K.N.

Srinivasan

A MODERN COMPLEX APPARATUS

TRANSFORMER IS A ELECTROMAGNETIC

TRANSFORMERS SERVE FOR TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSFORMERS (DISTRIBUTION) ARE THE LAST MAJOR LINK BETWEEN UTILITY & CONSUMER

TRANSFORMERS ARE STATIC ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES PRINCIPLE IS BASED ON MUTUAL INDUCTION BETWEEN WINDINGS THROUGH A COMMON CORE OIL-IMMERSED AND DRY TYPES POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TYPES SPECIAL TYPES

V1 I2 I1

I0

I2

E2

E = - 4.44 mf N

R1 + R2

X1 + X2

I0

I2

V1

X0

E2=E1

X1 + X2

Iw

R0

IEC-76 & IS 2026 specify the routine, type & special tests for power transformers

Routine Tests Measurement of winding resistance Measurement of voltage ratio Polarity test Measurement of no-load loss & no-load current Measurement of load-loss & short-circuit impedance Measurement of insulation resistance Dielectric tests

Type Tests

Measurement of winding resistance Measurement of voltage ratio Polarity test Measurement of no-load loss & no-load current Measurement of load-loss & short-circuit impedance Measurement of insulation resistance Dielectric tests Temperature-rise test

Special Tests

Dielectric test Short-circuit test Measurement of zero-sequence impedance of three phase transformers Measurement of acoustic noise level Measurement of harmonics of the noload current Measurement of power taken by the fans & oil pumps

Dielectric Tests

Separate source voltage withstand test Induced over voltage withstand test Impulse voltage withstand test

Separate Source Voltage Withstand Test Terminals of windings under test connected to HV terminal of the source . All other windings, core, frame and tank are earthed. Duration of test is 60 secs.
Highest system voltage(kV) 1.1 3.6 7.2 12 24 36 52 72.5 Power frequency voltage(kV) 3 10 20 28 50 70 95 140

Induced Over voltage Withstand Test

This test is useful in determining layer insulation and inter turn insulation of windings. HV is kept open & twice the rated voltage at twice the rated frequency is applied to the LV for a duration of 60 secs.

Impulse Withstand Test Testing facilities Impulse generator Discharge circuit Recording system Voltage divider for measurement

Standard Impulse wave

Wave shape
Standard wave shape of impulse voltage is 1.2/50sec. t1 is the rise time = 1.2secs. t2 is the tail time = 50 secs. Tolerance on t1 is 30% & 20% on t2.

Impulse generator
Impulse wave is generated by discharge of capacitors charged in parallel into a wave shaping circuit.

Connection

Fig.7.3.1.Connection diagram lmpulse Application : (Negative Polarity). Oscillograms : 7.3.1 Reduced full wave 7.3.2. 100% full wave 7.3.3 Reduced Chopped wave 7.3.4. 100% chopped wave 7.3.5. 100% chopped wave 7.3.6. 100% full wave 7.2.7. 100% full wave 100 kV (Peak) 170 kV (Peak) 103 kV (Peak) 170 kV (Peak) 170 kV (Peak) 170 kV (Peak) 170 kV (Peak)

Oscillograms

Oscillograms contd.

 MINOR INSULATION -conductor turns, layers enamel, paper oil ducts, paper cylinders MAJOR INSULATION- winding, core press board cylinders, oil ducts BUSHINGS - porcelain , condenser

Short-Circuit Test

Power & distribution transformers must be constructed to withstand mechanical stresses caused by external faults. These stresses are produced due to electromagnetic forces as a result of very high current in the windings during shortcircuits.

