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Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 92 (2004) 11471165 www.elsevier.com/locate/jweia

Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings

M. Gu, Y. Quan
State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China Received 18 August 2003; received in revised form 19 April 2004; accepted 24 June 2004 Available online 25 August 2004

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that the across-wind dynamic responses of super-tall buildings are usually larger than the along-wind ones. With the increase of heights, the acrosswind dynamic response of super-tall buildings has been a problem of great concern. In this paper, 15 typical tall building models are tested with high-frequency force balance technique in a wind tunnel to obtain the rst-mode generalized across-wind dynamic forces. New formulas for the power spectra of the across-wind dynamic forces, the coefcients of base moment and shear force are then derived. Parametric analyses of the effects of factors on the across-wind loads of the buildings are performed. Besides, a SDOF aeroelastic model of a square tall building with an aspect ratio of 6 is selected from the above buildings and is tested to investigate its across-wind dynamic response and aerodynamic damping characteristics. The power spectrum of the across-wind force of the square building is employed to compute its across-wind dynamic responses with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping. The computed responses are then compared with the corresponding responses from the aeroelastic model test to verify the present formulas of the across-wind loads of buildings. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Tall building; Across-wind force; Aerodynamic damping; Across-wind dynamic response

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-21-65981210.

E-mail address: minggu@mail.tongji.edu.cn (M. Gu). 0167-6105/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2004.06.004

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1. Introduction Numerous tall buildings have been built or are being constructed in China and all over the world. More than 3000 tall buildings have been built in recent years in Shanghai, among which the Jin Mao Building with a height of 420 m is the representative one. Previous wind tunnel tests and analyses have indicated that the across-wind dynamic response of super-tall buildings is usually larger than the alongwind one. For instance, the wind tunnel test of the Jin Mao Building showed that its maximum acceleration in across-wind direction at its design wind speed is about 1.2 times of that in along-wind direction [1]. Across-wind loads of tall buildings are generally obtained from wind tunnel tests with some special techniques, mainly including aeroelastic model test technique [2,3], wind pressure model test technique [46] and high-frequency force balance technique [79]. Obtaining the wind loads from an aeroelastic model test is essentially an identication process; while both of the others are direct techniques. Because aerodynamic damping is difcult to be accurately estimated and then removed from the identied wind loads, and moreover, an aeroelastic building model is difcult to be designed and manufactured, the aeroelastic model test technique for the wind loads is now seldom used. The other two direct techniques, namely the wind pressure model test technique and high-frequency force balance technique, especially the latter, are now the main tools for obtaining across-wind loads of tall buildings for practical purpose. Marukawa et al. [9], Kareem [8] and Katagiri et al. [10] have provided valuable testing results of across-wind loads of tall buildings with typical cross sections. In this paper, 15 tall building models of typical cross-sections and different aspect ratios are tested in TJ-1 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel in Tongji University to obtain the across-wind aerodynamic loads of these buildings. New formulas for the acrosswind force spectra, the coefcients of base moment and shear force are given. A SDOF aeroelastic model of a square tall building with an aspect ratio of 6 is selected from the buildings for the across-wind load test to investigate its across-wind dynamic response and across-wind aerodynamic damping, and to further verify the reliability of the across-wind aerodynamic forces obtained from the present test.

2. Brief introduction of the wind tunnel test 2.1. Simulations of wind characteristics The test is carried out in TJ-1 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel, whose working section is 1.8 m in width and 1.8 m in height, and the wind speed ranges from 3 to 32 m/s. Four kinds of wind conditions, corresponding to terrain categories A, B, C and D, are simulated in the wind tunnel at a length scale of 1/500 in accordance with the Chinese code [11]. The exponents of the mean wind proles for the terrain categories A, B, C and D are 0.12, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.30, and the corresponding gradient heights are 300, 350, 400 and 450 m, respectively. The wind characteristics are achieved by a combination of turbulence generating spires, a barrier at the

