Newton's first law: law of inertia Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight

forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed Newton's first law is also called the law of inertia. In a simplified form, it states that if the vector sum of all forces (also known as the net force) acting on an object is zero, then the state of motion of the object does not change. In particular: Newton's first law: An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. a) An object that is not moving will not move until a net force acts upon it. b) An object that is moving will not change its velocity (accelerate) until a net force acts upon it. A hockey puck sliding along a table doesn't move forever; rather, it slows and eventually comes to a stop. According to Newton's laws, though, the hockey puck does not stop of its own accord, but because of a force applied in the opposite direction to the direction of motion. That force is easily identified as a frictional force between the table and the puck. In the absence of such a force, as approximated by an air hockey table or ice rink, the puck's motion would not slow. There are no perfect demonstrations of the law, as friction usually causes a force to act on a moving body, and even in outer space gravitational forces act and cannot be shielded against, but the law serves to emphasize the elementary causes of changes in an object's state of motion.

Experiment on Newton first law Title : Law of inertia

Hypothesis : 1. If the thread will snap above the book, jerk rapidly and the thread below the book will snap. 2. If the thread will snap below the book, pull slowly on the thread and the thread above the book will snap. Controlling variables: a) Manipulated : Force acted on the thread b) Responded : Site the thread break c) Constant : The mass and the size of the book, the size of the thread Procedure: 1) Suspend from the ceiling or other horizontal support two pieces of thread about 3 meters long. 2) Wrap the first piece of thread around a paperback book allowing it to hang down. 3) Wrap the second piece of thread around an identical paperback book so that it hangs down an identical distance from the ceiling. 4) Tie another piece of thread around the first book so that it hangs about one meter below the bottom of the book. Both strings tied to the book should be in the same vertical line. 5) Repeat step four on the second book so that there are two identical setups. 6) Pull slowly on the first thread and jerk rapidly on the second thread.

Material and apparatus: Thread and Book Diagram:

Explanation 1. By pulling the thread slowly, we are not only putting a strain in the thread, but in the thread above the book, the book's weight adds to this pull. Thus compared to the strain below the book, this is much larger and the thread snaps wherever the strain is highest. 2. When a sharp jerk is exerted on the thread, the inertial of the book keeps the strain below the book. Although there is some strain in the thread above the book, compared to that below the book, the strain in the latter is still higher, and the thread snaps below the book. Conclusion: Hypothesis accepted. If the thread will snap above the book, jerk rapidly and the thread below the book will snap. If the thread will snap below the book, pull slowly on the thread and the thread above the book will snap. Reference:

http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_389.html? topic_id=$parameters.topic_id&collection_id=58 Newton's third Law of Motion To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts. Whatever draws or presses another is as much drawn or pressed by that other. If you press a stone with your finger, the finger is also pressed by the stone. If a horse draws a stone tied to a rope, the horse (if I may so say) will be equally drawn back towards the stone: for the distended rope, by the same endeavor to relax or unbend itself, will draw the horse as much towards the stone, as it does the stone towards the horse, and will obstruct the progress of the one as much as it advances that of the other. If a body impinges upon another, and by its force changes the motion of the other, that body also (because of the equality of the mutual pressure) will undergo an equal change, in its own motion, toward the contrary part. The changes made by these actions are equal, not in the velocities but in the motions of the bodies; that is to say, if the bodies are not hindered by any other impediments. For, as the motions are equally changed, the changes of the velocities made toward contrary parts are reciprocally proportional to the bodies. The Third Law means that all forces are interactions, and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force. If body A exerts a force on body B, simultaneously, body B exerts a force of the same magnitude body A, both forces acting along the same line. As shown in the diagram opposite, the skaters' forces on each other are equal in magnitude, but act in opposite directions. Although the forces are equal, the accelerations are not: the less massive skater will have a greater acceleration due to Newton's second law. It is important to note that the action and reaction act on different objects and do not cancel each other out. The two forces in Newton's third law are of the same type (e.g., if the road exerts a

forward frictional force on an accelerating car's tires, then it is also a frictional force that Newton's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road).

Experiment on Newton third law Balloon Rockets Rockets use Newton's third Law of Motion to propel them. The balloon rocket is powered by escaping air using Newton's Third Law. Its motion is determined by Newton's First and Second Laws. Hypothesis: Newton's Laws of Motion can be used to explain a rocket's motion because Newton's Laws explain all aspects of motion. Materials: Three (3) balloons of different sizes and shapes Drinking straws String Tape Meter stick Stopwatch Calculator Procedure: 1) Blow up the balloon but don't tie it closed. Carefully tape the straw lengthwise on the balloon. 2) Thread the loose end of the string through the straw with the open end of the balloon pointing toward the loose end of the string. 3) Line up the starting point with the front of your balloon.

4) The person holding the stopwatch says "Go" and starts the stopwatch as the person holding the end of the balloon lets go. 5) Stop the stopwatch when the balloon stops. Record the time to the nearest 100th of a second in the appropriate data table. 6) Measure the distance the balloon traveled in centimeters (cm) and record the distance in the appropriate data table. (Measure from starting point to front of balloon stop) 7) Repeat steps 3 through 6 two more times with the same balloon. 8) Repeat steps 2 through 7 with your second balloon of a different size and shape. 9) Repeat steps 2 through 7 with your third balloon of a different size or shape than your first or second balloon. 10)Calculate the average speed for each trial and then the overall average speed for each of the three balloon rockets. Diagram:

Data: Don't forget to label your numbers with the correct units. First Balloon used:_____________________________________________ First Balloon Distance Time Average Speed Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3 Totals/Overall

1. Add together the three distances from your trials to obtain your total distance. 2. Add together youre three times from your trials to get your total time. 3. Now use the formula: Average speed = Total distance) total time to calculate your overall speed. Second Balloon used:_____________________________________________ Second Balloon Distance Time Average Speed Third Balloon used:_____________________________________________ Third Balloon Distance Time Average Speed Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3 Totals/Overall Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3 Totals/Overall

Questions: 1) Compare and contrast the distances traveled by your balloon rockets. Which balloon rocket went the greatest distance? Which balloon rocket went the least distance? 2) Compare and contrast the average overall speed for each balloon rocket. Which balloon has the greatest average speed? Which balloon has the least average speed? 3) What aspects of these balloons rockets made them travel far and fast?

