,-pd,!.

>· _ arne"
;--, .. ,._-c::"~~--."

1"'1'"

"-~/"""-"--d[-'" ,,';' .-J,·oe. -, mils 'IA'--'' -:--'S-'_' ",ym,

1.-: .. ,
a., ~.':

' ..

O-""-I""k.OISlum,,--Sac.iil,1 ;--:::
-- ..:, , .'

19~·18:'·6·' -"~
"11'

V·'':"''·Ol •.3'· 1 .1

41

-, --,' c·
,I

".~lO-,
1,

,~,.' d

~_-e,as.i·b~lle. t·o 'use tlle ,sixth ...... o'rder idiff',e:rent.i~l BIQ..uat.i,lo.n

:I,
. :-1
It _~ _~

W -c
-.

.,,1.t:e i::O re.p.r[@s[ent th,s: b'earing~' f·eat·urs'B,

t[-' ,~e!n - 'l'iii"!' .' -I.
,I' -- . ~'d-' - t-" 1nl'O' C,OD,Sl.:::er,B.:c:1011,lan

'of 't,h.e: 'two· ...... w~y

i' \:__;onal - at:tlcH9 ,grids.

,- HI
' .~ .

In this, mIQ·t,ho,d", the: sh,e'.aring deror.ma;t·i·on,

db' AI BV[B'ry ··'OiiLlnCi.&rY priovid.,eiS
:s~pp'lort,i.n,g

I ~'

- "14 [il :.'

1-

-t

---

·t·b-rlss:
_I :

oQ.ncli,tions,
-i~ he

to re·fle·c;t the: pra,cti,[cal,

ldna
of' simpl.y s..upPo,r,tiE!,d

situati.on.,
si.ngle.

,plar·tmlsn,t u:.',pi.. ngton

.1',· .' .' I' .

of' .En,gin,eering,
S't"
Cambr·,id;g.8

U'ni.ve·r'si.ty of C,amblr·.i.·dg·t3I C.B2' '1P'.Z, 'U K".

III

,-1

It', )
I

=1. -\0

aeeond

latt.ic·e gr,ild!s. w'i,t,h re'ctan'IgU1,~r t,T,.igo

l, ..... ,

"';",-:=-'.

tllres'

m,'st·hod,.s,the doub'Le tr.igc·no·.me:tr,ic ,s··e.r',i[Bs me;thod"t,he.

. . -' '. '.' __,I '.-: ::>. NTR:_~. O'D-U-C'TIO"N'

I,.

..

s,lslr'i 9:S method

ana,
,final

·the bcundar'y'
sOI'lutiloD,s,

cof.Loca t Lon ,m,sthod, loan b·o ap·pl,i ed

b!e,ing sat,,i .. s,,f·acto,r:y' to

gri.d

et ruc tur-es

ty--:p-,-"e:' :.'"
'.

·in.

.Fi,g.11

t,'D o'bt"a\1n the

I
~II'

·th.e 'bo,undary eon-.

- -t·astro.ph.i.e,ally'

u,nde$:' s.te1ad"il·y' i.n.c:r'eIB.sling

ver'tical

Load, as is

'well knosn
,st:'reng,th,

(1 ..... ·4).
t~:c9

one

I.'

(:uloh, fJ.o,.luti,ons
[supported,

h,8V'[8

obvi.ous

d:if,f"'er'Qnces :from tho's:,s of t", ie f'ir';st,

--Ibus, :i£' t.be: ba ,s. Ln t·h~ asse'mb[:l,Y _,rt:ica,l LoadLng i_8i untf'orm,

shown Ln :Fig,.,11 h![VB' equa l

and

iO>,' ['- i,mply

" ',) [I

la:t:ti,.oe gr·,id.s:.,

tihe e·xte.r,nal

bar s in posi,t'ion .. c;a,r'r,Y ·t.h.le hl;g:h,l6.at A

b:y' buck'Ii.ng,

l-hAB

a,h,ear'ing !d·e.f·lo~m[a·t,i.on.le. hav's: not,ioB'.ab'.le

tlwo,·-y.ay

Lnf'Luenee ,on th€ S'flcond kind

,gr'.ids
w[

Q·f'

-:om.,pr 9,s,s.ive
I

str'ess;

and if.hen lone Q:f t.he.m.f'ails

t;h.e baza B., C'.-ll~ follow'

as [shown Ln

u Ily B'~ppo,rteld
-._1~Ltions
o,f'

orth,ogona,l,-tii.,a.gonal

latti,[o,e'
fOlrces.

Thus,

i.n the

-ui"

w·h·JL.chLeads

rapidl,Y

-to the

'form,at'io'n

of

a coLl.apse meehani.-sm,

both d,efle'c·t,io,n.Q, and interna:l

the in.f.luence of' thel

T'hls'r',e
,- i
1--1
L,

lciefo,rm,ati.on.

o.f 't.h[e· g-~ids m.ust be 'taken, into [oo.n,s,i,lll·e'rat,i,o.n. res,ults wo:r:ked out QY' th.e method
-t..

are tw'o :p'r:incipal

f·,ac·tor-'s in this;

tY'pe of' ,f'a.i.lu.r·e of' a double-la;Y'ex

gr·id.

Q,:·lculati.ng
-' -" I§IJ.. .._ V _.-._: a.Pa.-'"t·o-'"'TlIY' .
-=1,_ ..L.[ .. :'

pr,o.pos ed an tb1s; pB::per

l:'~'
I.~~"

rs,'t,J the c.onsti-tue'nt

a,r'Q,c:ter'is,tic,a"
v· -.' ,~~

bat-s are slend.ert

and have

high~y

u:n.stable

pos t ..... buc.kli.ng

to:'

,',_:1

.h

0 II!II:;r

r~U1Ui~,[

aooizra IV!_.· d 'e''m'-'an,' d ~ 'o"_'f"~'~I'nC"g~ n ny' .: ~ ._ 1~; ·;.."e-"e'r""n"'g'''r', ,__:~-~ '[

l ..:·[.~.· ..--!:'_r ;

0- gln'ul-_:_,·:_: .I..on ~ 1~1'.·,_ a'-t-1~' l.~:~.i~.

I __

'T··ih· ,~{' Ig
,0

S·econd"
",,' (~ ~ [._ (
.r •.
,~1

'~ ·t,.h.'B d:e:f'.leot;.ions,

an.d t,he lu'ea,te.st;

t,he :f'ai.l;'.,r'e of' one bar' leads

• ,~.

to an uns+ab.Le

.Ero12ag;ation.