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entrance of the wind tunnel, and roughness elements along the wind tunnel oor upstream of the model. Fig. 1 shows the simulated mean wind speed proles, the longitudinal and lateral component proles of turbulence intensities and the power spectra of lateral uctuating wind speeds for the terrain categories B and D. The longitudinal turbulence intensities at the height of 300 m (0.6 m in the wind tunnel) are about 6.8%, 7.3%, 10% and 14% for the four categories of terrain, respectively, and the lateral turbulence intensities at the same height are somewhat lower than the corresponding longitudinal components.
1.2 1.0 0.8 Height (m) 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 10 12 14 Mean wind speeds in terrain category B (m/s) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 Longitudinal and lateral wind turbulence intensity profiles in terrain category B Longitudinal Lateral 1.2 1.0 0.8 Height (m) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 Longitudinal and lateral wind turbulence intensity profiles in terrain category D Longitudinal Lateral 0.0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mean wind speeds in terrain category D (m/s) Height (m) 0.6 Results from wind tunnel Theoretical results (=0.16) 0.9 1.2 Results from test Theoretical results (=0.3)

Height (m)

0.1 nSu / u nSu / u

0.1

0.01 test fitted 1E-3

0.01 test fitted 1E-3

1E-4 1E-3

0.01

0.1 nZ/Uz

10

1E-4 1E-3

0.01

0.1 nZ/Uz

10

PSD of lateral component of turbulence at height of 60 cm in terrain B

PSD of lateral component of turbulence at height of 60 cm in terrain D

Fig. 1. Simulated wind parameters of the terrain categories B and D.

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2.2. Building models The cross-section shapes of the building models for the test are shown in Fig. 2. The models have three kinds of basic cross-section shapes, i.e., square, rectangular and corner-modied square cross-section shapes (concave corner and bevel corner). The heights of all the models are 60 cm, meaning that the square models have different aspect ratios of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Meanwhile, 60 cm high models represent 1 300 m high prototype buildings in terms of the scale ratio of 500: The side ratios 1 1 2 3 2 3 (D=B) of the rectangular buildings are 3; 2; 3; 2; 1 and 1: The ratios of the corner-cut size to the breadth (breadth means width) of the cross section, b=B; of the cornermodied square models are 5%, 10% and 20%; and the aspect ratios of all the corner-modied square models are 6. In order that the frequencies of the model-balance systems are high enough for the test, the models should be light, and all of the models are thus built with foamed plastics as the cores and light wood plates of 1 mm thickness as their clothes. A vecomponent force balance is used for the test. The lowest frequency among these modelbalance systems is about 80 Hz. The testing wind speeds are selected to be 6 and 9 m/s.

3. Across-wind forces 3.1. Power spectra of across-wind forces The base moments of the building models under the four simulated wind conditions are obtained from the test. Although the ranges of the models parameters

10

11

12

13

14
Fig. 2. Cross sections of the building models.

15

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cover wider ranges than those in AIJ [12], this paper still attempts to derive a unied formula of the power spectra of across-wind loads. The formula similar to the nondimensional power spectrum density of the across-wind loads of buildings in AIJ [12] is considered to describe the present results. After a lengthy derivation, a proper format of the formula is nally selected for the curve tting of the across-wind loads: Sp bn=f p a fS Mx f ; f0:5rU 2 BH 2 g2 f1 n=f p 2 g2 bn=f p 2 H 1

where S Mx f is the rst generalized across-wind force spectrum; f is the frequency; n fB=U H ; U H is the mean wind speed at the top of the buildings; f p is the location parameter, deciding the peak frequency of the spectrum; b is the band width parameter; Sp is the amplitude parameter; and a is the deection parameter. All the four parameters, which are functions of the aspect ratio, height ratio and wind eld condition, can be identied by curve tting technique. The curve tting process of the four parameters is complex due to their wide variable ranges. To cover wider frequency and amplitude ranges as well as to improve the precision of the peak, the following error function is adopted in the present curve tting: d
n X i1

lnyi lnyA; ni 2 =lnyA; ni 2 ;

where A denotes the four parameters, i.e., f p ; b; Sp and a: As the rst step of the tting process, letting the error function take minimum value, one can obtain the tted results of the four parameters in Eq. (1) of every model under four kinds of wind eld conditions, some of which are listed in Table 1. The data of the four parameters listed in the table are obviously too jumbled to be conveniently used for practical purpose and thus need to be summed up for simplication. Therefore, the second step of the curve tting is to derive the equations of the four parameters individually based on the data in Table 1, which are shown as follows: f p 105 191 9:48aw 1:28ahr ahr aw 68 21adb 3a2 db
0:4 Sp 0:1aw 0:0004eaw 0:84ahr 2:12 0:05a2 0:422 a1 0:08a2 hr db db

