English

GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR
-:--=-V -- --:-
-:--=-V -- --:-
Prepared by: Nulla (2002) Prepared by: Nulla (2002)
Nay 2002 (version 0) Nay 2002 (version 0)
Reference: Reference: Grammar For All Levels Grammar For All Levels By Adnan By Adnan Naim Naim
Main Menu
Main Menu
.a.:, o:la
.a.:, o:la
English Alphabetic English Alphabetic .,.I>.V .i>.V .,.I>.V .i>.V
Parts of Speech Parts of Speech VI l. VI l.
Sentences Sentences _o >I . _o >I .
verb to BE verb to BE . . _a _a
verb to DO verb to DO _oa. _oa. _a _a
verb to HAvE verb to HAvE :Io. :Io. _a _a
Nouns Nouns lo.V lo.V
Countable Nouns Countable Nouns iaoI lo.V iaoI lo.V
Spelling Rules for Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals o>I Vo ic o>I Vo ic
Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns iaoI ,.aI lo.V iaoI ,.aI lo.V
Definite 8 !ndefinite Articles Definite 8 !ndefinite Articles ,.I ..,a.I ,.I ..,a.I
Pronouns Pronouns ,.loI ,.loI
Object Pronouns Object Pronouns . asoI ,.lo . asoI ,.lo
Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns ..la.V ,.lo ..la.V ,.lo
Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns _I ,.lo _I ,.lo
Naking Ouestions Naking Ouestions I..V _.. I..V _..
Vloa.. Vloa.. How How
some/ some/a. a. any/ any/
Naking Negative Naking Negative .s.I _.. .s.I _..
TENSES TENSES .oV .oV
Present Simple Tense Present Simple Tense L...I loI L...I loI
Past Simple Tense Past Simple Tense L...I .loI L...I .loI
Future Simple Tense Future Simple Tense L...I _.s..oI L...I _.s..oI
Present Continuous Tense Present Continuous Tense ,o..oI loI ,o..oI loI
Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense ,o..oI .loI ,o..oI .loI
Future Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense ,o..oI _.s..oI ,o..oI _.s..oI
Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Tense l.I loI l.I loI
Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense l.I .loI l.I .loI
Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense l.I _.s..oI l.I _.s..oI
Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous ,o..oI l.I loI ,o..oI l.I loI
!mperatives !mperatives ,oV a. ,oV a.
Nodals Nodals l.I laV l.I laV
Comparing Adjectives Comparing Adjectives lsI .lso lsI .lso
Adverbs Adverbs >V ,LI >V ,LI
Active 8 Passive Active 8 Passive >oII ...oI IaoII ...oI >oII ...oI IaoII ...oI
Transitive 8 !ntransitive verbs Transitive 8 !ntransitive verbs oVI laV oVI laV
.ia.oI laV .ia.oI laV... ...
Prepositions Prepositions ,>I ,> ,>I ,>
Ouestion Ouestion- -Tags Tags I.ioI I..V I.ioI I..V
Conditional Conditional if if .L,.I .L,.I I I
Reported Speech Reported Speech s.oI VI s.oI VI
Countries and Nationalities Countries and Nationalities l...>I iI.I l...>I iI.I
English Alphabetic English Alphabetic
:,.l>:V :>:V :,.l>:V :>:V
1. 1. Capital Letters Capital Letters ,..I .,.I>.V .i>.V ,..I .,.I>.V .i>.V
2. 2. Small Letters Small Letters ,.aI .,.I>.V .i>.V ,.aI .,.I>.V .i>.V
Consonant Letters Consonant Letters .l.I ,>I .l.I ,>I
vowels Letters vowels Letters ,>.oI ,>I ,>.oI ,>I

Z Z Y Y X X W W v v U U T T S S R R O O P P O O N N
N N L L K K J J ! ! H H G G F F E E D D C C B B A A
z z y y x x w w v v u u t t s s r r q q p p o o n n
m m l l k k j j i i h h g g f f e e d d c c b b a a
w w x x m m l l k k j j h h s s r r q q p p n n z z y y v v t t g g f f d d c c b b
u u o o i i e e a a
Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
VS la8
VS la8
Ahmed writes Ahmed writes quickly. quickly.
c,.. ... io> c,.. ... io> . .
_asI .. oI _c l.c _asI .. oI _c l.c
l> sI i.,. l> sI i.,.
Adverb Adverb
l> l>
Play, played, will play Play, played, will play
. .. i> _Ic i. lo
lo .
Verb Verb
_n8 _n8
rich rich man man ..c _> ..c _>
.V .s.. l. sI L>V .V .s.. l. sI L>V
..I ..,aI aII a. oI ..I ..,aI aII a. oI
oI .V ia. sI l. . oI .V ia. sI l. .
.V .. oI _c l.c .V .. oI _c l.c
I. . I. .
Adjective Adjective
a a
l.o l.o m:,n: m:,n:
!, he, she, it, etc. !, he, she, it, etc. .. ..
_>. . _Ic i. lo
I>o
Pronoun Pronoun
,.o ,.o
Ahmed, book Ahmed, book
Noun Noun
oa oa
Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
VS la8
VS la8
Alas Alas! She died. ! She died.
..VI l. ..VI l. ! ! ..lo isI ..lo isI . .
l>. _c l.c l>. _c l.c
.>a.I _c ,.a. .>a.I _c ,.a.
Interjection Interjection
u>n: ,> u>n: ,>
Ali Ali and and Ahmad visited us yesterday. Ahmad visited us yesterday.
.Ic .Ic o l. io> o l. io>
oI _.. lo _. oI oI _.. lo _. oI
Io> Io> oI Io> Io> oI . .
Conjunction Conjunction
mbn ,> mbn ,>
l.o l.o m:,n: m:,n:
Ahmed goes Ahmed goes to to school school
.i. io> .i. io> _I _I .ioI .ioI
They traveled They traveled by by plane plane
,l. ,l. . . ,.lLIl ,.lLIl
.V o ..l. oI .V o ..l. oI
,> oI. .Vc _...I ,.oI ,> oI. .Vc _...I ,.oI

Preposition Preposition
,> ,> ,> ,>
Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
VS la8
VS la8
This is This is an an apple. apple.
>ls. ei >ls. ei . .
,.I .V _. i>...
,>.o ,>. i.. iI .
This is This is the the book ! bought yesterday. book ! bought yesterday.
o ..,.. iI l.I i o ..,.. iI l.I i . .
..,a.II i>... .
l.o l.o m:,n: m:,n:
This is This is a a book. book.
l. i l. i . .
,.I .V _. i>...
_l. ,>. i.. iI .
aII . V. l. aII . V. l.
.,.I>.V .,.I>.V : :
a, an, the a, an, the
Article Article

a
an
the
b>Vo
b>Vo
:
:
.>. i.V .,.I>.V Io>I ,iIl. ,.i>I .>. i.V .,.I>.V Io>I ,iIl. ,.i>I
l. . i ..I ..,aI aII V> _a _Ic l. . i ..I ..,aI aII V> _a _Ic
_.o _a i. .o. Io>I _.o _a i. .o. Io>I ): ): ...L .Ic ...L .Ic ( (
s. l.,> .,.I>.V _I l.o>,. l. I s. l.,> .,.I>.V _I l.o>,. l. I : :
Ali doctor. Ali doctor.
_Ic l..> iaI .Ll> .,.I>. Io> ei _Ic l..> iaI .Ll> .,.I>. Io> ei
r.. _a lI . r.>I _a r.. _a lI . r.>I _a : :
Ali Ali is is a doctor a doctor
Sentences
Sentences
_o > u:
_o > u:

Simple Sentences
Simple Sentences
L... _o>
L... _o>

Compound Sentences
Compound Sentences

.,o _o>
.,o _o>

Complex Sentences
Complex Sentences
isao _o>
isao _o>

Simple Sentences
Simple Sentences
b.a: _o>
b.a: _o>
Ls i> _a _Ic .>. ..I Io>I . Ls i> _a _Ic .>. ..I Io>I . : :
l.o l.o : :
1) 1) ! ! saw saw a boy. a boy.
2) 2) The boy The boy was was riding a bicycle. riding a bicycle.
L... i> Io> .I _..Io>I L. _o. L... i> Io> .I _..Io>I L. _o. : :
! ! saw saw a boy riding a bicycle. a boy riding a bicycle.
Compound Sentences
Compound Sentences
.,o _o>
.,o _o>
I loI _..L... _..Io> _o .,.. ..I Io>I . I loI _..L... _..Io> _o .,.. ..I Io>I .
.o _I a.I loa.. .o _I a.I loa.. .. ..> _s..o _.ao lo .. ..> _s..o _.ao lo
_.o .Lc ,>. loL. _.o .Lc ,>. loL. : :
and/ but /or and/ but /or
and and: : mbn mbn : : loa. _.. Vc loI _..Io> L.,. loa. _.. Vc loI _..Io> L.,.
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him. Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
i> Io> .I _..Io>I L. _o. i> Io> .I _..Io>I L. _o. : :
Ahmed did his homework Ahmed did his homework and and Anas helped him. Anas helped him.
Compound Sentences
Compound Sentences
.,o _o>
.,o _o>
but but: : _S _S : : _.l..o _.sI.>o _.... _c _..Io> L.,. _.l..o _.sI.>o _.... _c _..Io> L.,.
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy. Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
Khaled is rich Khaled is rich but but he is unhappy. he is unhappy.
or or: : : : l.> lo. . _..Io> L.,. l.> lo. . _..Io> L.,.
We can play football. We can watch Tv. We can play football. We can watch Tv.
We can play football We can play football or or we can watch Tv. we can watch Tv.
Complex Sentences
Complex Sentences
ano _o>
ano _o>
.,o i> _a _o ,. _Ic .>. ..I Io>I . .,o i> _a _o ,. _Ic .>. ..I Io>I .
_..Io> _o _..Io> _o : :
Nain Clause Nain Clause ..l. Io> ..l. Io>
. .V. . . .V. . : : Subordinate Clause Subordinate Clause ..l. Io> ..l. Io>
Noun Clause Noun Clause .o. Io> .o. Io>
Adjectival Clause Adjectival Clause .s Io> .s Io>
Adverbial Clause Adverbial Clause .,L Io> .,L Io>
Clause & Phrase
Clause & Phrase
lo> .a lo>
lo> .a lo>
A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and
has a complete meaning. has a complete meaning.
l. _.ao lI _a _Ic .>. loI co>o . Io>I l. _.ao lI _a _Ic .>. loI co>o . Io>I . . l.o l.o : :
! saw the man ! saw the man who was carrying a stick. who was carrying a stick.
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the
sentence but without a verb. sentence but without a verb.
_a i. Io>I _o ,> . loI co>o _c l.c Io>I .. _a i. Io>I _o ,> . loI co>o _c l.c Io>I .. . .
l.o l.o : :
! saw the man ! saw the man carrying a stick. carrying a stick.
Verb to BE
Verb to BE
_n8
_n8
uS:
uS:
!t is used as a principal and a helping verb. !t is used as a principal and a helping verb.
icl.o .... _as i>... icl.o .... _as i>... : :
been were are We, They,
You
been was is He, She, It
been was am I
Past participle
unao oa
Past
Llo
Present
lo
Subject
_cl8
Verb to BE
Verb to BE
_n8
_n8
uS:
uS:
..l. _.ls> lc _c ,..a.II loI a. i>... ..l. _.ls> lc _c ,..a.II loI a. i>... . .
. _.. _> .. _c ,..a.II .loI a. i>... . _.. _> .. _c ,..a.II .loI a. i>...
.loI .loI . .
:Examples :Examples I.o I.o
1. 1. ! ! am am a pupil. a pupil.
2. 2. They They are are boys. boys.
Negative Sentences with the verb to BE Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

_nal: .a.o _o>
_nal: .a.o _o>
uS:
uS:
We make negative statements with the verb to BE We make negative statements with the verb to BE
by using the word by using the word not not after the verb to be. after the verb to be.
_a o .s.o _o> . _a o .s.o _o> . ) ) . . ( ( oI . oI .
eia. eia. . . (not) (not)
You You are are not not tall. tall. You You are are tall. tall.
! ! am not am not at home. at home. ! ! am am at home. at home.
Negative Negative
La: La:
Affirmative Affirmative
l.: l.:
Making Ouestions with the verb to BE Making Ouestions with the verb to BE

_n8 go ua _:uS:
_n8 go ua _:uS:
uS:
uS:
Yes Yes or or No No questions and short answers questions and short answers
I..V I..V ) ) a. a. ( ( ) ) V V ( ( ,.>o l.l>V ,.>o l.l>V : :
No, they were No, they were
not. not.
Yes, they were. Yes, they were. at school? at school? the boys the boys Were Were
No, ! am not. No, ! am not. Yes, ! am. Yes, ! am. a teacher? a teacher? you you Are Are
No + Subject + No + Subject +
Be + not Be + not
Yes + Subject Yes + Subject
+ Be + Be
+ Complement + Complement
Io. Io.
+Subject +Subject
_cl _cl
Be Be
Negative Negative
La: La:
l.: l.:
Short Answers Short Answers
,.>o l.l> ,.>o l.l>
Yes Yes or or No No questions questions
V a. . l..l> I.. V a. . l..l> I..
Verb to DO
Verb to DO
_n8
_n8
_on:
_on:
icl.o _a .... _as i>... icl.o _a .... _as i>... : :
done did does He, She, It
done did do I, you, we,
they
Past participle
unao oa
Past
Llo
Present
lo
Subject
_cl8
.loI . _.. _> .. _c ,..a.II .loI a. i>... .loI . _.. _> .. _c ,..a.II .loI a. i>... . .
Verb to HAVE
Verb to HAVE
_n8
_n8
Olo:
Olo:
icl.o _a .... _as i>... icl.o _a .... _as i>... : :
had had has He, She, It
had had have I, you, we,
they
Past participle
unao oa
Past
Llo
Present
lo
Subject
_cl8
.loI . _.. _> .. _c ,..a.II .loI a. i>... .loI . _.. _> .. _c ,..a.II .loI a. i>... . .
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a main verb as a main verb
_n8 go .a.o _o> _n8 go .a.o _o> Olo: Olo: La.: _na La.: _na
breakfast this breakfast this
morning. morning.
have have not not did did They They
A new watch. A new watch. have have not not does does He He
a car. a car. have have not not do do ! !
+ +
Complement Complement
loS: loS:
+ have + have + not + not + +
do]does]did do]does]did
Subject Subject
_cl8 _cl8
Making Ouestions with the verb to HAVE as a Making Ouestions with the verb to HAVE as a
main verb main verb
_n8 go ua _:uS: _n8 go ua _:uS: Olo: Olo: La.: _na La.: _na
No, he does not No, he does not Yes, he does. Yes, he does. a new watch? a new watch? have have he he Does Does
Breakfast this Breakfast this
morning? morning?
a car? a car?
+ Complement + Complement
Io. Io.
No, they did not. No, they did not. Yes, they did. Yes, they did. have have they they Did Did
No, ! do not. No, ! do not. Yes, ! do. Yes, ! do. have have you you Do Do
No + Subject + No + Subject +
do/does/did do/does/did
+not +not
Yes + Subject + Yes + Subject +
do/does/did do/does/did
+have +have +Subject +Subject
_cl _cl
Do/Does/Did Do/Does/Did
Negative Negative
La: La:
l.: l.:
,.>o l.l> ,.>o l.l>
Yes Yes or or No No questions questions
V a. . l..l> I.. V a. . l..l> I..
Verb to HAVE as a helping verb Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
_n8
_n8
Olo:
Olo:
clao _na clao _na

verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the
perfect tense. perfect tense.
l.I loI _o .I icl.o _as :Io. _a i>... l.I loI _o .I icl.o _as :Io. _a i>... . .
I.o
I.o
:
:
They They have have lived here for two years. lived here for two years.
Adel Adel has has just finished his work. just finished his work.
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a helping verb as a helping verb
_n8 go .a.o _o> _n8 go .a.o _o> Olo: Olo: clao _na clao _na
_asI i ia. . :Io. _a o .s. _..I _asI i ia. . :Io. _a o .s. _..I . .