0.£

,intlsr1na.·1.

f'lo.roe,s

,of ·t.he' 'Va:ri,OUJ9.

compared wi t,:h tholse·

[a,f' t·h.• accurat e spaee t,ru6;B Idi:s.·,pl,ac@',m'Bllt

a~r'o-a~ t··b·~ ot:r-'unt~'ul~e··

,if

iTh·er'e is

obvaous Iy :lit"tlle:

-t.h.a can 'be d one to al t·e·r th.. f'.ir;at fa.ctor; bu.t it -ma.y t a
mode o.f propaga

",'ell b[e' p[os,si.ble t·o devd se w,ar.ys- of' aL t1er'i,'n;g the

ti. on, of

bar' f'af.Lur-e

,cro:ss the
'Ie

e t ructur-e, 1.-:,·this connec t't on we nose

t'hat .schmildt:

(11,5) has .sb.ow·n th,at

~1.lM 'o'w'ski" .Analys,is,De·,s,ign

'19811~ pp
-:-_;:__,'I

,i--oDden,
)11,0
1 1 -_

185-2« .. '"
T,loky!o"

and 'COllst,ru.c,tilon

c.f DtQtibl.e_"':l~y·er[ :G'ri,ds,

,R,ecent R.es"ear'c,:!

IOn the· .Ef.fs[ctiv[B'· Ri.gi,di:ti9'S

Mle'chani,os,

~,'Iitr'ulc,t'ur'al
"I"

Q,f Lat·tic's' Plate.:s, 1968" PIli 3'1 '-46" •

_~,l~',.· 1,-;:,

Tn.e E!:r.fe[ct of ShearD,eforma:tion on DOlub,lu' ~yeri ,Lat,tilc,e Platies, _,i_'"e 1-19" SelQ.ond Int"er1natio.ll,al a:o,.nfe\r'snce. on S.pace St.ructure·, IGuildfo~d, , '._.ll;;[d, 1975 P,P 189~1198 . 1, ~-.'
.• -

-_-

_,~ ~![~'