4 b 1 0:00473e1:7aw 0:065 e1:260:63ahr e1:73:44=adb a 0:8 0:06aw 0:0007ecw a0:34 0:00006eahr hr 0:414adb 1:67a1:23 ; db 6 5

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Table 1 Fitted results of parameters in Eq. (1) Variables aw 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 p ahr H= BD 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 adb B=D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 fp 0.0958 0.09302 0.09145 0.09031 0.08817 0.08671 0.09011 0.09462 0.09407 0.09471 0.09438 0.09235 0.08754 0.09864 0.09898 0.09527 0.09591 0.09632 0.09502 0.09339 0.0966 0.094 0.09069 0.0887 0.08868 0.09745 0.09646 0.09834 0.09617 0.09321 0.09354 0.101 0.0992 0.1014 0.1003 0.1009 0.09813 0.09975 0.09901 0.1007 0.1015 0.1005 0.09863 0.1087 0.106 0.1095 0.1085 Fitted values of the parameters Sp 0.04724 0.04775 0.03745 0.04084 0.04006 0.0392 0.02414 0.05992 0.05952 0.07821 0.06385 0.03386 0.03433 0.1606 0.1727 0.09175 0.09878 0.09949 0.1098 0.06841 0.0995 0.07829 0.0433 0.04952 0.04449 0.1163 0.1067 0.1242 0.1091 0.03649 0.05061 0.08685 0.07902 0.1135 0.1075 0.06925 0.05803 0.1513 0.1153 0.142 0.1162 0.08939 0.04592 0.02029 0.03185 0.05104 0.06015 b 0.06765 0.06763 0.1113 0.07054 0.1028 0.1414 0.2832 0.06104 0.05699 0.0411 0.05811 0.2395 0.2304 0.01154 0.00994 0.0341 0.02598 0.02644 0.02318 0.05653 0.02925 0.0409 0.1297 0.09213 0.1529 0.02114 0.02774 0.02149 0.02347 0.1372 0.09357 0.02346 0.03602 0.02156 0.02398 0.05817 0.08661 0.01321 0.01765 0.01486 0.01872 0.02865 0.09939 0.00693 0.00745 0.00451 0.00351 a 2.399 2.509 2.054 2.566 2.212 2.189 1.791 2.036 2.319 2.099 2.267 1.703 1.804 2.671 2.871 2.204 2.511 2.735 3.114 2.046 2.249 2.482 1.869 2.21 2.138 2.327 2.36 2.142 2.467 1.505 1.971 2.188 2.464 2.132 2.411 1.987 2.105 2.412 2.221 2.423 2.029 2.173 1.499 4.088 3.846 3.835 4.07

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M. Gu, Y. Quan / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92 (2004) 11471165 Table 1 (continued ) Variables aw 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 p ahr H= BD 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.89 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 adb B=D 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 fp 0.108 0.1091 0.1074 0.1076 0.1063 0.07911 0.07804 0.07961 0.07938 0.07859 0.0756 0.07801 0.07045 0.06978 0.06912 0.07357 0.1978 0.01198 0.01305 0.05012 0.112 0.1096 0.1164 0.1212 Fitted values of the parameters Sp 0.07523 0.1392 0.1453 0.09316 0.1162 0.05197 0.03649 0.03386 0.03505 0.02529 0.02231 0.01589 0.01849 0.02175 0.02112 0.02032 0.0021 0.01053 0.01865 0.01312 0.00132 0.00317 0.00445 0.01089 b 0.00679 0.00209 0.00267 0.00781 0.00556 0.2446 0.3356 0.3075 0.5189 0.7842 0.5441 0.576 0.5826 0.5593 0.4389 1.023 3.273 131.5 229 0.518 0.02256 0.01214 0.01043 0.01607 a 3.56 4.13 3.804 3.101 3.403 1.362 1.492 1.423 1.187 1.18 1.728 1.745 2.125 1.92 2.264 1.574 0.04738 1.694 1.364 2.82 4.526 4.526 4.347 3.929 1153

where p ahr H= BD adb D=B 8 >1 > > <2 aw > >3 > : 4 A B C D 7 8

For majority building models and the testing conditions, the tted formulas match with the testing results very well, and some typical comparisons are shown in Fig. 3. From the above discussions and Fig. 3, it might be seen that the tted formulas are suitable for estimating the across-wind loads of square buildings with aspect ratios between 4 and 9, and rectangular buildings with side ratios between 0.5 and 2.0 under the four categories of terrain. More detailed comparisons with other results in the literature will be performed below.