I.o I.o : :
! have lived here for a long time. ! have lived here for a long time.
! have ! have not not lived here for a long time. lived here for a long time.
not not
Making Ouestions with verb to HAVE as a Making Ouestions with verb to HAVE as a
helping verb helping verb
_n8 go ua _:uS: _n8 go ua _:uS: Olo: Olo: clao _na clao _na
Yes Yes or or No No questions and short answers questions and short answers
,.>o l.l>V V a. . I..V ,.>o l.l>V V a. . I..V : :
is. icl.o _as :Io. _a o . _..I is. icl.o _as :Io. _a o . _..I
_clsI _Ic _asI i _clsI _Ic _asI i . .
l.o l.o : :
They They have lived have lived here for a long time. here for a long time.
Have Have they they lived lived here for a long time? here for a long time?
Yes, they Yes, they have have. No, they . No, they have have not. not.
Other Uses of Verb to HAVE Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
_n8 go ,> lo>.a
_n8 go ,> lo>.a
Olo:
Olo:
To express necessity in the present and past To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, have to, has to,
had to. had to.
.loI loI . ,I _c ,.a.I .loI loI . ,I _c ,.a.I . . l.o l.o : :
! ! have to leave have to leave now. now.
____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
With some model auxiliaries. With some model auxiliaries.
l.I laV a. o l.I laV a. o . . l.o l.o : :
You You had better had better see a doctor. see a doctor.
____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
To show that something is caused by another person. To show that something is caused by another person.
,> >. L.. _> lo l... _...I ,> >. L.. _> lo l... _...I . . l.o l.o : :
! ! have have my shoes my shoes cleaned cleaned every week. every week.
Nouns
Nouns
loaV
loaV
Nouns Nouns are words we use to name: are words we use to name:
,iI loi>... ..I loII . lo.V ,iI loi>... ..I loII . lo.V : :
a. l lo .. >. Ic . a. l lo .. >. Ic . . .
happiness, anger, boredom, joy, happiness, anger, boredom, joy, . . Feelings Feelings a. a.
freedom, honesty, truth, freedom, honesty, truth, . . !deas !deas l l
school, street, city, house, school, street, city, house, .. .. Places Places _lo _lo
book, table, sugar, fruit, book, table, sugar, fruit, Things Things l.. l..
man, father, teacher, neighbor, man, father, teacher, neighbor, People People l>. l>.
Countable & Uncountable Nouns
Countable & Uncountable Nouns
no ,.c no loaV
no ,.c no loaV
Countable Nouns Countable Nouns: are things that be : are things that be
counted as one, two, three, and so on. counted as one, two, three, and so on.
iaoI lo.V iaoI lo.V : : i> . lic _o. ..I l..V . i> . lic _o. ..I l..V .
i .V. l.. i .V. l.. . .
Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted. : cannot be counted.
iao ,.aI lo.V iao ,.aI lo.V : : _o. V lic _o. V ..I . _o. V lic _o. V ..I .
lI. lI. . .
Countable Nouns
Countable Nouns
no loaV
no loaV
These nouns have singular and plural forms. These nouns have singular and plural forms.
o> ,so . lI lo.V ei o> ,so . lI lo.V ei . .
Before singular countable nouns you can use Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an a/an. .
i>.. .L... iaoI ,soI lo.V _. i>.. .L... iaoI ,soI lo.V _. . .
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone You cannot use singular countable nouns alone
without words such as: without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc. a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
i. l,so. iao ,so lo. i>.. .L... V i. l,so. iao ,so lo. i>.. .L... V
s.l.I loII s.l.I loII . .
(a/an) (a/an)
Spelling Rules for Plurals
go> Vo cu8
go> Vo cu8
We form plurals of most nouns by adding We form plurals of most nouns by adding s s
to the singular noun. to the singular noun.
l|. lo.V Lao _o o>I . l|. lo.V Lao _o o>I .
,soI .VI ,soI .VI . .
s
s
many horses many horses one horse one horse
two books two books one book one book
Plural Plural Singular Singular
go> Vo cu8
go> Vo cu8
l> Vl>
l> Vl>
lq m.: ,>l: Lq..: L. loaV lq m.: ,>l: Lq..: L. loaV sh, ch, z, x, s sh, ch, z, x, s es es
matches matches match match
buses buses bus bus
boxes boxes box box
dishes dishes dish dish
go> Vo cu8
go> Vo cu8
l> Vl>
l> Vl>
m.: >: _la ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV m.: >: _la ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV
cit cities ies city city
bab babies ies baby baby
y y ies ies y y
ba8 m.: ,>.o ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV ba8 m.: ,>.o ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV . . y y s s
key keys s key key
boy boys s boy boy
go> Vo cu8
go> Vo cu8
l> Vl>
l> Vl>
m.: _la ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV m.: _la ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV
potato potatoes es potato potato
tomato tomatoes es tomato tomato
o o es es
ba8 m.: ,>.o ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV ba8 m.: ,>.o ,> a.a ,>: Lq..: L. loaV . .
o o s s
zoo zoos s zoo zoo
radio radios s radio radio
go> Vo cu8
go> Vo cu8
l> Vl>
l> Vl>
,> _ lqu>: ,>: Lq..: L. loaV ,> _ lqu>: ,>: Lq..: L. loaV m.: m.:
kni knives ves knife knife
shel shelves ves shelf shelf
,.>V oaV ua> go>: .,o loaV ,.>V oaV ua> go>: .,o loaV : :
policemen policemen policeman policeman
classrooms classrooms classroom classroom
f f es es fe fe v v
go> Vo cu8
go> Vo cu8
l> Vl>
l> Vl>
la loaV _n: l. la loaV _n: l. : :
feet feet foot foot
people people person person
children children child child
women women woman woman
men men man man
geese geese goose goose
teeth teeth tooth tooth
mice mice mouse mouse
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
no ,.n loaV
no ,.n loaV
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
l|. lI o> V ..I . l|. lI o> V ..I .
I.o I.o : :
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood. .
i>.. .L... V i>.. .L... V _. _. lo.V lo.V
iaoI ,.aI iaoI ,.aI
es , s es , s
a a an an
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
no ,.n loaV
no ,.n loaV
l> l>
marble marble
_s..o _s..o
music music
lo lo
cloth cloth
..c ..c
grass grass
i.i> i.i>
steel steel
,Lo ,Lo
rain rain
l.,so l.,so
furniture furniture
..> ..>
wood wood

rice rice
,.> ,.>
bread bread

paper paper
..I> ..I>
milk milk
_.> _.>
cheese cheese
l> l>
glass glass
l.> l.>
news news

blood blood
. .
gold gold
,. ,.
sugar sugar
l. l.
tea tea
laL laL
food food
i. i.
butter butter
,ao ,ao
knowledge knowledge

coffee coffee
loIao loIao
information information
>I >I meat meat
rIo rIo salt salt
_. _. flour flour
no ,.n loaV _o :,o
no ,.n loaV _o :,o
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
no ,.n loaV
no ,.n loaV
,soI Iolao _ola. iaoI ,.aI lo.V .o> ,soI Iolao _ola. iaoI ,.aI lo.V .o> . .
I.o I.o : :
Coffee Coffee is is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia. a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
Nilk Nilk has has many minerals. many minerals.
,.aI .V _. .oI _Ic i. loI .a I _I ,.aI .V _. .oI _Ic i. loI .a I _I
o>I Iolao _ola. .l iao o>I Iolao _ola. .l iao . .
Two cups of tea Two cups of tea are are not enough for me. not enough for me.
Five liters of oil Five liters of oil do do not operate this machine. not operate this machine.
Definite & Indefinite Articles
Definite & Indefinite Articles
,S. m:,n.
,S. m:,n.
a a/ /an an
are used as indefinite articles. are used as indefinite articles. ,. l loi>... ,. l loi>... . .
The The
is used as definite articles. is used as definite articles. ..,a.II l i>... ..,a.II l i>... . .
We put We put a a before a noun starting with a constant sound. before a noun starting with a constant sound.
_l. ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . _l. ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . . .
We put We put an an before a noun starting with a vowel sound. before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
,>.o ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . ,>.o ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . . .
a a
an an
Indefinite Articles
Indefinite Articles
a
a
&
&
an
an
,S.
,S.
We put We put a a before a noun starting with a constant before a noun starting with a constant
sound. sound.
_l. ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . _l. ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . . .
We put We put an an before a noun starting with a vowel before a noun starting with a vowel
sound. sound.
,>.o ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . ,>.o ,>. i.. ..I lo.V _. . . .
,>.oI ,>I ,>.oI ,>I : : vowels vowels
a a e e i i o o - - u u
a a
an an
Indefinite Articles
Indefinite Articles
a
a
&
&
an
an
,S.
,S.
We use
We use
a/an
a/an
:
:
He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).
..a. ..I lV o ..a. ..I lV o
_ _
With numbers that With numbers that
mean every. mean every.
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
She is an English
women.
s.LI _. s.LI _.
_o ..ao co>o _o ..ao co>o
...>I l.I ...>I l.I . .
Before a job, a Before a job, a
particular group of particular group of
people or a nationality. people or a nationality.
a table
an egg
,soI lo.V _. ,soI lo.V _.
iaoI iaoI . .
Before Before a singular a singular
countable noun. countable noun.
Indefinite Articles
Indefinite Articles
a
a
&
&
an
an
,S.
,S.
We
We
DO NOT
DO NOT
use
use
a/an
a/an
:
:
There are books on There are books on
the table. the table.
Nilk is good for you. Nilk is good for you.
i>... V i>... V
lo.V o>I _. lo.V o>I _.
iao ,.aI iao ,.aI . .
No article is used No article is used
before plural or before plural or
uncountable nouns. uncountable nouns.
Love, beauty, Love, beauty,
hatred, wood, hatred, wood,
silver, gold silver, gold
o i>... V o i>... V
..aoI lo.V ..aoI lo.V
laoI lo. laoI lo. . .
No article is used with No article is used with
abstract nouns and the abstract nouns and the
names of metals. names of metals.
The Definite Article
The
The
m:,n.
m:,n.
The The is used before: is used before: ..,a.I i>... ..,a.I i>... _. _. : :