~'h.11in and, X1,a .Hengxi, Analys,is o,f' :Spaoe Trus"s,es o~f Qr'I'hgo,nal ,Or·id '-'ml b,Y (.san.dwioh.) Pl[a'te, Allal o{5Y' ,Mle,t·h,oQJIPro·oes"d.in,gs of _:Si.ll'O-Amer'ic.an o'n-~' 13~'idg"·e· and Str--'Ul" l~t--l"jji"'ia' 1 ~g:-1'-~ n o~Ti'~inlg: ~·e,~Ai U n---··g·: 9:. 8~2,·-:" "I ", .', ~J1,._ ::J D -'.~';11~:
i
_:", I ..... ~: :". .... .. _. . .. --, ~'[_·._'l~ .'. :_ I",

~~~.-I!..""

[1~

__'."

'1:

, ..:'

'.:,:_

.0

l~-!i,11n and F:.··~ Xi. aohang Ana.l,ysiB of' Di&g'cn.al Squar[9 PyrSJl1"id Sp·alee ',y~:, ,-,dwioh pilate' Analo'&y ,Ms,t1had" 'C'hin,8, ,Ao·ad,'emy ,of Bui,ldi.ng' R:e,sear oh'1 ,o~'~'.ui~I:.in"'I~·eae·ar,oh.,No.1~11., 11984 '.'
l

'I

Squar'e,-on-sqU.a.riB

clou·b,le!-1ay·e'r

th.-,

,mt,ho,d f'o,-,-o~_lo·ul,atin"., 'the kind Q·r s1m'1'··' '·uP'O[~·"·-·dl

-'- · """l~'

<..'" ..( :

u,s,'s.d, '.:_.8· Tlhere

I' .-

omitted

I'

an ·ex.a:m,pIle in, th_i s a-'s k·inema.tical 2 : i, _:1,2., R,'8.mOYlal ~'v'-h'

'0'

th1e
, ,'Ute,

f'i'V"9 b,a.r9, A."I..~E

-uric'

"_nto

4·3:,

= ...:........

lmt of difference: thus, if SUppo7ts were to be

'~- :e' edge,s of the > beh
,..
c_

,-1'_'

srr-I,

f,or' ,an, ae~~nlmbl,y of' givls·n g'e.o'm,etr'.icBl ·the d.~ter:m.i.na,t:ion of th.'8' rank, of
alg·,ori.thms
bly

layo'ut·., d.i'rlec·t

c,allculatt.on,

of a

,g'r'id of .F,ig•. " and no t merel,:y at ·t:he co rnez-s 1

1_

the
( r ,'1

m-",:'-uirles, ),,8,;s':s'v:i,s,ed

tne equ.i.Li, br:ilun

f'o·r. do,in:g

:mat:r.ix .. ,Plell.'egr.ino
ar.·iB

v ..oue

w'c"uld

be' much Leaa unsta ble. ...

si..mpl,e' eonpute r
m,8:th,od.,s·

t .~·.:i.s·. :he!y T
and
th,e'Y

b1as.ed

on

we· ar-e i"nv·ss.t,ig,ating· e, number'

_1~1~~~'

of prob'l ems related

to the

c oLl.apae

lu'~·,S,.i"a.n elim,in,a.tio.n

daacz-Lbed

strang

(.6);

.also' give

luI,l

I'

l'y,e'.

,g'rids by a; combination.

of th.eor,e!tical
sever-aL

and. expe'r'i:m,sntal

me thoda. l'n,

na ·'-.1e. no t alnly
IIs1'f'-,'s.tr8'ss:,

of

bar- tension,ls

whi.ch c.ons't:.i.tute

th.e s ind.,e·penden't

!rt.ates, of

, . ~'.'11min.lr'y , -, rcu te for

'rs'p,or't

w,e df.acuaa

Ldeas w·h.i·c.h aeem -to us

to

open a

but

also

o.f' j'oi:nt d,,'i,s,pla,cemen'ts 'w':hi,c,h,c:on,s,ti t,u'te

t',he. m· mechant.sms.

understand
OF'I~- .... :' . C·1'O-:LiLA'P' :
.',1,1 .,"

ing' the mechanf.cs of coLl.apse

.. !~~:. -_._

of t.heae s.tructur-es,

IOansider'
coLl.apae

the

fo11o-wing
in

pr-ob.l em, eonce rrri.ng

F',ig~2. Bar's A"

-th,e: kf.nematdca
slu,c.9'ss;ively

of

t,be· pattern
'r,em.ov,eld

,o.f'

.il:lus,-tr',at-ed

:8., 'I~~are

,f':r'o,_ the

1' AS'~P:'EC-T'S":'
_ '-,' II"_._)

J..:,

r":;_'

S'E

. r,a:mewOlrK; sh,own in t,he

Fi,g,.1:'i .At what, stage

does t,he ass,e:nbly change fr,o'M a st ruc ture

am

'_.1ways..

in

of

new problems to"" ks'ep

',"_

th.e ·'t· 1. -

(,ha,ving: :m,='OI ) t,o a ( co L'l.apae ) meehand

This

(w1..t'h m= 1) I?~
of Pellegrino's computer
'th,a,t

.. ',-'.- ~d' . C,Q.nS1'"e··r

, I , , ,1,,,1,_ ~

question can beang,E!red

by

repeated application
p'r,o,g'rle·s,siv·.ely· rlemove1d.

b- Ie to

think

Q.f' th,s
and

jrClints., to

of

the
th,9

as,s,em.bl,Y as. i.f· th.8.',Y were p·lolst~'bu:ckle·d e t rength

fr'ic·'tionle·8s

_19o':rithm.

to' t.he' aaeemb.Ly ifi.th bars 'be r'em.oved, Ln ordar

It
8B,

t:urns, ouf
shown

ftv'le

'. ,1, connec+ions,

... a, -,'

rs'c·kon

of' bar-s

as z'e'r'o~,

'bars

must

to ptroduc~[e: !a m.echanism.,
left·
aome

in

Fig.,:2 : thus
!I'

Erum,ption.s
- nk ___s 0.,

8,8't

the aaaemb.Iy within 'the

the centext

lof c Lasai.ca L pi,n:--con.n"ect'B,d

eo Ll.apse

occura

'when only' one. 'bar' is

alg'ori thm
Si,Z8'.

of th,ie or:igi.nal sn.x in. 'th.le r·Q·w B" . ,~.-) A· su,bst:ant::L!ll

'fo,r which

ext.ended

Nt3:X'wE!'11 ruLe

(6,7') f'ollo'wB

f·rom. a consi.de re.bLcn

Pe,1.1eg·rino"s
'-,s,sembl,Y of

requt ree

matrix

:maniplll.a'tion

:f'o'r en

f- th e eq,u1 1.,rJ.,um ·ma.~r1,X :: ,;, "'-b .,. t.

b·
> ......

t.ha s

Fo'rt'unate'ly"
;a.IIC\.

as we have

Idi6Icov[er.e~d~,r'es,ul ts
b,Y simplle

of t,h,:is kind m,ay

lU

~'J',· ... j
I·

..

IA.·.: •..• '

alao
S,·-.m ,S,B

be ob'ta.Lned a.l't:e.r.nativel,y,.

equi,·v,a.lent,ly"

uphys·,i.cal

,argume,ots"

. he number of' bars, ,. , th,e number

of' .jlo'in tiS II

f,011oWB.I

Th,e. dlou.b··le,-layer· re,s.-t,r,a.i.nts by 'w.'lich