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0.1
2 2

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

0.01

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

Model 1(H/B=6) Terrain B Testing results Fitted results

2 2

0.1

Model 6(H/B=9) Terrain B Testing results Fitted results

0.01

1E-3

1E-3

1E-4

1E-4 0.1 fB/UH 0.1

(a)

(b)

fB/UH

0.1
2 2

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

0.01

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

Model 8(H/B/D=6/1/2) Terrain C Testing result Fitted result

0.1
2 2

Model 8(H/B/D=6/2/1) Terrain C Testing result Fitted result

0.01

1E-3

1E-3

1E-4 0.1

1E-4 0.1 fB/UH

(c)

(d)

fB/UH

Fig. 3. Comparison between the testing results and the corresponding tted ones.

As for the square buildings with corner modications, the formula of nondimensional power spectrum density of across-wind force, S Mm f ; derived also by curve tting technique with the testing data, is suggested to have the following format: SMm f C m f SM0 f ; 10

where S M0 f is the power spectrum of across-wind force of the square building with an aspect ratio of 6, i.e., SMx f in Eq. (1); and C m f is a non-dimensional ratio between S Mm f and S M0 f ; which is listed in Table 2. 3.2. Coefcients of base moment and shear force The RMS coefcient of the base moment and the base shear force are dened, respectively, as C M sM =0:5rU 2 BH 2 H and C s ss =0:5rU 2 BH H 12 11

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M. Gu, Y. Quan / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92 (2004) 11471165 Table 2 Value of C m f Cross section Wind condition b=B 0.100 5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10 20 0.183 0.070 0.106 0.368 0.256 0.339 0.106 0.033 0.042 0.267 0.091 0.169 Non-dimensional frequency fB=U H 0.125 0.905 0.349 0.902 0.749 0.504 0.974 0.595 0.228 0.842 0.586 0.261 0.954 0.150 1.250 0.568 0.953 0.922 0.659 0.977 0.980 0.450 0.563 0.839 0.452 0.659 0.175 1.296 0.653 0.819 0.955 0.706 0.894 1.106 0.565 0.451 0.955 0.567 0.527 0.200 1.297 0.684 0.743 0.943 0.713 0.841 1.125 0.610 0.421 0.987 0.613 0.475 0.225 1.216 0.670 0.667 0.917 0.697 0.805 1.072 0.604 0.400 0.991 0.633 0.447 0.250 1.167 0.653 0.626 0.897 0.686 0.790 1.034 0.594 0.400 0.984 0.628 0.453 1155

Category B Bevel corner Category D

Category B Concave corner Category D

They are derived by curve-tting technique as C M 0:002a2 0:017aw 1:4 w 0:056a2 0:16adb 0:030:03a2 0:622aht 4:357 db ht and C s 0:018a2 0:0006aw 2:4 w 0:0375a2 0:11adb 0:01170:04a2 0:928aht 6:7; db ht where aht H=T; T minB; D: 15 14 13

The above formulas are also suitable for square buildings of the aspect ratios between 4 and 9, and rectangular buildings of side ratios between 0.5 and 2.0 under the four categories of terrain. 3.3. Comparisons with previous works The Japanese code [12] suggests a formula of non-dimensional power spectrum of p across-wind loads of rectangular tall buildings of H= BDp6 and 0:2pD=Bp5; where H is the reference height of the building; D and B the projected width and depth of the cross section of the building, respectively. The formula has the following format as
N f =nsj 2 fS Mx f X 4K j 1 0:6bj bj ; p s2 f1 f =nsj 2 g2 4b2 f =nsj 2 Mx j j1