Can you play Can you play the the duff? duff? .s..oI VV lo. .s..oI VV lo. . . The names of musical The names of musical
instruments. instruments.
Umar answered Umar answered the the
question. question.
. aso . iI .V . aso . iI .V
Io>I Io>I . .
A noun which is the A noun which is the
object of a sentence. object of a sentence.
The The Arabian Gulf Arabian Gulf
The The Red Sea Red Sea
l.V lo. l.V lo.
l>.I l>.I ........ ........ rI rI . .
Names of rivers, seas, Names of rivers, seas,
oceans, etc oceans, etc . .
The The river Nile river Nile
The The Ka Ka aba aba
_o i>. V iI .V _o i>. V iI .V
Ls i> . c. Ls i> . c. . .
A noun that is the only A noun that is the only
one of its kind. one of its kind.
The
The
m:,n.
m:,n.
The The is used before: is used before: ..,a.I i>... ..,a.I i>... _. _. : :

Listen to Listen to the the radio/news. radio/news.
Go to Go to the the market/desert. market/desert.
olaI ,..a.I a. o olaI ,..a.I a. o . . With some general With some general
expressions. expressions.
On On the the first day of every first day of every
month. month.
r..I o r..I o . . With dates. With dates.
at at the the weekend weekend
in in the the evening evening
_Ic IiI ,..la.I a. o _Ic IiI ,..la.I a. o
.I .I . .
With some time With some time
expressions. expressions.
The The United Kingdom United Kingdom
The The U.S.A. U.S.A.
iI.I a. lo. iI.I a. lo. . . Names of some Names of some
countries. countries.
The
The
m:,n.
m:,n.
on Nonday, in June on Nonday, in June

in summer (sometimes in summer (sometimes
in the summer). in the summer).
before breakfast. before breakfast.
o i>... V o i>... V
l.V _.o ..ao lo. l.V _.o ..ao lo.
.I .I . .
No article is used before No article is used before
such words such as day such words such as day
and month names. and month names.
! am going to school. ! am going to school.
! always go to bed early. ! always go to bed early.
_. i>... V _. i>... V
.io _.o ..ao lo. .io _.o ..ao lo.
_oc ,.,. ,.o _oc ,.,. ,.o .... ....
No article is used before No article is used before
such words as school, such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc. home, bed, work, etc.
! do not like science. Ny ! do not like science. Ny
favorite subject is favorite subject is
mathematics. mathematics.
o i>... V o i>... V
..iI oI lo. ..iI oI lo. . .
No article is used with the No article is used with the
names of studies of names of studies of
subjects. subjects.
! saw a man. ! saw a man. The The man man
was young. was young.
..,a.I i>... ..,a.I i>...
,oII , iI .V o ,oII , iI .V o
..l.I ..l.I . .
Use article with the name Use article with the name
that is repeated. that is repeated.
Pronouns
Pronouns
,:lo
,:lo
A pronoun replaces a noun . A pronoun replaces a noun . .V _>o _>. ,.oI .V _>o _>. ,.oI
ourselves ourselves ours ours our our us us We We
yourself yourself yours yours your your you you you you
himself himself his his his his him him he he
herself herself hers hers her her her her she she
them them
you you
it it
me me
Object Object
Pronouns Pronouns
. asoI ,.lo . asoI ,.lo
their their
your your
its its
my my
Possessive Possessive
Adjectives Adjectives
.IoI ls .IoI ls
themselves themselves theirs theirs they they
yourselves yourselves yours yours you you
itself itself its its it it
myself myself mine mine ! !
Reflexive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns
la.V ,.lo la.V ,.lo
Possessive Possessive
Pronouns Pronouns
.IoI ,.lo .IoI ,.lo
Subject Subject
Pronouns Pronouns
_clsI ,.lo _clsI ,.lo
Pronouns
Pronouns
,:lo
,:lo
We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or
what we are talking about . what we are talking about .
_c _o o Ic _Ic . loi.c .V _o Vi. ,.oI i>... _c _o o Ic _Ic . loi.c .V _o Vi. ,.oI i>...
i>.. .. i>.. .. . .
Examples Examples I.o I.o
Ali is a good student Ali is a good student. . He He passes all his tests. passes all his tests.
Object Pronouns
Object Pronouns
: unao ,:lo
: unao ,:lo
We use an object pronoun We use an object pronoun . asoI ,.o i>... . asoI ,.o i>... . .
After a preposition. After a preposition. ,>I ,> ia. ,>I ,> ia.
After After to to and and for for with verbs like with verbs like make, give, send, lend, make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show pass, take, show. .
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
The little boy made it for her.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
.alSn:V ,:lo
.alSn:V ,:lo
Reflexive pronouns are used: Reflexive pronouns are used: i>... i>... ..la.V,.lo ..la.V,.lo . .