some

g.·rid

in

:Fi:g'.11 Ls

compoaad

[of b[B,:rs aaseab'Led

in a r-epeat-ed

'h,e 't:IQt,al numbe r of lcins,ma·ti,cal

th,e jo,.ints, ar-e connec ted . , ehe number of i.nds'p,end,ent
I,'

py'ra:mi,d patte:rn,

tha.t .may ,obviol!li:sly

be ext ended to

g'ri.d.s, of' a.rbitr'B,ry

siz,·e'.,

The

t·o a 'rig':id, f'ounda t Lon ,

s t a tes i. e.
of

,Brran,gem:e'n.'t shown in F·,ig.4 is, t'h.~B,mallre'st

as.sembly of this
1

kind 'f'·or' whi,c'h s)'O•

LncLude

·self'..... ,st.~-e,ss;· (u.re'dun_danci,'e~U)

of .·c1e,g·r'19:9s lof

,: and

!r. b,I8.' 7 mecham.sras m,F!ll·t.·1~ . ," '_', '_'BV _,.blo··:·d'·'y"-·· ., ._' ons
.. " _Q

6 r:igid·[a,=--= '_' Q

the number 'Of' m,e,cha.nism,g" fr'eedom, of

the nunber

(
.

ch wh'Ll."·
I.. ........ 1

':1 .

·Q'lw···· ,ay:':s····'
...

_1,n,. ma ties,l

the asaemb'ly .. In the'

I! -'

.prreSlent
app ".r.

whle'n

an,

,8.,ss;'embly

:18

no t

Li.ca.." td~.,cn of -:: t'hl""l,;t:jI, 'Y:I'u"'le",to" - - .\ . ._ ~,\o.. ..:

1.;-. "'_ :__. '. ':' ~' ..

oonnact ed to a r,oun,d,ati1on
n,",

) and. one
'h' "h w~ a.en

a ,give·n. aasembly we c.. de termf.ne an

hi,
'W'9
I .•. ':

.l.nt e'rna .~.

1-\

:IlIi

JIiJj.,. . .

mod e'••
L'

.=..

.in

the
i,a

and

'b,Y coun t.ing;

.and

th'us,

f·ram,e.'wo:rk can 'tW:iiSt,:, th"e: aSise,mb'ly'

,

ob tat.n

he

d· -f' ''f.' 'r' .~.. ..' .' _. ",e'. en.ce ~__

." .,
h :pe.r,.',a.ps
can m-,Y ···· f':-r'om

,. , '" ,

·thus, a'plr'leBtr~s,s.a'b~e
si,mpI},e t:Wist,ing

mecham.sm.

'T;h.e\

:modle' i~ :f,Qund ,in all.

g'r'idls Q,f' this

1;f'iI:!E!I1n' Naf.'~ ..

:g,e:ne.ral patt.ern,
i:n

(It

seen
ome
"..

JUG' e·o...·D--' ,,'t1X ~ ,-· S - .'. .....

I. _

'III

J01n,ts~ •

be, 'use ful:;

and

i.n

t.h.e· _prles.,[en,t

FI1." g'." 4'" '. -

A '.'.

11 s,ma, ._

"un

I . _..L t"'.·I,-,~ "',

~a8,e:m'b'~:y
Ii

h,ving

b=.3'O;, .jl=:'12." C~O,

:Er=1., ,m::'?

Th'G

F'~ . 1 :.1g,.",
~I ..... '

," 'f·· ,J. L,

. 1 :'

" ....

.. .

0:' . f'"
.c..::'

t'-h', a
,_-'_. ~

simple'

(0:=11)
)

bl"
'I

ex ,_m.pl_ "

t i,e clee~,r' '-r,om ahy"sical

Ul'"

_,Y

,.

=, , h.

,-'~

.•

,1.'

n
if!

"m, n! ~I
. I

"4

iii '!

a ':-a..'t, of :self·-s,tr·ess, i.nv'ol'ves 'the: bar's ,sh.o'wn bol,d, li.ght and d.,ott:[ed n'~ complr'eBs:io~n'I' ·'·'r..'_,.~e-· p_ 0 . :-v· ~
1.1

co'm'" e' 'r."

" ' •. :. _.

d_i.sc,Q·nne,c.ted.

l~
II

-.

'f""

-,
.

~I i -

~,1.I:

I .!

·.Iii'

[!!!'

~.·-1,~~n O'.·I- 1=,·"--1·1,'-181.r8119 can

1~.', ..

be "~inser"t,ed.u in'to
in F.i.g'.1 - and

+he gr.id. 'of' .Fi.8·1

Ln 2,4

~[8"1- lone

c,r wn..loh

:1·8, shlown

·this con,f'irma in,depeJp.den.·tly' ..

So tar, k.1nema.-ti,cal

we have ,discussed
term,BlII

collapse

of' a double
soae
::.
.'..
~~"

layer

grid

almost

entirely in
a.-SO 1
.. I •

We
,i ~

the.
,.-',.

I ...

the

unf.t

f·i.rs,t

t"o be' r'loti8,t,ed

through. 9'0

)\4i'

Foll,o'w'i:ng

the

I'i,ns of t;hought·
.int·ol

Iequa l:i bri,u:m c'f' f·o·r'ce,s ann t·h,.s, ·e1 t..:10~ t :-8.8 ,}/ d_

O'L

f th @ ml~m_.·e'r·s", .b '.~'.

l..'~' n···. .

.. . t'hl_· e.··.·· f' O"r_,::~m o

flO'

t.··h's lo,ad·~

m.l' be dle'te'rmlne·d

b:y :l,ns:,erting t,b.e unit

start:e IQ:f self' .... stres,s

i.S

the ,g'r'id
the

displacement
,.- d e I·: ._ :l..nl,~ t e ~ U'i/·...::·· e JL.'··,uJ., a'te
_Ii

relationship
' '.. -.rc.;L:.

for

the

assembly

regarded
·th.e

as a classical,
Li.ne OA

stah.cally
·the Load»

.n ' I_I many' 'ways ,alsp,o.ssible"

we se'ls

\ll,a.'t whlen bar A

'rei.m.o·ve,d

f·rorm. 't.he grid for

elast'''; ,;b.0
.
A

plots

of

i.ls the,
S,
jl

reduced

'tOI

23" s.inae ba.r A, is

clear.ly

s,ssenti,Ql

one of' ·thls

d.efllect:ion joint.

curve

of'

t'hJB' in,tact; strU'Qtu,re undl.s'r equal

v·ertical .load. ,at 9,BICh. up:p[e'r'

fails

'~,~-' na of
.101'

basd,c undt

o,f 8,e·lf-st,refls,.II' T.h.u.-,.s,-. by·~,.,.· eau ":1

b,y'

at'.~ 1"-J-,-" o .. ·!n·1[[

~
_:Z'

~ ths·l.nce:.~.e'· va L .ues

At point A, the load 's such that bar A (which

to our initial

is most highly stressed)

b band

are~ reduced
an"'I~1 ~O" :. : U. ~ _>
.~Ti

1"

+he val.ue
!;J

olf m. r,e,ma:ins

unchanged
t'::"r-'--'uc··t·u:r.·,a,
I ' ;. 'to '!Ii,

a·t

zero whe::n bar

·I··· .. ·
c

by buckling and so, according

disappears. (Strictly, on
0111"

assumptions,

thereafter
simul taneously

effectively
reach the

'.

