HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Unit 3: Endocrine System Identify the endocrine glands indicated: 1. adrenal gland 5.

testes 2. pituitary 6. pineal 3. pancreas 7. ovaries 4. thyroid

D E AB

AC

AD

TRUE/FALSE: The following statements are either true or false. Use (A) for true and (B) for false. 8. Secretions of the adrenal glands control calcium metabolism. 9. Negative feedback causes more hormone products to be released. 10. Oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary.

11. The thyroid gland contains the Islets of Langerhans. 12. The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone. 13. The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. 14. Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. 15. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones. 16. Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. 17. The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. 18. Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. MATCHING: Match the following hormones with their source. A letter may be used more than once. Hormone 19. Testosterone 20. LH 21. TH 22. ACTH 23. Prolactin 24. Glucagon 25. Epinephrine 26. Cortisol 27. Growth Hormone 28. Estrogen BC. acinar cells 29. Oxytocin BD. interstital cells 30. Thyroid Releasing Hormone Source A. Thyroid B. Adenohypophysis C. Adrenal cortex D. Adrenal medulla E. Parathyroid AB. sustentacular cells AC. Hypothalamus AD. Graafian follicle in ovary AE. Islets of Langerhan

Match the following hormones with their target tissue. A letter may be used more than once. Hormone 31. GnRH 32. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 33. Progesterone 34. Oxytocin 35. Luteninizing hormone 36. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 37. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) 38. Aldosterone 39. FSH 40. Growth Hormone (GH) Target Tissue A. tubules of kidney B. adrenal cortex C. pigment cells of skin D. smooth muscle of uterus E. thyroid AB. testes-semineferous tubules AC. muscles & bones of immature individuals AD. adenohypophysis AE. adrenal medulla BC. testes-interstitial cells BD. neurohypophysis BE. lining of uterus Associate the following effects with the glands or secretions responsible. Effect 41. Production of large volumes of urine 42. Increased protein synthesis 43. Low thyroid hormone levels 44. hyperglycemia (high glucose) 45. Low Ca++ level in blood 46. increased heart rate 47. excessive Na+ concentrations in blood 48. increased body temperature Hormone A. hyposecretion of ADH B. thyroid stimulating hormone hyposecretion C. T3/T4 hypersecretion D. hypersecretion of Aldosterone E. hypersecretion of calcitonin AB. hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone AC. adrenal medulla secretion AD. hypersecretion of Human Growth Hormone AE. hyposecretion of insulin

16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets: 49. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). 50. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 51. Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). 52. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). 53. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Match the function or effect with the correct gland Function 54. The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. 55. The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction. 56. Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. 57. Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue. 58. Produces the body's major metabolic hormones. Gland A. Hypophysis B. Adrenal medulla C. Pancreas D. Parathyroid E. Thyroid

Questions 64 and 65: Select the letter (A or B) preceding the larger item in each pair of items. 59. Blood glucose concentration would be higher with A. hypersecretion of insulin. B. normal insulin secretion 60. Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _____. A. ions B. deactivatory C. second messengers D. nucleotides 61. The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by _____. A. synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B. not responding to a feedback mechanism C. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP. 62. Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cells DNA B. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone. C. second-messenger systems D. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP 63. Eicosanoids do not include A. hydrocortisones C. leukotrienes B. prostaglandins D. paracrines

64. The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract _____. A. is partly contained within the infundibulum B. is the site of prolactin synthesis C. conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D. connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland 65. Rate of ADH secretion would be higher with A. a low blood pressure B. a high blood pressure 66. In a strict sense, the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is not an endocrine gland because it A. has a rich blood supply C. is near the brain B. does not synthesize hormone D. contains ducts 67. The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person is diagnosed as having a too high metabolic rate is the: A. thyroid C. adrenal medulla B. parathyroid D. posterior pituitary

68. Assume a steroid hormone has reached a target cell. Arrange the following in their proper sequence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E. mRNA transcript is built/ protein synthesis follows genes become activated hormone-receptor molecules migrate to the DNA hormone molecules bind to receptor molecules hormone diffuses through the cell membrane 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 5, 4, 1, 3, 2 1, 4, 5, 3, 2 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

69. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of: A. aldosterone. B. glucagon. C. insulin. D. cortisol. 70. Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A. hormonal B. neural C. enzyme D. humoral 71. Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called: A. proteins. B. enzymes. C. hormones. D. antibodies. 72. Growth hormone: A. is regulated by humoral mechanisms. B. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass. C. is also called somatostatin. D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years. 73. The zona glomerulosa, zona fascilulata, zona reticularis are collectively known as the: A. cerebral cortex B. adrenal cortex C. adrenal medulla D. pancreatic islet 74. ADH: A. is produced in the adenohypophysis. C. increases urine production. B. promotes dehydration. D. is inhibited by alcohol.

75. Gonadocorticoid(s): A. production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty. B. hypersecretion can result in androgenital syndrome, also called feminization. C. synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens. D. secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH.

76. The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on: A. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path. B. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ. C. nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific. D. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ. 77. Hypersecretion of GH after the fusion of the epiphyseal plate results in: A. dwarfism B. gigantism C. acromegaly D. diabetes 78. Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A. the kidney B. the skin C. the spleen D. the heart 79. What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones? A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Iron D. Chlorine 80. Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released: A. in excessive amounts in obese people. B. when the body's glucose level drops. C. when the body's glucose level rises. D. in response to severe physical stress (i.e., a ten-mile run). 80. The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ___. A. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system die to its location C. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional D. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release 81. Steroid hormones exert their action by: A. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity. B. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene. C. increasing blood pressure. D. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen. 82. Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to: A. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells. B. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide. C. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone. D. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone. 83. The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through: A. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity. B. blocking the action of growth hormone. C. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released. D. antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin.

84. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to: A. testosterone. B. epinephrine. C. estrogen. 85. Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A. estrogen B. epinephrine C. aldosterone 86. ACTH _____. A. is secreted by the posterior pituitary B. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla C. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion D. is not a tropic hormone

D. cortisol. D. cortisone

87. Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A. Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. B. Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood. C. Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. D. High calcium levels cause bone resorption. 88. Aldosterone: A. functions to increase sodium resorption. B. is secreted by the neurohypophysis. C. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood. D. production is greatly influenced by ACTH. 89. The major targets of growth hormone are _____. A. bones and skeletal muscle B. the blood vessels C. the liver D. the adrenal glands 90. The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is _____. A. glucagons B. cortisol C. insulin D. aldosterone

Answers: 1. E 2. B 3. AB 4. C 5. AC 6. A 7. AD 8. F 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. F 14. T 15. T 16. T

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

T F BD B A B B AE D C B AD AC AC BC E BE D BE B A A AB AC AE/A AD B AE E AC D C A C B E D A B C D E B C D A A A B B A

68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

E B C C D B D A D C D B C AND D B A C D B C B A A D