to rigid specifications with careful attention to validity, reliability and original sampling procedures

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test revised in 1937 and in 1960; reformed in 1972 and revised and reformed again in 1986 and became the meter bar by which all other tests of general mental ability were calculated Statistics commended as the expression or language of research Stem an open-ended statement in a multiple-choice test item Table of specification an important tool used in test construction which presents a plan to the teacher on what kind of test items to write, what content to include and what cognitive level is needed - the outline that directs the construction of the test Teacher made materials first step to define clearly the instructional objectives of the course Testing- a technique of aspiring information needed for evaluation purposes through an assigned set of tasks to be performed; the use of test Tests set of items or questions designed to be given to one or more students to be answered under specified conditions measurement devices that provide information about students learning levels - Assessment instrument that requires students to answer questions to demonstrate learning test scores reveal the teacher s effectiveness of his teaching on the basis of which succeeding teaching activities may be further improved or altered. It should not, however, be considered as a final indication of pupils abilities but of the range of their abilities The test-retest method involves the administering of the same test twice to the same group after a sufficient lapse of time Usability refers to the degree to which the evaluation instrument can be successfully employed by classroom teachers and school administrators without an undue expenditure of time and energy Validity defined as the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure and how adequately - extent to which a test actually measures the characteristic or trait that it was designed to measure Variance the square of the standard deviation Zero Coefficient the correlation coefficient will be zero if there is no association involving any two variables Z-score refers to the standard score indicating the member of standard deviation above or below the mean 4.

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIES
Ageism coined by Robert Butler - Refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on a person s age Alienation refers to a pervasive sense of powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation and self-estrangement. Anarchism a political philosophy and social movement that advocates the elimination of other forms of government in favor of a society whose members interact on a voluntary basis Animism involves a belief in spirits or otherworldy beings Brahman Hindu thought which is the the absolute and supreme reality as compared with the unreal and illusory nature of the world

Brahmins highest members of the caste system and primary recipients of education in Ancient India Brain drain the emigration of educated people to wealthier nations Buddha the enlightened one Buddhism classified as ARYA DHARMA which means a noble religion Capitalism referred to as Laissez-faire economy Catharsis refers to the purging or cleansing of the emotions; it is used by Aristotle to describe the purifying of the audience thru emotional involvement in a play Choking behavior in which we fail to perform up to our level of skills and abilities by virtue of experiencing social pressure Code of Ethics the standard of acceptable behavior developed by and for the members of a profession Colonialism the maintenance of political, social, economic and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period Communism a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production - As a political movement, it seeks to establish a classless society Confucianism a complex system of moral, social, political and religious thoughts which had tremendous influence on the history of Chinese civilization down to the 21st century Constructivism a doctrine stating that learning takes place in contexts and that learners form or construct much at what they learn and understand as a function of their experiences in situations Correspondence principles the tendency of school to promote the values expected of intervals in each social class and to prepare students for the type of jobs typically held by members of their class - States that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school and it is said that the schools mirror the work place and hence on a day-to-day basis prepare the children for adult roles in the job market Craze an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period Credentialism the requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake, not because it certifies skills needed for the performance of a job Density refers to the physical compactness of people in a space Deviance a behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group or society Diffusion the process by which cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society Discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons - Responding differently to similar, but not identical stimuli and treating a particular categories of people unequally Eclecticism refers to the practice of choosing what is though best from various philosophies Education one aspect of the many sided process of specialization by which people obtain behaviors essential for effective participation in society which entails an explicit process in which some individuals assume the status of teacher and others- the status of student and carry out their associated roles Egocentric bias it is the tendency of the self to contribute, for example: when the teacher singles out a particular good or poor exam for a few preliminary remarks before returning the papers to the class, students commonly overestimates the likelihood that one of the papers belong to them.