'·r-'iOmoveds
.~: __

'I'

16:

·.,'·Ls th e a.s;sem,bly,·..

'__' 8'

,t.:

l.~"l·11' ,~.
U

M'l~.:c~.:t:!'1": d ..iL.

a g.

Ex'-;:;C I: ~ th" ..... sam,s ct :··[.·.&c:.y ,._.e,

asanm:ptions, foul' edge-bars

resonably,

[=_

..

er at'ions a:pply

'wh.e·n b,a'ris ,B, C and

an t:urn.

are!

·:re:m,ov·ed.: sitill. ':no mech/a.n·ism

fa11ure~point:
weaker
than

here we have assmed, the others) •. The line

that one of the four Ls marginally

the

ound. 'When bar' E Ls re~ovled, however" the s,i tuatio:n

Ic:·,_:_,ian.--'

Ls qu.i te dl:i.£fer;ent,!Ij,

O'D, t·h.is

OB de'scribes

behaviour

of the original

as is

clear'

b,y .ins:ple!!c t:i on, ,o'f a p·hy,sical mod.eL

- rem,Qv,a.l, o'.f one, bar d oea

structure
point

but with bar A removed, as if i t were" loaded up, from. zero; and B iiS the member) fails, Similarily, lines
one more bar removed. wi th successively

I\_duc[e the number

. ["I

of' "uni.t a"

,o~tl s,ls.lf-, e,tr's'ss,

that

can be ace o'm·o,dat·e,a';

and

BI'l"

at which bar B (now the most highly stressed

It, ~we fi .. ,f'rom equatn.on nd "," ,8m o.f' Fig'!Il2 can take

<.")

th·a·t .m~1 (a,nd, 8:=2;0). A't this :p·oi.nt, th'9'n, t'he

'00,. OD and OE correspond to the structure

p l.ace,

T.h@ last 11ne lies

the, nnmbe r of bar-s
of

along the horizontal axis, since a kinematical.

The total
of
V.

mechanism has

~'I_I

impo'l'l,·tant to 'r'eal.iise ·tb,a·t

- wa,Y
Ln iIll"der

(f':ive)

whilch.

:muts,t· be' remov'€J"d

formed, and no load ean be carried..

.. . b 1. IU:3.ls's,mb- 1'" .~81" 0:· ....a.. : s'Iv J, y .'":.. ..- ·····v'·" u' '.';.
l.

Lack of strength

in the idealised

to

fort'll a .,e,ch,anism

co l.Lapse are

Ls mu'oh

s~ma·ll.er than th~'e·

p....iEllr· ,tly' """."".: co·····n··-·s·, e'"q('U'l~'n',Ae" a ~=-=,-:c' __ ,'''-' .v.

.l,~·-

IO.;:U.::I'~ d.i.s_·,.reg.:'.a,r'din"o.·.:: ~J' a.D;I('U"_,·'Pl::o,s·t,-buc·kling·.--. ... /' J-.

red'und,a:nc:ies,.
~'II-"

Hi ghl'y'-r'ediund

ant' 8,tructu,r,e.·s.

often, th:o'ugh,t c.-f" LooaaLy,

bare
cou'Id

.n:· ".f,a,il-sa.!e"'~"J' in. the' aenee

le,B'v.ing

tha.t ,8,1.1 o:f the· rledun,dant

ri;gid
('m=O') but

be zemoved
(s,;~O,)

1.'.,

the

aass'm.b,l.y
cle.Bl'r f'r'oa

8S

:s·t.,Q,ti,eall.y

d.e·termina:t'e

_.,I·:tu,~~·e. his, is T

equatd.on

['11 and i'n.deedFi:g.3: ,de.on.strate·s J.,.

"tha.t tht,s

:.one with +he sltruc~'ur!e

und er inve.s,ti,ga.t10'n

.. 'T:b-9 cruc i.a.I.. po.i·at hers' i'ls' th,at

coLl.aps '. of e b'" a pr·o·,gr'la.m IJl t:h.,e

.' ,-.1. ,1' s,sls,ct·ed, set: of :2,4 bars

I

'can be ,remo'ved wi,t.h,O'u·t causcng

:,r·..

mibly-:-_..:::_-. wh,e'r',es',s
111

the
i.ng -

r·e~m.ov,al
ie:

,Q._...

fl-' on' .1,'__ .... '! ill.

15:_'·.'

b lr[
l:Ei1

g~

-.:,10 ............

c .. o ... ..··n: ,-" a_·;.::s·~.· h ·~.,Je --it·.-=

... !OJ. .....
co l Lapse .

w·,·e·.·.·.·.'r·e.· ..,.

f 0"1'

'c.-I

1'_"-

i,ve

buckl

~;uff;ici.ent

tOI

cause

.'

wo-'t,h
',I'

notin"'?'.: t.ha t the o

pa te!r'n,s

node

o'f.:

,e_· -- ..·..p.,: ~;a. sao.. _·:_ tn lIii1·..;·.D,' ....,_.,2:~ h' o_~l_._,la.·· ~ ~ ILl ·.;w·.··'n ........ J: o,,~_!Ld
IJ .....

01 g €!I

,ii;,t::, c_",ya

°o-m

re's' emb:.'l .,a..n.,C . '>9 ~.,I": '_'

-~.'

!Io..,

nl·:'

·w·hi·C,.h ar-e f,s'mlliar' in th:B'

.111.

yiel.,d,...... l:ine

n'

t'h,'eor,y o:f. o.: .lla:ps·e: of o

gr'.idl and a s.Lab is
[~

•
L.. "'g!

.[
a

a..
0.• 11.'
.",'
,Qi
~l

0..,

01.0,2:

cone ~"ete ,el'.- 'b:Si. An impo j·.·lt··a.ntd.ifferisn,cs· b,'e-tween 'l'iinta,lctU lul· b

I

our

o[

.E

pO'rtio-ns

of' t.h 9' coll.,ap,s,ing'

I

,gr'id.

(F·i,g·.•2) are ,

'not ri"gid, as
abo,vls.,.

"-n ',hI' yie

d line' thea-r,Y·:

they' are

,Bbl.·le "to tW'ist·" as ,d,e'scri.be·d

(9)

i
. i

'~>'.• 5 ,

Load~d·e'flec:tlo11 c'u. ··ves,for ·the

~[."~'

Fi·g l.6: As Fi,g~5' bu,t wi t'h 8,d,ge bar,s S;O

l

i!:lI,·how··n
.... ' ", ('I

-1'1'1
~

F 1"·a·1 ~ a-"A' '-bl~

I
.:,
l _"_'

-_

'" 'n' t' ':[Q~ t'',-.' n

....

:iti

st'rang' 't'h,at h,ar' b fai,l.s first .

:. '.~"-,;- -:Jr ._':~OIB

at -lIC; ur,·

w ~.th,

m '1 '

"i:'

'. "-O'~=,
'_I .I-I'!
1,'-

elF

"0

-'-'

o'oU,r'S,9" hig'hly Ln ecme aenee

conventdona
pass ·t,brou,g.h,

-.iI'

'Th"e lo',ad,- d,efle'c,,·ion

0-

pa th ]J,B,,,r:k.s·d

,1 ~t,-~u.c,tu~-e 'would

nea.r, t.be.: .poi"nts.

:_,~, " 'Jo,m,le' authors

.. 1.', _--: .~. -, ..