16

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where  N 1; D=Bo3; 2; D=BX3; K 1 % 0:85; K 2 % 0:02; ns1 0:12 ; f1 0:38D=B2 g0:89

ns2

0:56 ; D=B0:85

b1

D=B4 0:12 ; 4 2 D=B 1:2D=B 1:7D=B 21

b2 0:28D=B0:34 : As mentioned above, the above equation is only applicable to the buildings of aspect ratios smaller than or equal to 6, and it does not take different terrain conditions into account. Obviously, Eq. (16) is different from Eq. (1) in format, and thus is re-written for the convenience of possible comparison. In the Japanese code, the RMS value of the base bending moment is expressed as C M 0:0082D=B3 0:071D=B2 0:22D=B; where C M is dened as q s2 Mx CM : 2 0:5rU H BH 2 Substituting Eq. (18) into (16) leads to fS Mx f 4K1 0:6bb f =ns 2 C2 : M p 0:5rU 2 BH 2 2 f1 f =ns 2 g2 4b2 f =ns 2 H 19 17

18

Equations (19) and (1) now have the same format, and thus are easy for comparison. Fig. 4 shows comparisons of the present results with the corresponding results from the Japanese code and Saunders [2] and others. It is seen from Fig. 4 that the non-dimensional spectra of the across-wind loads of the square building with aspect ratio of 4 in the terrain category C from different sources agree well; but the present across-wind force spectra of the buildings of larger aspect ratios, such as 9, are different from those of the Japanese code. From the gure, a signicant difference can also be seen between the present power spectrum of the square building with aspect ratio of 6 in terrain A and that from AIJ, but the present acrosswind force spectrum in terrain category D matches well with those from other literatures, including AIJ. The above comparisons indicate that terrain condition has un-negligible effects on the across-wind loads of tall buildings. 3.4. Effects of factors on the forces (1) Effects of terrain condition: Fig. 5 shows the variation of non-dimensional power spectra of across-wind loads of the square building with aspect ratio of 6 for different terrain conditions. It can be seen that with the variation of terrain category from A to D, the peak of the spectrum of across-wind load becomes wider and the

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0.1

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

0.01

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

Model 3(H/B=4) Terrain C Testing value Present formulum AIJ(1996)

0.1
2 2

Model 1(H/B=6) Terrain A Testing value Present formulum AIJ(1996)

2 2

0.01

1E-3

1E-3

1E-4 0.1 1E-4 fB/U H 0.1 fB/U H 0.1 0.1 Model 6(H/B=9) Terrain C Testing value Present formulum AIJ(1996) Present formulum from Saunders from AIJ (1996) 0.01 H/B=6 Terrain D

(a)

(b)

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

2 2

fS(f)/qH
1E-3 1E-4 0.1 0.1 fB/U H

0.01

1E-3

1E-4

(c)

(d)

fB/UH

Fig. 4. Comparison among the present spectra and those from other sources.

peak amplitude becomes lower, and the peak frequency moves left slightly. Not only this building but also the others in the test have this trend of variation. (2) Effects of aspect ratio: The effects of the aspect ratio on the across-wind loads are experimentally investigated using the square and rectangular building models, but only those of the square buildings are shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen from the gure that, in general, larger aspect ratio will result in higher frequency and amplitude of the peak. When the aspect ratio varies from 4 to 9, the non-dimensional frequency of the peak varies from about 0.09 to 0.1; and the non-dimensional amplitude from about 0.04 to 0.1. Besides, from the gure it also can be seen that the variations of the peak frequencies and amplitudes of the spectra of the buildings with aspect ratios larger than 6 tend to alleviate compared with the buildings with aspect ratios smaller than 6 . (3) Effects of side ratio of the cross section: Fig. 7 presents the non-dimensional power spectra of the across-wind loads of the rectangular buildings with different side ratios. Signicant differences between these non-dimensional spectra can be seen from the gure. For the buildings with the side ratios from 1 to 2; the peaks are much 3 3 narrower than those of the other buildings. Moreover, their peak frequencies are almost the same; and their peak amplitudes become large with the increase of the side ratio. As for the buildings with side ratios larger than unity, their peaks become

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0.1
2 2

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

0.01

Model 1(H/B=6) Terrain A Terrain B Terrain C Terrain D

1E-3

0.1 fB/U H

Fig. 5. Effect of terrain condition.