for emphasize for emphasize i.l.II i.l.II
With some special expressions With some special expressions l>I ,..la.I a. o l>I ,..la.I a. o
Did you do the decorations yourself ?
! did the painting myself.
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
! live by myself. (! live alone)
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
_u ,:lo
_u ,:lo
The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together. The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
a.. la. _o>I L.,I _I ,.lo i>... a.. la. _o>I L.,I _I ,.lo i>... . .
..V L>I .. _o>I L.,I ..V L>I .. _o>I L.,I : :
- - lao _c .>.. . ..l.I Io>I . ,.o oI _c .>.. lao _c .>.. . ..l.I Io>I . ,.o oI _c .>.. . .
_oa... Vlc Vcl ..l | _oa... Vlc Vcl ..l |
I >. :I ,a. _oa... Vlc . Vaso ..l I >. :I ,a. _oa... Vlc . Vaso ..l _asI ia. oI _asI ia. oI . .
_oa... _lc ,.c ..l _oa... _lc ,.c ..l . .
V l.. V s.l.I loII _o oI i. i>... lo V l.. V s.l.I loII _o oI i. i>... lo _s. _s.
_o>I .o> . lIloa.. _o>I .o> . lIloa.. . .
oI _oa... .IoII ..l oI _oa... .IoII ..l . .
- - I.o .i> iI .V ..l.I Io>I _o ,.oI oII i> I.o .i> iI .V ..l.I Io>I _o ,.oI oII i> . .
_IV Io>I _IV Io>I . .
who
whom
which
whose
that
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
_u ,:lo
_u ,:lo
e>. _clsI ,a. la.L _laI _clsI _>o _>.I i>... e>. _clsI ,a. la.L _laI _clsI _>o _>.I i>... Io>I Io>I . .
.Il.I l.oI L>V .Il.I l.oI L>V : :
Here is the man. The man is a doctor. Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
l.o Vi. . ..l.I Io>I _o oI i>. l.o Vi. . ..l.I Io>I _o oI i>. Io>I . . Io>I . .
r.. _IV Io>I . lI.o l.i> ..I oII ia. ..l.I r.. _IV Io>I . lI.o l.i> ..I oII ia. ..l.I : :
Here is the man Here is the man who who is a doctor. is a doctor.
I.o I.o : :
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor. 1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man The man who who was here is a doctor was here is a doctor
2) Ny friend swims well. He lives here. 2) Ny friend swims well. He lives here.
Ny friend Ny friend who who lives here swims well. lives here swims well.
who
Who L. ] _8ln _clal [
The man who
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
_u ,:lo
_u ,:lo
asoI ,a. la.L _laI . asoI _>o _>.I _oa... asoI ,a. la.L _laI . asoI _>o _>.I _oa... e>. . e>. .
_asI ia. _asI ia. . . .Il.I l.oI L>V .Il.I l.oI L>V : :
The man came here. ! visited him. The man came here. ! visited him.
I . . ..l.I Io>I _o oI i>. I . . ..l.I Io>I _o oI i>. . ..l.I Io> . ..l.I Io>
lI.o l.i> ..I oII ia. ..l.I Io>I oI .V lI.o l.i> ..I oII ia. ..l.I Io>I oI .V ) ) l.I a. ..I l.I a. ..I
,.oI ,.oI ( ( r.. r.. : :
The man The man whom whom ! visited came here. ! visited came here.
I.o I.o : :
1) The man was working with me. ! paid him. 1) The man was working with me. ! paid him.
The man The man whom whom ! paid was working with me. ! paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower. 2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl This is the girl whom whom you gave a flower. you gave a flower.
whom
Whom L. ] _8ln : unao [
him whom
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
_u ,:lo
_u ,:lo
. la.L _lc ,.aI asoI _clsI _>o _>.I _oa... . la.L _lc ,.aI asoI _clsI _>o _>.I _oa... e>. _clsI ,a e>. _clsI ,a
_asI ia. i>. . asoI lo Io>I _asI ia. i>. . asoI lo Io>I . . .Il.I l.oI L>V .Il.I l.oI L>V : :
He found his book. He lost it yesterday. He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
. li>. oI _Ic a. oI ,. . li>. oI _Ic a. oI ,. . l.o Vi. . l.o Vi.
oII ia. ..l.I Io>I oI .V . . ..l.I Io>I oII ia. ..l.I Io>I oI .V . . ..l.I Io>I lI.o l.i> ..I lI.o l.i> ..I
) ) ,.oI l.I a. ..I ,.oI l.I a. ..I ( ( r.. r.. : :
He found his book He found his book which which he lost yesterday. he lost yesterday.
I.o I.o : :
1) This is the house. ! live in it. 1) This is the house. ! live in it.
This is the house This is the house which which ! live in. ! live in.
2) This book is cheap. !t is very useful. 2) This book is cheap. !t is very useful.
This book This book which which is very useful is cheap. is very useful is cheap.
which
Which L. ] : unao _cla lo>l [
him his book which
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
_u ,:lo
_u ,:lo
_laI . asoI _clsI _>o _>.I _oa... _laI . asoI _clsI _>o _>.I _oa...
l>,. _.. _>o _>. _lc ,.c l>,. _.. _>o _>. _lc ,.c . . L>V L>V
.Il.I I.oV .Il.I I.oV : :
This is the boy. You met her. This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy This is the boy that (whom} that (whom} you met. you met.
! have a bird. !t sings. ! have a bird. !t sings.
! have a bird ! have a bird that (which} that (which} sings. sings.
that
That L. ] : unao _cla _8ln ,.c _8lnl [
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
_u ,:lo
_u ,:lo
.IoII _oa... .IoII _oa... . . .Il.I l.oI L>V .Il.I l.oI L>V : :
This is the man. His car hit the boy. This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man This is the man whose whose his car hit the boy. his car hit the boy.
oI ,.o i>. I Ioo oI i>. l. oI ,.o i>. I Ioo oI i>. l. .I .I
oI lia. . . oI .V .o Vi. . oI lia. . . oI .V .o Vi. . . .
whose
Whose L. ] .Slol [
car
car whose
the man
Making Ouestions
Making Ouestions
l.aV _:uS:
l.aV _:uS:
. icl.oI _asI . . _I .,.>I Io>I _.>.I . icl.oI _asI . . _I .,.>I Io>I _.>.I
.i.I .i.I : :
. icl.oI laV . icl.oI laV : : Helping verbs Helping verbs
am am is is are are was was were were have have has has had had
will will would would shall shall should should can can could could may may
might might must must ought to ought to
I.o I.o : :
They They are are doctors. doctors. Are Are they doctors? they doctors?
She She can can help us? help us? Can Can they help us? they help us?
! ! will will go to the market? go to the market? Will Will you go to the market? you go to the market?
Making Ouestions
Making Ouestions
l.aV _:uS:
l.aV _:uS:
icl.o _a Io>Il. _. I icl.o _a Io>Il. _. I
( ( i>... i. loI _asI o i>... i. loI _asI o : :
I.o I.o : :
They They play play tennis. tennis. Do Do they they play play tennis? tennis?
! ! write write books. books. Do Do you you write write books? books?
( ( i>... . iI loI _asI o i>... . iI loI _asI o : :
I.o I.o : :
Ahmed Ahmed plays plays tennis. tennis. Does Does Ahmed Ahmed play play tennis? tennis?
Huda Huda watch watch Tv. Tv. Does Does Huda Huda watch watch Tv? Tv?
I _I _asI lc L>V I _I _asI lc L>V ) ) V ..,.I V ..,.I ( ( icl.oI _asI >I :I icl.oI _asI >I :I
s
s
do
does
Making Ouestions
Making Ouestions
l.aV _:uS:
l.aV _:uS:
icl.o _a Io>Il. _. I icl.o _a Io>Il. _. I
( ( i>... .loI _asI o i>... .loI _asI o : :
I.o I.o : :
They They watched watched Tv last night. Tv last night.
Did Did they they watch watch Tv last night? Tv last night?
! ! played played football yesterday. football yesterday.
Did Did you you play play football yesterday? football yesterday?

: : L>Vo L>Vo
.V :I . l..l> . s.l.I I..V .o> .V :I . l..l> . s.l.I I..V .o> l. i.. I l l. i.. I l
. . . .
Yes No
did
Making Ouestions
Making Ouestions
l.aV _:uS:
l.aV _:uS:
_lc . aso _c .II _lc . aso _c .II _o _o Whom? Whom?
_lc _cl _c .II _lc _cl _c .II _o _o Who? Who?
_.... _.. l..>VI _.... _.. l..>VI Which? Which?
.. _c .II .. _c .II lo lo / / lo lo What? What?
...I _c .II ...I _c .II loI loI Why? Why?
lo,I _c .II lo,I _c .II _.o _.o When? When?
loI _c .II loI _c .II _. _. Where? Where?
i>|. i.. .>. ..ao oIao lLc .I _o iI l i>|. i.. .>. ..ao oIao lLc .I _o iI l _o.. ..I .Il.I .I _o.. ..I .Il.I .I : :
Wh Ouestions Wh Ouestions
Making Ouestions
Making Ouestions
l.aV _:uS:
l.aV _:uS:
l.oI _c .II l.oI _c .II ia. ia. How far? How far?
,oaI _c .II ,oaI _c .II ,oc ,oc How old? How old?
LI _c .II LI _c .II L L How long? How long?
.oI _c .II .oI _c .II .o .o How much? How much?
iaI _c .II iaI _c .II ic ic How many? How many?
Il>I _c .II Il>I _c .II .. .. How? How?
.IoI _c .II .IoI _c .II _oI _oI Whose? Whose?
Wh Ouestions (Cont.) Wh Ouestions (Cont.)
Steps for Making a Ouestion
ub>
ub>
ua _:uS:
ua _:uS:
( ( _.o .c .I ,oI ,>II ..l.oI .I ,.> _.o .c .I ,oI ,>II ..l.oI .I ,.> : :
When, Where, Why When, Where, Why ..etc ..etc
( ( icl.oI _asI icl.oI _asI ) ) i> i> ( ( ia. _clsI _. ia. _clsI _.
,.l.o .I ,.l.o .I . .
( ( i>.. icl.o _a Io>Il. _. I i>.. icl.o _a Io>Il. _. I : :
* * i>... i. loI _asI o i>... i. loI _asI o
* * i>... . iI loI _asI o i>... . iI loI _asI o
* * i>... .loI _asI o i>... .loI _asI o
( ( V Io>Il. >oI . icl.oI _asI ia. _clsI V Io>Il. >oI . icl.oI _asI ia. _clsI
I _I _asI lc L>Vo o l.i.c _o ll.oi>.. ..I I _I _asI lc L>Vo o l.i.c _o ll.oi>.. ..I
V s.,. V s.,. . .
( ( .I > .V .c .I ,oI ,>I i> .I > .V .c .I ,oI ,>I i> . .
helping verb
s s do do
s s does does
did did
ub>
ub>
ua _:uS:
ua _:uS:
: : I.o
I.o
They are going to eat meat. They are going to eat meat.
What What are they going to eat? are they going to eat?
* * l.i> . icl.oI _asI . l.V _Ic l.oi l.. L>V l.i> . icl.oI _asI . l.V _Ic l.oi l.. L>V oI oI
.I _Ic >I l.V .I _Ic >I l.V . .
They played tennis at school. They played tennis at school.
Where Where did they play tennis? did they play tennis?
* * oI . _asI V icl.o _a > iaI l.oi>.. l.. L>V oI . _asI V icl.o _a > iaI l.oi>.. l.. L>V .l .l . .
I _I .lcV _asI _o i> l. L>V I _I .lcV _asI _o i> l. L>V . . l.i> l.. L>V l.i> l.. L>V
.I _Ic >I l.V .I _Ic >I l.V . .
they are meat
did
ed at school
ub>
ub>
ua _:uS:
ua _:uS:
: :L>Vo L>Vo
_.o _.aoI o ..l... .I ,.loI a. ,..a. L>V _.o _.aoI o ..l... .I ,.loI a. ,..a. L>V : :
! ! r.. you you you you r.. ! !
your your r.. my my you you r.. we we
_o icl.o Va i>... V _clsI _c .I l _o icl.o Va i>... V _clsI _c .I l
Vlc _clsI l .I . _. l.i.c Vlc _clsI l .I . _. l.i.c
Vlc ,.c _asI l Vlc ,.c _asI l . .
I.o I.o : :
Ahmed Ahmed broke the window. broke the window. Who Who broke the window? broke the window?
The book The book describes accidents. describes accidents. What What describes accidents? describes accidents?
who
what
Vlon.a
Vlon.a
How
How

