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Authors: Michael N. Huhns and Larry M. Stephens Speaker: Lin Xu (part I) and Shabbir Syed (part II) CSCE 976, April 3rd 2002
Outline
1. Introduction 2. Agent communications
Coordination Dimensions of meaning Message types Communication levels Speech acts, KQML, KIF, Ontology, other
Introduction
How to analyze, describe, and design environments in which agents can operate effectively and interact with each other productively. Communication protocols [Xu Lin]
Interaction protocols
[Shabbir Syed]
Communication protocols
Enable agents to exchange and understand messages The messages can be exchanged between two agents:
Propose a course of action Accept a course of action Reject a course of action Retract a course of action Disagree with a proposed course of action Counter-propose a course of action
Interaction protocols Enable agents to have conversations, which are structured exchanges of messages Negotiation can occur between Agent1 and Agent2
Agent1 proposes a course of action to Agent2 Agent2 evaluates the proposal and
Sends Sends Sends Sends acceptance to Agent1 or counterproposal to Agent1 or disagreement to Agent1 or rejection to Agent1
Motivation
Centralized solutions are generally more efficient, why should we interested in distribution system?
Easier to understand and easier to develop, when the problem being solved is itself distributed. Lead to computational algorithms that might not have been discovered with a centralized approach. A centralized approach is impossible. Respect real conditions: privacy of agents, distribution
Agent Communications
An agent is an active object with the ability to perceive, reason, and act
An agent has explicitly represented knowledge and a mechanism for operating on or drawing inferences from its knowledge An agent has the ability to communicate (receiving messages and sending messages)
Communications
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Coordination Dimensions of meaning Message types Communication levels Examples: a. Speech acts b. KQML c. KIF d. Ontologies e. Other
Coordination
A property of a system of agents performing some activity in a shared environment
Avoid extraneous activity by reducing resource contention Avoid livelock and deadlock Maintain applicable safety conditions
Dimensions of meaning
Three aspects to the formal study of communication:
Syntax: how the symbols of communication are structured Semantics: what the symbol denote Pragmatics: how the symbol are interpreted
Message types
Two basic message types: assertions and queries
Basic agent: accept assertions Passive role (answer questions): accept a query, send a reply, accept information Active role: issue queries, make assertions, accept assertion Peer: assume both active and passive role in dialog
Message types
Two basic message types: assertions and queries
Dialogue vs. Active Passive Both Function Master Slave Both
Communication levels
Communication protocols are typically specified at several levels:
Lowest level: specifies the method of interconnection Middle level: specifies the format, or syntax, of the information being transferred. Top level: specifies the meaning, or semantics, of the information.
Issues
The sender and receiver must understand the agent communication language The ontology must be created and be accessible to the agents that are communicating KQML must operate within a communication infrastructure that allows agents to locate each other KQML is still a work in progress and its semantics have not been completely defined [1987]
Ontologies
[Fikes et al.]
A specification of objects, concepts, and relationships in an area of interest The classes and relationships must be represented in the ontology An agent must represent its knowledge in the vocabulary of a specified ontology
Interaction Protocols