(e'g', S,c.hm.id.t et aI." (5))

shov t.he pofnt s eor'res,po:nding: ,to

conf'orma'td on d.e pend.e
"'_' ..b:~ ...': .... ~
I l.

i ~'nve'st~ t·" l.:ga.':.l."ons.

l

ur[9 linked
_ ~

b,y' vara oua zig---z,ag Li.nea, 'w'hos,e prec.i.ee

:: - •• -. '~

On the:

k.inemat:,ic.al

sidLe 'we have

~'' ' '.,i1:i1

~~

-V·:-C-,

'.r"-~.o-· UI_:_.~_[
~

.10, r~.

s s·I·U"· mp tLons
_'
-'_I

eo' co.rd
,,'

,U...,L·

1i.

'.

n gl
1_:'
.

to" w·.-h-Lch
'.....:__ "'.Jb. ,"

·th··I~ ca.Lc '.'" ,~, on .; ,PI 'b"e:l.-": g' ,p':- e-:'r--~f'r'orm_"e:',d: ,_ ·-u·l·qt(,-,; n u' ....
,_.1

.rJ..b.~"

>.'.:

.... >',

_'

.<'._.

edgea
·'-,110;·
~I

f·l'· '"t are· pr-even tdf r'om. rar .a.ng, .1·-~ ,,9 .~.,=

I,

t'1_.),9 b' u c' ._.-~.1ng 0'f"" ·b· he . kl' ..,: . I,a.,r

i.

-::-"--.1

A-"

·ld· b ext ... -y -... troh a.c, ' _ , WOU·,<,6 ::: ... t'r[9me·1""-' caas.. ·.. ·t·::rop _.,-.
"'''-'1
·.1

-c-.(_.

<,.

_... ~ l.S,

'. -, ' ...... b:'l-I _",,~C no ··t pO,B.s1"e."

be:0 Q,..:.c _'IB, l.~'n.'"_, ,a n"'O':'lla-I-p='lIr!i[c .' 'b··t·=" . v'

,~,c_,,-,~'Iio.oI!'

,~ aec ond set

of' c,Bl,lcu,1,ation,s,

perf'or-med

a.Long t.he aame l:ine.s, Ls shown

in Fi,g.6. b.y bar-s. wlay

meohana.sm by r[emIQvin,g

a f'lew

b,e,riB

Ln

, --, e'r's to, .prl~'ci.se.ly

" --I

fhe 'same EJ.'tT'uc·ture, 'but wit;'b edge members rep:la'cled

th.e upp,er s:U.r'face' a l.one, However'" if a set of fa.iled bar-s 13',1 Ie.
by .
.

",_"l,ni t',e at rength,

The pcLn t of this mod,i"fi,cati,on

i,s to simul"a.t:e
·ve'l~ti .c,ally.,

in a s'impl'9

D, E
the

:':'l'e'

i,n which

the

edge nodes. ar'e

pr-cduoea

auppor-t ed

'l'he auppr ase Lon

of'

1-'~[.:)clinB: tn th,e ledge bars f ·Lle1·ent

- as Schmi4t

(5) has. pni.n t ed out ,_ a rad.icall,Y

bar
to f,a,11 La a t t'h,e' cent re

removal of three bars in the lower

aequence

of

ban fa.il.u.re.slI. The f'irst

of t.he

surf'ace
I ,h
I 1,1

of the :grid" and thi,8, i:9 f:allowI9·d

1

by tIle t,h.·ree other'

bar to
,', _' __
-1 -:-",".1."

cerrtra.l

bar-s,
a
_~

then a collapse mechanism can occur.

Fi;g,!!,7,~, CO.ll,sI?,:e9' mech·an.is,m in,volv·i.ng t··~-.e' f'([,i.l'u·re elf a,even bar-at 4 (·D.onle,d,ge) cho.rd · top
C'8"

s tage
':.,

g.1.v·es t,he fi:r s·t fo,ur

'. II. \.-:

:po'".n,t':s in. 'Fig.6" IThe. nexf

,',' ,.... ::. ," ',j"-:' -.' •• ' ':

.:f'ail d.oes so at . po Ln t a c,orr·es,pond.,s

,.-

....s,·-·~ - ...... 'I

I

h ..'e,.,-·_'ve'rill 'we __ :o.·:w ~

mus t

d ." d1 1 ..' re. bI ,Y ,1,arg 9,!" I..e f Leot on, an., th e aeconu !C.:c_,uste'r cf . fou,r d
-,-J ", -:.,-,,~ .,' ,-~••• '.,'

'"j:J

:-,"

:['1

',','

-",I'"

'.-:

.',

ehords

and

:3

b,ot·tom

~ .·r.e·ad _:_ g' n ,~pl_~.I:_ :..,1> --,_ of"

f--"i!:iJ 1'" ..1 ['[:', bar-sS. -i;n-' '--'a-'-C e d· ,~_~ ..... ':
1

I.

a' CL. '8 ·-l:~:c_'., .·f···· ma' " t-·..~ . ':. o· - er -,' '1!"IlO' "'O~' 1 '. ke ~or -,.-: ~on c·'·v·' '. .
t:'lii

nhee' u.per 'p -.'... ,,'", -." ,..e'., Do' '.. sur 48c '-' '.'.'

s.

aasump+Lons,
lower!~surface
I

bI9 C,81US,9

:f'ailu.re

of

Ls the exp.ls.nati.on
I,
'11[
_I

of the striking

differ'en.ce

betw.ee·n,

fig'urea

5 and 6 ? T,be
lby

bar

·i.n ·te'n~siQtn couLd

'}=IB O~.'

tiha t ocour

in

:Fi,g,..15 W"h.enbar' A, La removed

can be, s tud.Led q_uali·ta t'1vely

t'ak 9' p'Iace in,..a due·t.ile manner, [Bti,.. ~ ,on th- [e· k~ ".... •:._'1n,e'm,8'i,t·· l.C,a" '111
,~ d ' S.1,:."8',
'w"e hav
l

th"e pr·,inc~.iple 'of auperpos i tion. in e Laat.ic stru1cture,s,. R[enioval of bar

tl,nu .

A can
'-.L

,a., ... ~

f"'o"':'lu~ln"~I, t:·,~-h,"qt·.I_~., tihe Yb u. ~..

r-e ·mOVB_' l_·~. ... o·f' web ll'e'm'lber"B .. only.,,· ·.·

t·he
.1:o;c,a,l

'I I

,h,n"n'" v __
_,

be equf.va Ient . ",

'¥ ..... _' .'
U
I.

tJO'1
':.'.'

·t·~h·"I~ aupe rp'-,~"'fj,D9··t··1."lo···'n· I·

-. ~ ~ '-", .' ,-

V~-b

"

..

'':_,

iii,

OlD': to' ._ _,..... ....

t'h,II"'S: _ .' _':'" .

blar·-t--:Qn-·S.1·o,-·,n- '.' c-. - : !lt!i ..

" '''-_._.
j ll

f'or .

t.h.··~
~

(d,i.agonal

'bars)

can

cauae mecnanf.sms +o form .• The ai.m.p.lest .,ec'h~:ni,~m involve.s nea r tb,s' corner,
whi'Q.·h-

em-oval ,of 3 di.agon.a'ls

I

in

effect

,consti t.ut~s

put
_.:::_

OI i.O:OlI',

A'

'-in"t"o··: I... '.: '.

...... '-'

'iE!I, ,~

t':'en' I .. :.'

. '8' '.c.'.-b.

'o'n'l
..
1

:',

of'

iE!IIQIV ~"!G&i.,~ ,"

o-'n's'" .,
.c·