How How
much much
_c .II _c .II
.oI .oI
You paid You paid five pounds five pounds for this coat. for this coat.
How much How much did you pay for this coat? did you pay for this coat?
How How
old old
_c .II _c .II
,oaI ,oaI
! am ! am twenty years old. twenty years old.
How old How old are you? are you?
How How
many many
_c .II _c .II
iaI iaI
Thirty boys Thirty boys are in this class. are in this class.
How many boys How many boys are in this class? are in this class?
How How
_c .II _c .II
Il>I Il>I
.s.I .s.I
He was He was very pleased very pleased to meet his friend. to meet his friend.
How How was he to meet his friend? was he to meet his friend?
Vlon.a
Vlon.a
How
How

How How
tall tall
_c .II _c .II
L L
l>.V l>.V
Sami is Sami is meter and a half tall. meter and a half tall.
How tall How tall is Sami? is Sami?
How How
high high
_c .II _c .II
lcls.V lcls.V
This fence is This fence is four meters high. four meters high.
How high How high is this fence? is this fence?
How How
long long
_c .II _c .II
LV LV
This rope is This rope is two meters long. two meters long.
How long How long is this rope? is this rope?
How How
far far
_c .II _c .II
ll.oI ll.oI
!t is !t is +50 KN +50 KN from Dammam to Riyadh. from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh? is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
some]
some]
_n:
_n:
any]
any]
.s.oI ...I .,.>I _o>I . l.> i>... .s.oI ...I .,.>I _o>I . l.> i>... .I .I . .
.s.I .I o l.> i>... .s.I .I o l.> i>... . .
: : .I o .I o
: : .s.I o .s.I o
some
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
1) Do you have any books? 2) !s anybody at home?
3) !s he anywhere?
1) We do not have any books. 2) ! did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.
Making Negative
Making Negative
La. _:uS:
La. _:uS:
_asI ia. oI . .s. _I .,.>I Io>I _.>.I _asI ia. oI . .s. _I .,.>I Io>I _.>.I
icl.oI icl.oI : :

. icl.oI laV . icl.oI laV : : Helping verbs Helping verbs
am am is is are are was was were were have have has has had had will will
would would shall shall should should can can could could may may
might might must must ought to ought to
I.o I.o : :
They They are are happy. happy. They They are not are not happy? happy?
He He can can help us? help us? He He can not can not help us? help us?
not
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
They They re not re not They are not They are not
We We re not re not We are not We are not
You You re not re not You are not You are not
!t !t s not s not !t is not !t is not
She She s not s not She is not She is not
He He s not s not He is not He is not
! ! m not m not ! am not ! am not
Short Forms Short Forms Long Forms Long Forms
They They re re They are They are
We We re re We are We are
You You re re You are You are
!t !t s s !t is !t is
She She s s She is She is
He He s s He is He is
! ! m m ! am ! am
Short Forms Short Forms Long Forms Long Forms
(Affirmative) (Affirmative) . . l..V l..V (Negative) (Negative) .s.I . .s.I .
Making Negative
Making Negative
La. _:uS:
La. _:uS:
Making Negative
Making Negative
_:uS:
_:uS:
La.
La.
l.i.c _o icl.o _as. ..l. icl.o _a Io>I . _. I l.i.c _o icl.o _as. ..l. icl.o _a Io>I . _. I . .
. icl.oI laV ei . icl.oI laV ei : : . . . .
V ..,.I I _I _asI lc L>Vo o eia. V ..,.I I _I _asI lc L>Vo o eia. . .

L>Vo L>Vo : : oII .s.. Io>I .s.. Io>I . ..V loII i> ..l oII .s.. Io>I .s.. Io>I . ..V loII i> ..l .Il.I i>I . lo .Il.I i>I . lo : :
(do, does, did) (not)
no, not every no, not every every every _ _
not all not all all all _ _
not so not so ..as ..as as as as as I.o I.o ....... ....... _.o _.o
never never sometimes sometimes l.l.> l.l.>
neither neither .nor .nor either either ..or ..or lo lo ..... . ..... .
neither neither .nor .nor both both and and _o _ _o _ .... ....
no, any no, any some some a. a.
Negative Negative .s. .s. Affirmative Affirmative l.. l..
ls>I isI i.Ils.I laI _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... ls>I isI i.Ils.I laI _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... _. _. . .
,>oI _asI _asII V ..,.I _o _o,I i .. ,>oI _asI _asII V ..,.I _o _o,I i .. . .
_.o loI o lc _o,I i ..l. _.o loI o lc _o,I i ..l. : :
from time to time from time to time
,>V _.> _o ,>V _.> _o
never never i. i. rarely rarely l. l.
sometimes sometimes l.l.> l.l.> often often l.Ilc l.Ilc generally generally l ooc l ooc
usually usually lc lc always always lo. lo. every every _ _
1. Present Simple Tense b.a. lo

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

I.o
I.o
1. 1. ! ! go go to school to school everyday everyday. .
2. 2. They They usually usually sleep sleep at 11.00 p.m. at 11.00 p.m.
3. 3. We We often often drink drink coffee in the morning. coffee in the morning.
+. +. She She is is never late to school. never late to school.
L>Vo L>Vo : : _asII l. ... ..lc ,so _clsI l _asII l. ... ..lc ,so _clsI l . .
1. 1. Ali Ali drinks drinks milk milk every morning every morning. .
2. 2. A cow A cow gives gives us milk. us milk.

s

.loI . i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... .loI . i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... . .
o l _asII ..l.I ..,.I _o _o,I i .. o l _asII ..l.I ..,.I _o _o,I i ..
l.I laV L>Vo l.I laV L>Vo . .
in 1988 AD, in 1+15 AH in 1988 AD, in 1+15 AH: : _.o .loI . r.l. _.o .loI . r.l.
ago ago _o _o last last .loI .loI yesterday yesterday o o
2. Past Simple Tense b.a. Llo

ed
Past Simple Tense b.a. Llo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

!, He, She, it !, He, She, it was was
They, We, You They, We, You were were
I.o
I.o

1. 1. ! ! watched watched television television last last night. night.
2. 2. They They visited visited their uncle their uncle yesterday yesterday. .
3. 3. We We went went to Nakkah two months to Nakkah two months often often. .
2. Past Simple Tense b.a. Llo

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

_.s..oI . .i> .o i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... _.s..oI . .i> .o i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... . .
_asII V ..,.I . _o _o,I i .. _asII V ..,.I . _o _o,I i .. . .
.l. o ..l. lo I.oI ,.o o ..l. .l. o ..l. lo I.oI ,.o o ..l. ,.loI ,.loI . .
oI .I> i ..i>I .,.I>.V . loi>.. i. _I oI .I> i ..i>I .,.I>.V . loi>.. i. _I o lIi. o lIi.
,.loI .o> ,.loI .o> . .
in 2010 AD, in 1+25 AH in 2010 AD, in 1+25 AH: : _.o _.s..oI . r.l. _.o _.s..oI . r.l.
in the future in the future _.s..oI . _.s..oI . next next lsI lsI tomorrow tomorrow ic ic
3. Future Simple Tense _.a.ao
b.a.
shall will
shall we ! will
shall will
3. Future Simple Tense b.a. _.a.ao

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. ! ! will will go go to school tomorrow to school tomorrow. .
2. 2. They They will play will play foot ball next Friday. foot ball next Friday.
3. 3. He He will join will join the army the army in the future in the future. .
i>..l. L...I _.s..oII ,> _.. l. i>..l. L...I _.s..oII ,> _.. l. : :
am , is , are going to am , is , are going to
3. Future Simple Tense b.a. _.a.ao

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

Ls V s. i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... Ls V s. i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
! am + verb + ing ! am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ing He, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ing They, we, you are + verb + ing
listen listen o.. o.. at the present time at the present time ,l>I .I . ,l>I .I .