Empiricism a philosophical doctrine which denies that humans have innate ideas or that anything is knowable without inference to experience. - Experience is the only source of knowledge Enculturation a process which begins at infancy; human rating acquires the culture of his society Epistemology the theory of knowledge in philosophy which concerns the nature of knowledge, the process of knowing and the grounds for establishing the validity of knowledge - Branch of philosophy that examines significant theories of knowledge - the study of origin, nature, limits and methods of knowledge Ethnocentricism the tendency to judge the behavior of other groups by the standards of a person s own culture Existentialism the philosophical doctrine that views human existence as having a set of underlying theories and characteristics such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death and consciousness - The 20th century philosophy that denies any essential human nature; each of us creates our own essence through free action - Theory held by the earliest Greek philosophers that all matter is alive or in some way possesses life - Philosophy that examine the way in which human define themselves by making personal choices Fad - a folkway that lasts for a short time and enjoys acceptance only among a segment of the population Family a social group whose members are related by ancestry, marriage or adoption and who live together, cooperate economically and care for the young Fashion a folkway that last for a short time and enjoys widespread acceptance within society Gemeinschaft a close knit community often found in rural areas in which strong bonds unite members Generalize other the social unit that gives individuals their unity of self Hedonism the view that pleasure is intrinsically worthwhile and is the human s good Hidden Curriculum the standard behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in school Hinduism generally considered to be the oldest major world religion Idealism the belief that reality is essentially an idea, a thought or mind rather than matter - Philosophy which upholds the primacy of though over being, spirit over matter Incest taboos the rules that prohibit sexual intercourse with close blood relatives Karma a belief of Buddhism which is a cause and effect relationship between all that has been done and all that will be done Logical Positivism a philosophy of science which holds that philosophy should provide strict criteria for judging sentences tone as false and meaningless Materialism refers to the metaphysical position that reality is ultimately compared of matter Metaphysics a branch of philosophy which deals with issues like: what is reality, what is existence and is the universe rationally designed or ultimately meaningless? Migration relatively permanent movement of people with the purpose of changing their place of residence Nihilism a philosophical view that the world and especially human existence is without meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth or essential value

Nirvana a mode of consciousness valued by Buddhist and Hindu as the supreme goal of human existence Norms an established standard of behavior maintained by a society Panic one of the varieties of collection behavior that involves irrational and uncoordinated but collective actions among people by the presence of an immediate severe threat Parallelism the theory that physical and mental states do not interact but simply accompany each other Philosophy means love (philein) of wisdom (sophia) Priori knowledge type of knowledge that is independent of experience or reasoning - Knowledge that is innate as contrasted with that derived from experience Pragmatism a philosophy originated from the U.S. in late 1800 which is characterized by the insistence on consequences, utility and practicality as vital components of meaning and truth - Philosophy that judge the validity of ideas by their consequence in action Prejudice the negative attitude towards an entire category of people often an ethnic or social minority Racism the process through which a person forsake his own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture Realism the belief that properties, usually called universal exist independently of the things that manifest them Things exist whether or not anyone is thinking of them Relationship an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable expectations Relativism view that the meaning and value of human beliefs and behavior have no absolute inference - Claims that humans understand and evaluate beliefs and behaviors only on the terms of their historical and cultural context Scholasticism not a philosophy or theology but a tool and method for learning which put emphasis on dialectical reasoning Skepticism philosophical attitude that was first articulated by Pyrrho who believed that everything could be doubted except appearances. - It questions the possibility of obtaining any sort of knowledge Social Darwinism a view that society is an arena of social struggle in which the strongest are selected for survival and any effort to soften the struggle or aid the weaker is rejected as an interference with the process of internal selection Social Mobility the assumption that individuals or groups can move from one level of stratum to another in the stratification system Social persuasion a pop talk or specific performance, feedback , a source of self-efficacy Social Philosophy the application of moral principles to the problems of freedom, equality and justice Social stratification society becomes increasingly specialized over time - The structured ranking of individuals and groups and their grading into horizontal layers Socio-economic status refers to the relative position of individuals according to economic, social and occupational prestige and power - Usually measured in terms of occupation, education and income and generally viewed in terms of social-class categories ranging from working class to upper class