unl- ~"

.t

col.lap.s,;e,

equ.i,valent

t,O

'the r'emoval

of ,a c-o:r.n,er·-s·uJlpor't,. heavily'

In practice·"

of co'ur's,ls',1 from
of

,d,.1ag·crnals connec-t'edl
111.~.'Ii"I, = III !Ii

d,i,r,e,ctly t,O IsuPll"o·rt· ,poi.n.t,s, are

rei,n,for(~'e'd.~ Apls.rt

,
' .., .',

iii'

o,....·,f-'
,-

·S"_

.o.·-"11. ,.....,~:.tl.I-.·.r-'-..·,e.·-.·"s.. S"Ii, . ~

[f'

O·.'.:.'f,l-w--h' ';1 0.: h

' ..Jb.

-,_

tl':_hli~ .' V

o·n""e: ;;'9iI'o···:n"--:·a·~"';nl[,';'n· S" t

",.1".

W",

..JL"".. "_::~.

I"

b~:·a-" r·· "," 1'·' ~!: tel! l~ A1

.\ '..

d" v"'..,., nl; 8"1n-':-: tl' .":.. W['~h-'- a"n t----h': e'::'::6':'9' II' i!m'1·:' _'
I

)-'

'.

iii

,~"

-"

~ ".

t"h.is"
... " -I "
.J ,' .. '

di.,ago':nals,
,I,
,_[

d.o
C!l
,I~,," ",

n.ot
_,I.'WP.l

a·e'em t ',~,O l?1.a,Y

8::.t-·t· r'
_

['!':lI_".D! ·:i.m.·.,nl·.·.·,o· ~ ~ ~'~ ..,.r-.'t,,~in".t.. .p9i·r·~t·_~ in-: ~ -

th'"e £-.o,r.·.,ma,tto;n ....

m,ec 'h ·llan.1.sm,S'I!l' Tlh''';

"I'
','_

~,.~

m,"a' '-Y-;-:' b··n.

'.-ffi -&.

b_:.·lu.· a':.:.b,:lle t,.

_

t;he· fact;

tha,t

th,e

'Qveral.l

load

ilif'ill O,'.lw!.

the

,grid

must

be
,n, b 9 1o,n.g -to
I
1

t':hr',6'e tmi t's. at' most.

1n;ve,s,t;ig,ated
1,.·..

We :h,B,ve'ala,o

t·h,e ,sf'feet
'ng·· .. h· e"'r:' e"
"''-'-. ..
ToiT:DC 1fV_CA..a

of
,,_,-.!OL

i'n,t tia,l
_::
,'1 ...

:prlestre,ss
., ....

on th,9 b'6'havi.o'u:r [of'

..:',

'chang,e i.n F'.ig.,·6 due

:t ,·e

·t:o ,r.ailur e.
1

of

thiS b,a,.r' C .i:s.f'ou:nd

by

¥ IA- _ ..

lEIi.-.·,.X·_'_O nl,··.1, .._ u Q..1""

m--· e·.·.: ,g,rl.,,_·;. ,'....'ur' ." ",~ d' O'

t'·h· [,1. ,2';

[,.-

-nk:"

[''; I·,,_c ...... · 'c.

th-Q·t' a' s· s' e'm'b-'l~

.!'

V' ,i}'

htEils:-" mo·,' -,:'11' ':J

.~ .. :

(.. .'.

·h·e· rlOI _C'"

~,

2'4....
.'

),'

'-'

deg·.,

:••...••

're:9'S
-"

o· b'~,-'~,ten[sioD.Si d.ue ·to, tbe, arti·ficia.l

shor't,eni,ng o,f' 'bar 10'.., T.he .mai.n

I·

, sta,ti,ca.l i·ndeter'm.iacy,
v,e'1!'Y c,.Qse 1
'(Q

a"n.d'w,ill
_ o-·.n._,"~ _..

o'nly ble s,tr·,eS,B,-frs'l9. ini ti,al .. if' blare s,re mad,e ly

I .. ,iii' ,

e t 1-·ere'ne"s

1[8._·'n.-_·g.. th· - II t'l, -.

W,-Q ..· ,1'd.' .,.·:.·u·. .

a~:.··,lsa.:", b._"s

p,oissi b.le~
1S
'" I . ' .. ". .'

deli,·ble,r',ately.'_.!L 'to'

·tre',BS,
A
,0
_I

co·.parted
',I'

w· ·t'h th'e

the
nd

and

,_,I

n"-~'e-""e"d ,U '_", 1'" ',_:' __

~c,once'1."' V· s,'b_. m, .','". ' 'IT ~

[1
-'

1_

Ih,Q; ,-

n'~d'i) Th·
n

49
',-t,-·'.,:,:n to Fig·,.5" ,i1,'-:-11y
1t

is

poes LbLe

to ar.·ra,nge preatreae

sa

t:h,a t bar-s

A ane

in ten,sion,

and

,60

to a,l'low nhe gr'i,d t;[o [c,ar'ry a high,e<r Load b,e'fore ,t,he

or

., '[,' bar buck Lea, I t: 'turn,s, .Qu,t; __

ho.>w'_ever,

,F

t,h,a,t, tb'

9.:,"

,p.,o ;,.n:~',t·' B: .:
~

',1'": D' ._:'

,'F"J.~ 5',: ,D,,"~, D~'

~ ,15

1 ~-owe:r'ie',u in,
..;:;'.II ,.

f" .l..=..:
,i, ,I

the 't .1,

," ~ S,',],',,:,L. 0,= ,'D"!."

n"f_'~: 'U

-to

"

sh Jj

~ ,_ ..... Ii,#!

"

p"

res· t r'
.
I, " ','

'e"" , ~ ~

'~'

'..lI.. iIt"!! \I,. ~.. ',.

[Belgium

Department of Civi

'E'n~g~l~~e~e~'r~in;'g~ Le'u~v'eln' K·· U

,', 1.Ie', ,
~j

I " _,

"

_ ',:::,

' _' ,~, :

i!

,I,"

'.

'

':,

,J!I'

C,elest1jnenlaan 200 A, 3030 H'everlee

V"

'

-'a="~ .ee
I,

"'I so ·t'h rt , A' bu 'k',1'", "a,,:, " ouck. '8'S

S,t" "

111'--'" a ,.ow,er I'" "d-' ,0'8,'-,.,

18

o'~

the other

hand the' 81tuata on in re'latl,on to Fig,*,6

rather' encourag.ing,

It ,is

GEO[M1ETRY AND D[I'MENSIO[NiS 'OF THE PR,OT'OI'T"VPE S'T'R,UCTURE

not diffi,c)i'ul't to ar-range .in1tia,l pre,str'ess, i:n 'the

".
_

:g'rid in

eueh a

Wtj,Y

t,hat the
b'9:g',inLB

-'~ial f'ad.Lur-e occure a.. a, lower Load, whi"l~e' t,he ae eond 'o:l'u,s,te"r t
h1gh"e:r Load.. I.n tbis ~
a.
Yo

o'f f'ai,lur'Eu9

w~Y' w,e' cou Ld achd eve, perhaps, e, stable, corrtaLned

,) .'

'patt·e.r'D

,-., - co l l.ap.. " ,s·.,·a,.:.

:t"' __

n ~ r:s" 'Bill
:'._.

g_

:_.I,..:"

~"

g. ::_::,.'

'r"1~ d

The ideas 'w'hi,c:h 'wei have de,sn,r'ibed

I._[

'in, thiiS
SOmle

paper ar's

not ant ,i,rally' noveL Our 'is,tud'y

t.hle plast"i[c
l

1~ A stereographic cupola consists of a spherical surface~ which is bourided at four si des by' pl anar arcs, for ;: n mas t cases the sur-faces t,OI be covered by' a shell structure are· not circular but square or rectangular~ The basic idea behind this kind of shell can be reduced to a stereographical project1on~ the centre of which is situated in the nadir point of the sphere~ The projected