look look ,L. ,L. at the moment at the moment L>II ei . L>II ei . now now V V
+. Present Continuous Tense
,o.ao lo
am / is / are _a + + ing
4. Present Continuous Tense ,o.ao lo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. ! ! am reading am reading a story a story at the moment at the moment. .
2. 2. They They are watching are watching television television now now. .
3. 3. Look! Look! the bus the bus is coming. is coming.
understand understand s. s. trust trust _.. _.. believe believe i. i.
fit fit ..l.. ..l.. consider consider ,..a. ,..a. fear fear _.>. _.>. appear appear ,L. ,L.
seem seem i.. i.. think think is.a. is.a. hear hear o.. o.. hope hope _ol. _ol.
feel feel ,a.. ,a.. dislike dislike e,. e,. hate hate e,. e,. wish wish _.o.. _.o..
prefer prefer _s. _s. want want i.,. i.,. love love .>. .>. like like .>. .>.
,o..oI loI . ,o..V . s. _o. V laV a. .loI
V ei _o l.>V V a.I _c ,.a. laV ei ,o..oI la :
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV

TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
> _a l.. .loI . _a _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... > _a l.. .loI . _a _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... , , . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
L>Io L>Io : :
.loI _I>. iI L...I .loI _o ao ..l. lo lc _o,I i .loI _I>. iI L...I .loI _o ao ..l. lo lc _o,I i
.i> l.. iI ,o..oI .i> l.. iI ,o..oI . .
as as ..> ..>

because because V V

while while lo... lo...

when when loi.c loi.c
,o.ao lo
was / were _a + + ing
. Past Continuous Tense ,o.ao Llo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
While While ! ! was sleeping was sleeping , , a thief a thief entered entered my room. my room.
) ) ..,c I _> lo.l. .. lo... ..,c I _> lo.l. .. lo... ( ( _..i> _Ic .>. Io>I ei _..i> _Ic .>. Io>I ei
iI ,aI II > ,>V .I ,o..o .lo loi> iI ,aI II > ,>V .I ,o..o .lo loi>
.I l.. _> .I l.. _> . .
When When we we were eating were eating , my father , my father came came . .

) ) iI l> _l. l. lo... iI l> _l. l. lo... ( ( loi> _..i> _Ic .>. Io>I ei loi> _..i> _Ic .>. Io>I ei
_V l.. _> iI iI .>o ,>V _V ,o..o .lo _V l.. _> iI iI .>o ,>V _V ,o..o .lo
. .
,o..o .lo
L... .lo
,o..o .lo L... .lo
5. Past Continuous Tense ,o.ao Llo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
L>Vo L>Vo : : r.. _.aoI ,.a.. Io>I L. L.,I _o. r.. _.aoI ,.a.. Io>I L. L.,I _o.
.I. lo s.l.I l.Io>I .I. lo s.l.I l.Io>I : :
A thief A thief entered entered my room my room while while ! ! was sleeping was sleeping . .
lo.l. .. lo... ..,c I _> lo.l. .. lo... ..,c I _>
Ny father Ny father came came when when we we were eating were eating . .
_l. l. lo... iI l> _l. l. lo... iI l>
,o..o .lo L... .lo
L... .lo
,o..o .lo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
L>Vo L>Vo : :
i>. oI. Io>I i. IlsI ... i>. oI. Io>I i. IlsI ...
_IV Io>I ...o . .a _IV Io>I ...o . .a . .
_.L V Va l. icl lo. ,i. _.L V Va l. icl lo. ,i.
L... .lo _>lso ,>V ,o..o L... .lo _>lso ,>V ,o..o . .
while
while
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I ,o... _.s..oI . .i> .o .. _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... I ,o... _.s..oI . .i> .o .. _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... ,.s ,.s . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
,o.ao lo
( will + be _a + + ing )
after after ia. ia. all all .o> _ .o> _

from from to to _o _o .. .. _I _I
in in c . c .

by by I>. I>. at at _o,II i.c _o,II i.c
6. Future Continuous Tense ,o.ao _.a.ao
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. By By /.30 tomorrow, /.30 tomorrow, ! ! will be flying will be flying to Cairo to Cairo. .
2. 2. They They will be waiting will be waiting for you for you at at 5 o'clock 5 o'clock . .
6. Future Continuous Tense ,o.ao _.a.ao
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
lL>I _. _.. .loI . _> i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... lL>I _. _.. .loI . _> i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>...
V _.> >o el.l .IV .loI . _.. V _.> >o el.l .IV .loI . _.. . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
,o.ao lo
has / have _asII .Il.I ..,.I +
! !
never never i. i. ever ever i.V . i.V . yet yet V _.> V _.>
already already lolo. lolo. recently recently l..i> l..i>
just just .I . .I . for for ioI ioI since since i.o i.o
7. Present Perfect Tense l. lo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. ! ! have lived have lived in Riyadh in Riyadh for for six years. six years.
2. 2. ! ! have have not not visited visited him him since since 1995. 1995.
3. 3. Ahmed Ahmed has has already already finished finished his homework his homework. .
+. +. She She has written has written three letters three letters just just now. now.
7. Present Perfect Tense l. lo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
Since Since means means from some definite point or period n the past up to now from some definite point or period n the past up to now
oI ..a. oI ..a. .o .o V _.> .loI . i>o ,. Ls. _o l..c V _.> .loI . i>o ,. Ls. _o l..c . .
For For means means a definite period of time a definite period of time
oI ..a. oI ..a. o o ..o ,. _Ic ..o ,. _Ic . .
a century a century he came he came
3 minutes 3 minutes Nonday Nonday
an hour an hour yesterday yesterday
many hours many hours last night last night
3 days/ 5 weeks / + months 3 days/ 5 weeks / + months last week/ last month/ last year last week/ last month/ last year
a year a year 1996 1996
a moment a moment 2 o 2 o clock clock
10 years 10 years last century last century
For For ioI ioI since since i.o i.o
Since & For
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
_o . lo L>I . _.. _> i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... _o . lo L>I . _.. _> i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>...
.loI .loI . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
,o.ao lo
had _asII .Il.I ..,.I +
! !
as soon as as soon as i.V . i.V .

which which V _.> V _.>

before before ioI ioI

after after i.o i.o
S. Past Perfect Tense l. Llo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. ! ! had washed had washed before before ! ! prayed prayed. .
2. 2. They They went went home home after after they they had finished had finished their work their work. .
3. 3. Ahmed Ahmed had eaten had eaten the cake the cake which which he he bought bought. .
+. +. As soon as As soon as they they had bought had bought a car, they a car, they drove drove to Nakkah. to Nakkah.
i> iI L...I .loI _o ao ..l. lo l.Ilc _o,I i L>V i> iI L...I .loI _o ao ..l. lo l.Ilc _o,I i L>V
ia. ia. l.I .loI l.. l.I .loI l.. . .
S. Past Perfect Tense l. Llo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
lo _o . el.. .i> .o i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... lo _o . el.. .i> .o i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... . .
_.s..oI _.s..oI . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
,o.ao lo
will + have _asII .Il.I ..,.I +
! !
at at i.c i.c by by I>. I>.
9. Future Perfect Tense l. _.a.ao
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. By By 2.00 this afternoon, ! 2.00 this afternoon, ! will have finished will have finished my my
work. work.
2. 2. At At 10.00 tonight, she 10.00 tonight, she will have written will have written five letters. five letters.
9. Future Perfect Tense l. _.a.ao
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
.I .loI . . .o ,> i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>... .I .loI . . .o ,> i> _c ,..a.II _o,I i i>...
V _.> ,o..o V _.> ,o..o . .
_o _o,I i .. _o _o,I i .. : :
,o.ao lo
has / have + been _a + + ing
! !
since since i.o i.o for for ioI ioI
. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ,o.ao l. lo
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
I.o
I.o
1. 1. ! ! have been studying have been studying English English for for six years. six years.
2. 2. She She has been sleeping has been sleeping since since 2 o 2 o clock. clock.
TENSES
TENSES
.oV
.oV
l.I loI ,o..oI l.I loI _.. ,s. .I l.I loI ,o..oI l.I loI _.. ,s. .I : :
.Il.I I.oV L>V .Il.I I.oV L>V : :
Naha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now Naha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table. one hundred cakes on the table.
. _..Io>I ei _o . _..Io>I ei _o : :
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ,o.ao lo l.
She She has been making has been making cakes cakes for for three hours. three hours.
Present Perfect Tense lo l.
She She has made has made 100 100 cakes cakes. .
Present Perfect
Imperatives
Imperatives
,oV n.
,oV n.

