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Topics
Introduction to Embedded Systems Components & Characteristics Architecture of Embedded System Embedded system design standards Embedded Hardware & Software design Introduction to Microcontrollers and Microprocessors Microprocessors and history Microcontrollers Types of Processor architectures Types of Processors
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What is Embedded System?

It is difficult to provide an exact definition for embedded system as it is a wide and varied. Embedded system is: A system which is designed to perform a dedicated task with less or no human interaction. A microprocessor based system that is embedded as a subsystem, in a large system. A computer system with higher quality and reliability requirements than other types of computer systems.
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Components of ES
Hardware Microprocessor or Microcontroller Analog and Digital sensors General Purpose inputs/outputs Memory Display Software Single or Multitasking Application Communication Protocols User Interface
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Characteristics of ES
Performs a defined task High performance & Real Time Power, Cost and reliability are important Is able to talk to real world Provides a user interface for interaction
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Embedded System Constraints

Real Time Response Memory Availability Processor Speed Power consumption
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Embedded System Architecture

The Architecture of an embedded system is an

abstraction of embedded device.

Hardware and software components are represented as

system elements.

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Why Architecture design is important in Embedded System?

Understand an embedded system design Determining system integrity Working under system constraints Deterministic requirements Cost Estimation
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Embedded Hardware
Processing Unit Major component (heart) of embedded system Can be a microprocessor or a microcontroller Memory System RAM and ROM External Memeory (Data Storage) Peripherals Communication Ports (RS232, RS485, Ethernet, USB) IO, ADC, DAC, Switches, Display
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Embedded Software
Low level design Written in Assembly Used for smaller systems or time critical systems High level Design Written in C/C++ Best for large or complex system Code is more portable Mix design Approach High level and low level combined Flexible and responsive system
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Microprocessor
A single chip semiconductor device which incorporates

almost all functions of a CPU. Basic components includes ALU, Register File, Clock Circuitry, Interrupt circuit and Memory interface. External Memory (RAM & ROM) is required Some commonly known microprocessors are: 8085, 8086 etc.

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Microprocessor History
The First 4-bit P introduced in 1970 by Intel (4004) First 8-bit P introduced in 1972, Intel 8008, followed

by famous Intel 8080 in 1974. The Commonly known 8085 is a derivative of Intel 8080. First 16-bit P was introduced in 1976 by National semiconductor (IMP-16). Intel derived its 16-bit processor out of Intels 8080 architecture which became the first member of x86 family. Todays modern PC runs on the same x86 family.

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Microcontrollers
Small single chip computer, Includes CPU, Memory

(RAM and ROM), programmable I/O peripherals. Common uC Architectures: MCS-51 (8051), AVR, PIC, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC etc. Designed for embedded applications History:
Evolved from Microprocessors Intel 8048, first C introduced in 1975 by Intel Many uC architectures are available today
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Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
Hardware support is high, built in I/O peripherals, interrupt controllers etc. Best suited for IO control or devices where required component count is less Instruction Set is more feature specific, extremely compact Narrow data bus width (8, 16, 32), Limited memory addressing space. Clock speed is slow, since I/O speed being controlled is slow Copyright 2010 Rickeys World Needs external hardware circuitry for Peripherals like (8255, 8259 etc) Best suited for information processing in a computer system Instruction set is processing intensive, perform complex operations and process large data Wide bus width is wide (32, 64, 128), large memory addressing space Clock speed is very fast.

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Types of Processors
Digital Signal Processor Signal processing is done in hardware (like FFT etc) Vast area of application like Image & video processing (camera), audio processing (telecom) System On Chip Integrates multiple components & CPU in a single IC Reduces hardware cost Vector Processor Capable of processing multiple data in single instruction Used in Graphic accelerators, game consoles etc.
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Types of CPU Architecture

Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)

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Von Neumann Architecture

All memory space on same bus Instructions and data treated same

way Simplifies processor design More reliable RAM can be used as both Data and program memory Common examples are ARM, x86 etc.

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Harvard Architecture
Code and data space on separate

bus Same address is possible for both program and data memory Potentially more efficient Instructions execute faster Common examples are: 8051, PIC

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Reduced Instruction Set Computing

Less Number of instructions Highly optimized instruction set Single word instructions, with fixed

op-code size needs less time to decode and execute Most of instructions are single clock cycle Simple addressing modes Memory load and store operations are done in steps Common examples: ARM, AVR etc
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Complex Instruction Set Computing

Many instructions in instruction set Designed to carry out complex

operations Large number of addressing modes available Instruction size vary Takes time to decode, need more clock cycles per instruction Common example: 8051
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Summary
Embedded Systems Embedded Hardware Embedded Software Embedded Architecture Microprocessors and microcontrollers Difference between uP and uC Types of processors Type of processor architectures.
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Question & Answer session next! Link: http://www.8051projects.net/embedded-system/basics/qna.php

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