0.1

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

0.01

Terrain B H/B= 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 2

1E-3

1E-4 0.1 fB/U H

Fig. 6. Effect of aspect ratio.

much wider; the amplitudes become smaller; and the peak frequencies become much lower. Furthermore, their second peaks with higher frequencies may appear due to ow re-attachment. (4) Effects of modied corner: Figs. 8 and 9 describe the non-dimensional power spectra of the across-wind loads of the square buildings with modied corners. It is seen that both of these two types of corner-modications have large effects on the across-wind forces. The modications, generally speaking, decrease dramatically the peak amplitudes of across-wind force spectra. Moreover, among these models, the peak amplitudes in the across-wind force spectra of the buildings with side ratio of 10% are the lowest.

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0.1

fSMx(f)/(0.5 UH BH )

0.01

1E-3

Terrain B D/B= 1/3 1/2 2/3 1/1 3/2 2/1 3/1

2 2

1E-4

0.1

fB/U H
Fig. 7. Effect of side ratio of the cross section.

0.1

0.01

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

Terrain B (b/B)= 0.% 5.% 10% 20%

2 2

1E-3

1E-4

0.1

fB/UH

Fig. 8. Effect of corner-cut size (bevel corner model).

4. Across-wind dynamic responses of an aeroelastic building model and comparison with computed ones The above comparison between the present formulas of non-dimensional power spectra of across-wind forces and those in the Japanese code and other literatures has proven the reliability of the present formulas to a certain extent. In order to

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0.1

0.01

fSMx(f)/(0.5UH BH )

Terrain B (b/B)= 0.% 5.% 10% 20%

2 2

1E-3

1E-4

0.1

fB/U H

Fig. 9. Effect of corner-cut size (concave corner model).

make further verication, one of the above 15 buildings is selected and tested using aeroelastic model technique to obtain its across-wind dynamic responses and then compared with the computed ones based on the present across-wind loads. Because aerodynamic damping will be included in the dynamic responses from the aeroelastic model test, the aerodynamic damping ratio of the building should be rst identied. 4.1. Aeroelastic model The selected building has a square cross section and an aspect ratio of 6, i.e., Model 1 in Fig. 2. According to the structural characteristics of a typical building of 300 m in height, the parameters of the model are rstly determined. Tamura et al. [13] and Suda et al. [14] suggested an equation (Eq. (20)) to estimate the rst frequency of general super-tall buildings after their investigations of a great number of tall buildings in Japan.  1=0:015H : RC&SRC BuildingsLow Amplitude; f s1 20 1=0:020H : Steel BuildingsLow Amplitude: Thus a building with a height of 300 m will have the rst frequency ranging from 0.167 to 0.222 Hz. The rst frequency of the prototype building adopted in the present study is thus determined to be 0.19 Hz. Such buildings usually have a mass density between 130 and 230 kg=m3 ; and a typical value of 180 kg=m3 is taken in this study. To cover the concerned wind speeds for the real buildings, the wind speed scale is selected to be 1 based on the available wind speed range in the wind tunnel. 8 Accordingly, the other scales, such as structural density scale, frequency scale, etc., for the design of the model can be determined, in terms of the above two basic scales.

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Fig. 10. Base of SDOF aeroelastic building model.

Finally the generalized mass and stiffness of the model are determined, respectively, to be M 0:36 kg and K 2009 kg=s2 ; corresponding to the rst frequency of 12 Hz. Four kinds of structural damping ratios are adopted for the test: zs =0.6%, 1.2%, 1.88% and 2.17%. In addition, the testing wind speed at the top of the models ranges from 4 to 16 m/s, with the increment of 1 m/s in non-vortex-excitation zones and 0.5 m/s in vortex-excitation zone. Fig. 10 shows the specially designed base for the aeroelastic building model, on which the rigid building model can move in two perpendicular directions under wind actions. The required rst-mode generalized stiffness and mass can be achieved respectively by selecting proper springs and mass blocks; and the required damping ratios can be achieved through selecting damping plates with different size. Two mini-accelerometers are perpendicularly mounted on the top of the model to measure the across- and along-wind responses, respectively. 4.2. Aerodynamic damping In order to ensure the reliability of the identied results, two different techniques are adopted in the present study. The rst one is time-averaging random decrement technique, a popular one in previous studies on identication of aerodynamic damping; and the other is covariance-driven stochastic subspace identication technique, which was just newly introduced for identication of aeroelastic parameters of exible structures [15]. The applicability of these two techniques has been veried in [15] and [16], respectively, and are not discussed here. The identied results from these two techniques are almost the same [17], thus only those from the time-averaging random decrement technique are shown below.

