Smart Grid, Enabling Technologies for Maintaining Grid Reliability

Heather Sanders Director, Smart Grid Technologies and Strategy The Association of Women in Water, Energy and Environment November 4, 2010

Smart Grid provides enabling technology to achieve California energy and environmental goals

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Smart Grid has many definitions and brings together the electrical and information infrastructure
The smart grid is the application of technologies to all aspects of the energy transmission and delivery system that provide better monitoring, control, and efficient use of the system.

Source: GE Energy, The Smart Grid Lunch and Learn, Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits

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The grid today controls conventional generation to deliver to load, continuously balancing the system

Source: GE Energy, The Smart Grid Lunch and Learn, Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits

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The introduction of renewable generation, plug-in electric vehicles, storage, and smart residences increases the complexity of managing the grid

Source: GE Energy, The Smart Grid Lunch and Learn, Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits

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The introduction of smart grid technologies address this complexity

Source: GE Energy, The Smart Grid Lunch and Learn, Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits

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Leading back to smart grid technology enabling needed capabilities for future grid management

Source: GE Energy, The Smart Grid Lunch and Learn, Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits

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The ISO smart grid strategy centers around five technology themes
Advanced Forecasting Synchrophasors Advanced Applications Enabling Storage, Demand Response, and Distributed Energy Resources Cyber Security

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Accurate forecasting is essential to establish expectations of what resources will be needed when
Measurement devices aid in collecting meteorological data that leads to improved forecasting
Advanced Forecasting
Total Sky Imager

Improved forecasting methodology provides ramping and ranges in addition to hourly average forecasting
Rooftop Met Tower

Determines cloud size and movement to support forecast solar output

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

Wind Vane (Wind Direction) Anemometer (Wind Speed) Barometer (Atmospheric Pressure)

Standard measurement devices

Pyranometer (Irradiance)

Uses light and sound to determine wind movement

Solar panel (provides power)

Data logger / transmitter

SoDAR (Sonic Detection and Ranging)

Battery (provides storage / power)

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Phasor measurement data provides the foundation for better grid monitoring.
Phasor measurement units provide instantaneous precise measurements of voltage, current, frequency, and phase angles at high speeds
Synchrophasors

Used for forensic analysis of events; increasingly used for automated control Synchrophasor technology has been available since the 1990s and can now be better utilized through faster communications and advanced applications
CAISO Energy Communications Network
http://www.gedigitalenergy.com/pr/UR540/ UR-Ease-03_thumb.jpg

GPS Satellite
Time-synchronized

Operator Applications Regional Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) CAISO Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)

Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

WECC Phasor Data Regional Phasor Concentrator (PDC) Data Concentrator (PDC)

Advanced Grid Applications support essential real time monitoring and control for grid reliability.
Visualization tools synthesize vast amounts of data to provide at-a-glance grid conditions and alarms Advanced applications will utilize PMU and SCADA data to determine corrective action and issue automated control signals to system resources

Advanced Applications

The voltage stability analysis advanced application monitors voltage and includes calculations of margins to collapse

Phase Angle situational awareness displays include alarms and severity in categories including frequency limits, rate of change limits, angle limits, MW and MVar limits
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A standard, flexible infrastructure is essential to enabling storage, demand response and DER.
Demand Response, storage, and distributed energy resources are valuable grid balancing resources Enabling infrastructure includes smart devices, displays, control systems, and reliable, high-speed communications network
Enabling Demand Response, Storage, and Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Telemetry (Actual consumption adjustment)

Bids to adjust energy consumption

Demand response provider (Aggregator)

Control Systems Devices

Dispatch / Control Signal

CAISO
Wholesale Energy Prices

Standardized Communications

Grid Visibility
Grid Condition Indicators

Utility or Aggregator
Devices
http://newvaluestreams.com/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/07/smartgrid-home.gif

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Cyber security focuses on identification, visualization, and resolution of threats and vulnerabilities.
The deployment of smart grid technologies cause network convergence exposing secure networks to increased risks
Cyber Security

Communication protocols must be standardized and secured from the beginning

NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0

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Smart grid technologies are enablers to grid visibility, reliability, state goals but need testing
Engaging in projects and pilots for advanced storage and demand response Active participation in national standards development efforts Implementation once proven