1~I,nt'~ti'esare po+nts of an hor izonte l plane, ms ide the sphere , s+tuated

h.e ktnematLcs

of

co

l.Lapae has

p,,~tr'allel[s in

t:h:elory'

oil Cr'Elme:d

between

I·

'I'

'u.ctu'r'es,:; and our r-emarks about pr opaga t.Lon of ,f'a.il'1I;l,:re' owe a,omething, .. ,a,nios .• W'e ,

t,c f'r,actu,re

hope :in due OQ'u,rS,[8,to

stru,ctu,ra,l
l

be abLe

to

fuse

these

i.d.,e,s,B,

Lnt o a s;,imp.le"

t one.L and,use.ful
I,

th,e'or,Y of doub'Le=Laye r gr1d,s.,

-~he centte of the sphSre and the zenith point~ is in that plane~ 2~ The four p'lanar arcs at 'the edqes are the
square :" i: ~ e

A main square, to be covered~

pr'oje'c't"ions

of the edqas of that

·'"b-c·nk
I ',:[9

.I(,!"

SI. 'P'6,1,leg'ri"no for

u,g,ei'ul

d:is,c,U,8B,lon,s,

and. ,s"dv,i,c,e',., A,., A~ t:h,Qnks T'T',i.n'i'ty

the i nterscct i ons of the sphere land, four

pl anes throuqh the nad'i r

for 8.Upp,.o'r't~

_!

Sc,h:rnidt

,L C:, Mo'r;g',B'n, P ~R",Cls'ric,Bon

:strut bu[ck11n,g: 1 492,,1

i!!il

Jo'urnal

of

the

J A (19 76) ~Spa(~,etruasee w,i'th br'i ttlle~t"ype S,t'ru,cturalD1vis i,on" AS;OE" Vol. 1,02" p:p , ,4,79
1
l

Thornton C H, Lew P I (1984) Inveatigat10n o'f the causes of Hartford Coliseum

co l.Lapaer Proc, 3rd IntI Conf. Space IS!chm.id t L
C~,.I ,~

:St:ru,ctu,r,es,
..L. , ..L.

IGu,ildfo'rd.,
1~',_}6&,

.Engl,a:nd"
':"-,6'

}lIP'.

,6,36,-,64'1

ji

Hanaor

A, (','. [9:'°79:'."1).",,: F',"o>'rc_::' :: ',1-!,'9ml.lI1.· ", 1 '9·,' t--,"Iin·"p.'

, , ~

Id·~,o.,·,:V:','1~',C: '8"·:.' e'.'· ~: "

1

an apace - ,I',

t rusee '. '_~' :'.

'I~'>:'-,:

e - JI',ou,rn,a" ,-"1-;"1

or the S,t.r'u·ct,'U8,1 Di,v,isi,on, ASeE, Vo,l., '105" p'p 9,9 -951.

III!

~'m·i E A, (1' '9,8,4) th

Duc td Lf t,y i.n "do:ubl,el~1,a,y9'r' gr'i,d

S'pSG:.9'

truse"e,s:' Pr-oc, ,'rd IntI

'=:'OT.r~ Space
-,c,hmid J' "IU ,,-,,'
I":

Str'uctu'res,

Gui,ldLf'ord,t E,ng,l,an,d" PF' 510'-'.5'

5~

L 0" MOI"gan P R;, Hanaoz A (1 9'8,2') 'UI tima te Load te~s,t,ing of apace 't'ru:sse'ls,:' "- or the St:r'u,c,tu:ral Divis,i,on" ASC:E" V'o.l,. 108,. :pp 1324·-'11335-

the sphere. 'The 'U aper par-t of the sphere w", 1 f'orm the shel l , Speci fY"i'n'9 the projected enti ti' es me 'will d'i vi de the menti,oned, mai n square in a [gir'id of equalIy dirns'nsi'oned squares , posi t ioned paralIel to the d'ia,g'onals. of the main square One can , ~'vi: de the pl ane in such a 'w',a,y that thc j-es U 11 ;: an equ 1d'i s ta nt t al orthoqona 1 tS '~(work in the square to be prOJected, so after stereograph~c'al projection all '~ltl'.1 quadranql es (and tri',an'9"les at the bounaar+es) have d'if'fercrrt d;mle'nsi'o'ns,~ "11 sway of thi n'ki' ng 'i s demons tr"a,tle,d by the f'; g:ur'es 1 and, 2, '. After s ome ti rne , _ ~, research took an other opt.ion w'l'th regar'd, tOI the e lement d ivts ions : i ns tead equal distance in the horizontal plane~ we aimed to get equal dimensions D the edqe beams, whfch ha,d to suppor-t the she l l , so e'qu~[dis,t,antion +s re",.cled n'ow to the random enti't'ie,s after pr!oject';:on,~ This way of th'inki'n'g " l ows to have but one cof'fr-aqe for a,11 the edqe beams ,~, Thi s cof'fr-aqe W'BS i~li[gned with a CAD-syste,m and wi'lll be, e l abcrated 'later on A, qenera.l 'id,e,a
m,er"idian,of

1I'~nt~ Ima,kln,g an anqle

of 15'0 wit,h the ver tlca'l

8:1 Ca.,ll,adine
k:
_J'I

('1984)

m ,~i,'·llyindetermi,nate'

f'r'am,_e'works

;statical,ly and :Int:!!I1 ,J., S:ol,ids, St'ru,lct:'ures. (in, pr,e's,s),.

Matrix
a:'-,slys..is,

of

b.y 'figur'e 3'i '~ Whatever the way of dividing in quadrangles happens to be, one always gets
the fol lowed procedure

is. 'ill;ustr'ated
i

",

(19!86) M,B,ch.::cnics, .of ki",flmati.c,sll,Y .Lon, Uni ve,r,~ i t,Y of Cambridgs-,

ind"et;ermin,ate

stru,ctures"

'Ph.D,.

doubl e curved tr-e l l ts o[n, th 8 tns ide of the sphere surface. '~·:ht 1 i;ne i I_!s,t,ead of by thiS' c; r,c.ul ar curves
,',Y
[Ii

By taking, the noda:

'nts of the tre 11is., and ,joii n'l nlg ev[er,Y on[e~ ,of' them to the neares·t, one by' a
on the sphere,
'0

n Ie, bec.on~e:s

t"·~ ern, 1 . 'S

W ,,0 '

nil
"

qUI

r: "11-:s,

;'

'ns ,_e,d o'f ,ar·c.s ~ {pl';'cture l} ~ 1[:"h 1 1 'c= n be r e ised wi t h' ~

8,'

In
TI1: r
I