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0.02

s = 0.6%

0.01

Terrain A Terrain B Terrain C Terrain D

a
0.00

10

12

14

UH /(f 1 B)

Fig. 11. Variations of aerodynamic damping ratio with different terrain conditions.

Fig. 11 presents the across-wind aerodynamic damping ratios for different terrain conditions. As can be seen from the gure, under the conditions of terrain categories A, B and C, when non-dimensional wind speed is lower than about 9, the acrosswind aerodynamic damping ratios are all positive and increase with wind speed; and with the further increase of wind speed the aerodynamic damping ratios suddenly decrease and change from positive to negative values at non-dimensional wind speed between 10 and 11. However, for the terrain category D, the aerodynamic damping ratio is always positive for all the tested wind speeds, and the maximum aerodynamic damping ratio is much smaller than those under the other terrain conditions. Fig. 12 shows the effect of structural damping on the aerodynamic damping. Generally speaking, the absolute values of the aerodynamic damping decrease with the increase of the structural damping. The above results have the same trend as those obtained by Marukawa et al. [18]. 4.3. Comparison between the responses from aeroelastic model test and computation The power spectrum of the across-wind force is then employed in computation of the across-wind dynamic responses of the building with the same parameters as the aeroelastic model with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping. The computed responses are then compared with those from the aeroelastic model test. Generally speaking, when the aerodynamic damping is taken into account, the computed across-wind dynamic responses of the building are closer to the responses from the aeroelastic model test. Fig. 13 shows the non-dimensional dynamic displacements of the building with structural damping ratio of 0.61% and located in terrain category A; and Fig. 14 presents the results for the condition of structural damping ratio of 1.2% and terrain category C. As can be seen from Fig. 13, the maximum dynamic displacement from the computation without considering

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0.020

1163

0.015

Terrain C s = 0.60%
s = 1.20% s = 1.88% s = 2.17%

0.010

0.005

0.000

-0.005

10

12

14

U/(f 1 B)
Fig. 12. Variations of aerodynamic damping ratio with different structural damping.

0.12

0.10

0.08

Terrain A, s = 0.61% With a Without a Testing results

y /B

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00 2 4 6 8 10 12

U/(f 1B)
Fig. 13. Comparison of computed RMS displacements with those from aeroelastic model test (terrain category A and structural damping ratio of 0.61%).

the effect of aerodynamic damping is only about 75% of that from the aeroelastic model test; while the maximum response considering the effect of aerodynamic damping is almost the same as the corresponding value from the aeroelastic model test. Moreover, Fig. 14 indicates that the effect of aerodynamic damping on the across-wind responses is much less for a building that has higher structural damping and is situated in a rougher area. The comparison results shown in the above two

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0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05

M. Gu, Y. Quan / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92 (2004) 11471165

Terrain C s =1.20% With a Without a Testing

y /B

0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 2 4 6 8 10 12

U/(f 1B)
Fig. 14. Comparison of computed RMS displacements with those from AE model test (terrain category C and structural damping ratio of 1.2%).

gures indicate not only the effect of aerodynamic damping on across-wind dynamic response of the building but also the reliability of the present formulas of the acrosswind loads.

5. Concluding remarks In this paper, 15 typical tall building models of basic cross-sections and aspect ratios from 4 to 9 are tested with high-frequency force balance technique in a wind tunnel to obtain their rst-mode generalized across-wind dynamic forces. The effects of terrain condition, aspect ratio and side ratio of cross section and modied corner of the building models on the across-wind forces are investigated in detail. New formulas of the power spectra of the across-wind dynamic forces, the coefcients of base moment and shear force are derived. The reliability of these formulas is veried through detailed comparisons between the present formulas and those from the literature. Moreover, a SDOF aeroelastic model of the square building with an aspect ratio of 6 is tested to obtain its across-wind dynamic responses and aerodynamic damping characteristics. The across-wind dynamic responses of the square building are nally computed with the power spectra of the across-wind force in terrain categories A and C with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping and then compared with the corresponding responses from the aeroelastic model test. The comparison results indicate not only the effect of aerodynamic damping on across-wind dynamic response of the building but also the reliability of the present formulas of the across-wind loads.

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Acknowledgements The author would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50321003, 50308022) and Foundation for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Eductaion of China. References
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