Sociology systematic study of social behavior and human group Solipsism the view that Only I exist, that other persons and objects have no independent existence of their own but exist solely as creation of my consciousness Stratification structural ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society Tao In Chinese religion it means the way or the path ; a port of cosmic pathway that lies between or within the interaction of the energy modes Yang and Yin Taoism the main tenet of harmony with nature; regards nature as sacred and even as an extension of human values. Tenure permanence of position granted to educators after a probationary period, which prevents their dismissal except for legally specified cause and through formalized due process and procedures Thomism came from the name of its originator, Thomas Aquinas whose summary work known as the Transcendentalism Idealism the philosophy of Immanuel Kant where it states that experience is not about the things as they are in themselves but about the things as they appear to us Utilitarianism the idea that the fundamental moral rule is to strike toward the greatest happiness for the greatest number Summa Theologiae has arguably been second only to the Bible in importance to the Catholic Church Utopia a Greek word meaning land of nowhere Vital Statistics known as the records of births, deaths, marriages and divorce gathered thru a registration system maintained by governmental units Xenocentricism the belief that the products, styles or ideas of one s society are inferior to those that originates elsewhere 5.

DATES
April 23 1978 the first Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET) September 02, 1993 the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) was last administered

6.

HISTORY
Christian Missionaries used by Spaniards as tutors or small group teachers mostly in Religion DECS is responsible for supervising basic education as stated in the 1987 Constitution Democracy basis for educational philosophy during the Third Republic under President Sergio Osmena Fidel V. Ramos the president who signed a law lengthening the school year to 220 calendar days a year Japanese the Philippine conquerors who made education as an instrument of war propaganda in 1942 Las Islas Filipinas the Philippines during the Spanish regime which lasted between 1521 and 1898 Leticia Ramos-Shahani sponsored the DECS values education program is a part of a broader moral recovery program Love of God the dominant theme that threaded through the philosophy that was to under gird Philippine education during the revolutionary period was love of country within the context of Love of God Philosophy of Basic Education identifies that basic education would consist of the 10-year elementary and secondary education with an option to have 11 years upon addition of grade 7 during the time of Fidel Ramos in year 1998

National Commission on Educational, Scientific and Cultural Matters NACESCUM) the new name for the 1935 constitution established a national Council of Education Philosophy of Basic Education Simple livelihood vocations the initial philosophy of education under the Americans Spaniard privileged to be called Filipinos during the Spanish regime St. Dominic a well educated Spaniard who founded the Order of Preachers in 1216 TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority 7.

ENUMERATION
ID - operates in the pleasure principles by seeking immediate qualification of intellectual needs. ID is the lawmaking feature of the personality. Ego executive aspect of the personality and the goal of the rational ego is served by the reality principle, it means that it finds realistic ways of qualifying the instincts. Superego the judicial branch of the personality and is the individual s moral arbiter Validity: Content validity - the items on the test represent the entire range of possible items the test should cover. - refers to the extent to which the test covered the goals and objectives of the test Criterion-related validity - A test is said to have criterion-related validity when the test has demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting criterion or indicators of a construct. Concurrent Validity occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at the same time as the test scores. This indicates the extent to which the test scores accurately estimate an individual s current state with regards to the criterion. Predictive Validity occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at a time after the test. Examples career or aptitude tests Construct Validity - A test has construct validity if it demonstrates an association between the test scores and the prediction of a theoretical trait. Example, intelligence test Measurement and evaluation functions - Identifies areas of difficulties - Predicts students success or failure - Evaluates instructions Examinations: Comprehensive Examination - specific type of examination that must be completed by graduate students in some disciplines and courses of study Preliminary Examination Competitive Examination examination where candidate are ranked according to their grades. If exam is open for position, then the first candidate in rank pass, the others are rejected. Physical Examination Categories of test: Items objective Constructed-response Domains of Human Development: Cognitive Domain normally associated with the logical thinking process Affective Domain - associated with feelings; Bloom s taxonomy: acceptance, awareness and valuing Psychomotor Domain mobility, body movement

Government forms: Oligarchy form of government where political authority lucratively lies within a minor, influential sector of people whether noted by wealth, family or military agility Feudalism Democracy Plutocracy

Bloom s taxonomy commonly used categorization of the various objectives and skills that the teachers lay down for learner Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor domains or Knowledge Attitude-Skills