 Prior to the short-circuit, transformer is subjected to routine tests. Asymmetrical current The peak current that transformer is required to withstand = Isc(peak)=K Isc
Value of K : x/r 1 1.5 K 1.51 1.64 2 3 4 5 6 8 2.38 10 2.46 >14 2.55

1.76 1.95

2.09 2.19 2.27

Short-circuit may be a) Preset or b) Post set Duration of each test being 0.5 sec. ( > 5 MVA 0.25 sec) For 1 Transformers No. of tests = Three one test with tap at highest voltage ratio, one test in principal taping & one test in lowest voltage ratio

3 Transformers No. of tests = Nine Three tests with tap at highest voltage ratio, three tests in principal taping & three tests in lowest voltage ratio Tolerances on Asymmetrical current = 5 % Symmetrical current = 10 % Test duration = 10 %

Oscillogram of dynamic short-circuit test on 3Phase 11/0.433kV 500kVA Distribution transformer

SC Test contd.

All the routine tests shall be repeated Dielectric test shall be at 75% Transformer shall be untanked Reactance measured after s.c. test shall not differ by more than 2% for circular coils & 7.5% for non-circular coils.

This is to ascertain that transformer & its cooling arrangements are effectively designed so that temp. rise of winding & cooling medium does not exceed the permissible limits. Temp. rise limits for Dry type transformers
Class of insulation A E B F H C Temp. rise C 50 65 70 90 115 140

Temp. rise limits for oil immersed transformers

Part Temp. rise C

External cooling medium Air Water Winding 55 60 (temp.rise by resistance method) Top oil 50 (temp.rise by thermometer method) 55

a) Direct loading b) Back-to-Back method c) Short-circuit method

Duration of test
Top oil temperature-rise does not vary more than 10C/hour during 4 consecutive hourly readings

Partial Discharge Tests

100pC 500pC

Noise contd.

Noise Level Sound pressure level 20 log10 d/0.00002 dB d Newton per square meter

meter

Standards
IEC 76-1 (1993) IEC 76-2 (1993) IEC 76-3 (1980) tests IEC 76-3-1 (1980) tests, IEC 76-4 (1976) IEC 76-5 (1976) IEC 606 (1978) IEC 616 (1978) IEC 214 (1976) IEC 722 (1982) IEC 726 (1982) IEC 742 (1983) Power Transformers, General Power Transformers, Temperature rise Power Transformers, Insulation levels & Dielectric Power Transformers, Insulation levels & Dielectric External Clearances in Air, Power Transformers, Tapping & Connections Power Transformers, Ability to withstand short circuit Application Guide for Power Transformers Terminal & tapping markings for Power Transformers On-load tap changers Guide to the Lighting Impulse & Switching Impulse Testing of Power Transformers & Reactors Dry type Power Transformers Isolating transformers & Safety isolating transformers Requirements

IEEE C57.12.00-1993 IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Distribution, Power & Regulating Transformers

Standard insulation levels

Highest voltage for equipment Um kV (r.m.s. value) 3.6 7.2 12

Rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage kV (r.m.s. value) 10 20 28

Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage kV (peak value) 20 40 40 60 60 75 95 75 95 95 125 145 145 170 250 325 450 550 (450) 550 650 (550) 650 750 (650) (750) 850 950 1050

17.5 24

38 50

36 52 72.5 123 145

70 95 140 (185) 230 (185) 230 275 (230) 275 325 (275) (325) 360 395 460

170

245

contd
Highest voltage for equipment Um kV (r.m.s. value) 300 Standard switching impulse withstand voltage --------------------------------------------------------Longitudinal Phase-to-earth Phase-to-phase Insulation (ratio to the (note 1) phase-to-earth kV kV peak value) (peak value) (peak value) 750 750 362 850 850 420 850 950 950 525 950 950 950 765 1175 1175 1175 750 850 850 950 850 950 1050 950 1050 1175 1300 1425 1550 1,50 1,50 1,50 1,50 1,60 1,50 1,50 1,70 1,60 1,50 1,70 1,70 1,60 Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage kV (peak value)

850 950 950 1050 950 1050 1050 1175 1050 1175 1175 1300 1300 1425 1175 1300 1300 1425 1425 1550 1675 1800 1800 1950 1950 2100

NOTES 1.Value of the impulse component of the relevant combined test. The introduction of Um=550kV (instead of 525 kV), 800 kV (instead of 765 kV), 1,200 kV, of a value between 765 kV and 1200 kV, and of the associated standard withstand voltages, is under consideration.