Using the information you know and have reviewed about forces, draw a diagram showing all the forces acting on the balloon rockets. 4) Use Newton's Three Laws of Motion to explain the motion of a balloon rocket from launch until it comes to a stop. Discussion: The balloon works the same way as a rocket does. The compressed air (gas) inside the sealed balloon pushes outward in all directions, but as long as the gas can't go anywhere, neither can the balloon. As soon as you release the clothespin, the gas blows out the back at high speed (action). It pushes the balloon away in the opposite direction (reaction). A space rocket works in basically the same way as a balloon rocket except that a space rocket doesn't expel all the compressed gas at once. It burns fuel to re-supply the compressed gas and keep the reaction going over a longer period of time. Reference: http://phys.csuchico.edu/kagan/NSCT/workshops/ws4-sheryl2.html

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed. If a force generates a motion, a double force will generate double the motion, a triple force triple the motion, whether that force be impressed altogether and at once, or gradually and successively. And this motion (being always directed the same way with the generating force), if the body moved before, is added to or subtracted from the former motion, according as they directly conspire with or are directly contrary to each other; or obliquely joined, when they are oblique, so as to produce a new motion compounded from the determination of both. Aim: To explore the relationship between the magnitudes of the external force and the resulting acceleration. Hypothesis: A trolley experiences acceleration when an external force is applied to it. Apparatus and materials Light gate, interface and computer Dynamics trolley Pulley and string Slotted masses, 400 g Mass, 1 kg Clamp Ruler Double segment black card (see diagram) Technical notes

Pass a piece of string with a mass hanging on one end over a pulley. Attach the other end to the trolley so that, when the mass is released, it causes the trolley to accelerate. Choose a length of string such that the mass does not touch the ground until the trolley nearly reaches the pulley. Fix a 1 kg mass on the trolley with Blutak to make the total mass (trolley plus mass) of about 2 kg. This produces an acceleration which is not too aggressive when the maximum force (4 N) is applied. The force is conveniently increased in 1 Newton steps when slotted masses of 100 g are added. Place the unused slotted masses on the trolley. Transfer them to the slotted mass holder each time the accelerating force is increased. This ensures that the total mass experiencing acceleration remains constant throughout the experiment. Fit a double segment black card on to the trolley. Clamp the light gate at a height which allows both segments of the card to interrupt the light beam when the trolley passes through the gate. Measure the width of each segment with a ruler, and enter the values into the software. Connect the light gate via an interface to a computer running data-logging software. The program should be configured to obtain measurements of acceleration derived from the double interruptions of the light beam by the card.

The internal calculation within the program involves using the interruption times for the two segments to obtain two velocities. The difference between these, divided by the time between them, yields the acceleration. A series of results is accumulated in a table. This should also include a column for the manual entry of values for 'force' in nektons. It is informative to display successive measurements on a simple bar chart. Safety Take care when masses fall to the floor. Use a box or tray lined with bubble wrap (or similar) under heavy objects being lifted. This will prevent toes or fingers from being in the danger zone. Data collection Select the falling mass to be 100 g. Pull the trolley back so that the mass is raised to just below the pulley. Position the light gate so that it will detect the motion of the trolley soon after it has started moving. Set the software to record data, then release the trolley. Observe the measurement for the acceleration of the trolley. B) Repeat this measurement from the same starting position for the trolley several times. Enter from the keyboard '1'(1 Newton) in the force column of the table. C) Transfer 100 g from the trolley to the slotted mass, to increase it to 200 g. Release the trolley from the same starting point as before. Repeat this several times. Enter '2' (2 Newton) in the force column of the table. D) Repeat the above procedure for slotted masses of 300 g and 400 g.

Analysis The relationship between acceleration and applied force is investigated more precisely by plotting a XY graph of these two quantities. (Y axis: acceleration; X axis: force) Use a curve-matching tool to identify the algebraic form of the relationship. This is usually of the form 'acceleration is proportional to the applied force.' This relationship is indicative of Newton's Second Law of Motion. If the force is doubled, this results in a doubling of the acceleration, and so on. The uniform increases in the acceleration can be confirmed by using cursors to read off corresponding values from the graph. The resulting straight line fit on the graph should be scrutinized for sources of error. The quality of the fit is reduced if the suggested procedure for maintaining the total mass constant is ignored. Also, a common outcome is a very small intercept near the graph origin. The most likely cause of this is neglect of the effect of friction on the motion of the trolley. The gradient of the line may be correlated with 1/mass of the system (trolley and slotted masses). There is a variation of this experiment, in which the force is held constant but the mass of the trolley is altered by attaching further masses. This may be conducted to provide data for the complementary relationship indicated by Newton's Second Law: for a given applied force, the acceleration of the trolley is inversely proportional to its mass. A trolley experiences acceleration when an external force is applied to it. The aim of this data logging experiment is explore the relationship between the magnitudes of the external force and the resulting acceleration. References: http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_219.html;jsessionid=akISx97JZp Eh?topic_id=$parameters.topic_id&collection_id=50