!mperatives !mperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences are verbs used at the beginning of sentences
either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do. invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
l..V . . lo _o>I .i. . i>... la . ,oV a. l..V . . lo _o>I .i. . i>... la . ,oV a.
>. l.> lL>VoI l.V ciI lo.Ia.I _c ,.a.I >. l.> lL>VoI l.V ciI lo.Ia.I _c ,.a.I
_as. lo _as. lo . .
The !mperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: The !mperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open, walk, read, open, .etc. .etc.
V ..,.I _asII L...I a.I ,oV a. i>... V ..,.I _asII L...I a.I ,oV a. i>... . .
Imperatives
Imperatives
,oV n.
,oV n.

I.o I.o
Give !nstructions Give !nstructions lo.Ia. lLc lo.Ia. lLc
Nix Nix the flour and the sugar. the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Take Take two tablets every four hours. two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Nake !nvitations Nake !nvitations ciI a. ciI a.
Come in; make Come in; make yourselves at home. yourselves at home. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Please Please start; do not wait start; do not wait for me. for me. (Negative (Negative .s. .s.) )
Tell someone what to do Tell someone what to do Ias.. lo >. l.> Ias.. lo >. l.>
Open Open your book. your book. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Do not forget Do not forget to post the letter. to post the letter. (Negative (Negative .s. .s.) )
Imperatives
Imperatives
,oV n.
,oV n.

I.o I.o
Give Warnings Give Warnings ,.i>. lLc ,.i>. lLc
Keep out. Keep out. Danger. Danger. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Nake Signs 8 Notices Nake Signs 8 Notices lL>Vo l. _.. lL>Vo l. _..
Push. Push. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
!nsert !nsert 2 X 50 SR. 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Keep off Keep off the grass. the grass. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Nake Requests Nake Requests .ILI _.. .ILI _..
Please Please open open the door. the door. (Affirmative (Affirmative l.. l..) )
Modals
Modals
8l. ln8V
8l. ln8V

A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it ca A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can n
have several meanings and time frames, depending on the have several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used. context in which it is used.
..lao ic I _I l>.V .o> o i> a. I l.I _asI ..lao ic I _I l>.V .o> o i> a. I l.I _asI
. i>... iI .>oI ..> ..o l. . i>... iI .>oI ..> ..o l. . .
Form Form a.I a.I
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought t shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + o +
) ) _asII V ..,.I _asII V ..,.I ( (
Nodals have no infinitives or past participles. Nodals have no infinitives or past participles.
.Il. ..,. io l.I _asII .I .Il. ..,. io l.I _asII .I . .
Modals
Modals
8l. ln8V
8l. ln8V

You You should should stop smoking. stop smoking. Advice or opinion Advice or opinion
,I >..I ,I >..I
He He will will visit us tomorrow. visit us tomorrow. The simple future tense. The simple future tense.
L...I _.s..oI a. L...I _.s..oI a. will will
! ! will will travel when ! like. travel when ! like.
We We will will do as you wish. do as you wish.
Determination or promise Determination or promise
icI .o.I icI .o.I
You You should should obey your teachers. obey your teachers. Duty Duty
.>I .>I should should
You You shall shall be punished if you come late. be punished if you come late. Threat Threat
i.i. i.i.
He does not want to obey me: but he He does not want to obey me: but he
shall shall. .
Determination Determination
.o. .o.
You You shall shall take a reward. take a reward. Promise Promise
ic ic shall shall
Example Example
l.o l.o
Expresses: Expresses:
_c ,.n: _c ,.n: : :
Modals Modals
8l. ln8V 8l. ln8V
Modals
Modals
8l. ln8V
8l. ln8V

You You must must listen to your teachers. listen to your teachers. Necessity Necessity
,I ,I
must must
Faisal could not come to our dinner party. Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
He had He had to stay home to study. to stay home to study.
The past form of must :past necessity The past form of must :past necessity
.loI . ,I .loI . ,I
had to had to
Fahad Fahad could could drive his car a year ago. drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. He Ali is not in class today. He could could be sick. be sick.
Do not leave now. !t Do not leave now. !t could could rain now. rain now.
Past, present or future possibility Past, present or future possibility
.loI . ..loV .loI . ..loV / / loI loI / / _.s..oI _.s..oI
could could
! ! shall be able shall be able to help you. to help you. Ability in the future Ability in the future
_.s..oI _Ic isoI _.s..oI _Ic isoI
shall be able, shall be able,
will be able will be able
He He can can do it carefully. do it carefully.
He He is able to is able to solve the problem. solve the problem.
Ability Ability
isoI isoI
can, am/is/are can, am/is/are
able to able to
! hoped that ! ! hoped that ! might might succeed. succeed.
! thought that the weather ! thought that the weather migh might change t change
Possibility Possibility
..loV ..loV
might might
Example Example
l.o l.o
_c ,.n: _c ,.n: : :
Modals Modals
8l. ln8V 8l. ln8V
Modals
Modals
8l. ln8V
8l. ln8V

You You ought to have ought to have studied. studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake) (You did not. That was a mistake)
Actions that were advisable in the past Actions that were advisable in the past
. lIoc _.>..oI _o l i> . lIoc _.>..oI _o l i>
.loI .loI
ought to ought to
have have
You You ought to ought to help the poor. help the poor. Advice Advice
>..I >..I
ought to ought to
Example Example
l.o l.o
_c ,.n: _c ,.n: : :
Modals Modals
8l. ln8V 8l. ln8V
Modals
Modals
8l. ln8V
8l. ln8V

Night Night ! succeed? ! succeed? ! ! might not might not
succeed. succeed.
! ! might might succeed. succeed.
Nay Nay ! sleep? ! sleep? ! ! may not may not sleep. sleep. ! ! may may sleep. sleep.
No, he No, he will not will not. . Yes, he Yes, he will will. . Will Will he leave? he leave? He He will not will not leave. leave. He He will will leave. leave.
No, they No, they should not should not. . Yes, they Yes, they should should. . Should Should they eat they eat
now? now?
They They should not should not
eat now. eat now.
They They should should eat eat
now. now.
No, he No, he would not would not. . Yes, he Yes, he would would. . Would Would he leave? he leave? He He would not would not
succeed. succeed.
He He would would
succeed. succeed.
Ouestion Ouestion
l.: l.:
,.>o l:l> ,.>o l:l>
Negative Negative
La: La:
Negative Negative
l.: l.:
Modals
Modals
8l. ln8V
8l. ln8V

No, ! No, ! must not must not. . Yes, ! Yes, ! must must. . Nust Nust you go now? you go now? You You must not must not go go
now. now.
You You must must go now. go now.
No, ! No, ! ought not ought not. . Yes, ! Yes, ! ought ought to to. . Ought Ought you you to to help help
them? them?
You You ought not to ought not to
help them. help them.
You You ought to ought to help help
them. them.
No, he No, he could could not not. . Yes, he Yes, he could could. . Could Could he talk? he talk? He He could could not not
talk. talk.
He He could could talk. talk.
No, you No, you can can not not. . Yes, you Yes, you can can. . Can Can ! do it? ! do it? ! ! can not can not do it. do it. ! ! can can do it. do it.
No, he No, he could not could not. . Yes, you Yes, you could could. . Could Could we have a we have a
test tomorrow? test tomorrow?
We We could not could not
have a test have a test
tomorrow. tomorrow.
We We could could have a have a
test tomorrow. test tomorrow.
Ouestion Ouestion
l.: l.:
,.>o l:l> ,.>o l:l>
Negative Negative
La: La:
Negative Negative
l.: l.:
Comparing Adjectives
la :lao
la :lao
. . _.>a _...a _.: :lao _.>a _...a _.: :lao : :
lsI .IcV s>VI l L>V. .lsoI _o .I i . lsI .IcV s>VI l L>V. .lsoI _o .I i . oI . ,.sI oI . ,.sI
Ali is old Ali is older er than than Ahmed. Ahmed.
Ny Car is fast Ny Car is faster er than than yours. yours.
Ls ... l..l ,>. sI ... Ls ... l..l ,>. sI ... . .
saf safe e saf safer er than than
simpl simple e simpl simpler er than than
. . _I .Is. l..l ,>. sI ... . . _I .Is. l..l ,>. sI ... laIl .. laIl .. . .
eas easy y eas easier ier than than
heav heavy y heav heavier ier than than

,o.ao lo
er
1. Comparing Short Adjectives ,.a la :lao
than
e r
er y y i
. . _.>a _...a _o ,. _.: :lao _.>a _...a _o ,. _.: :lao : :
L>V. .lsoI sI _... ..I oI .o l. L>V. L>V. .lsoI sI _... ..I oI .o l. L>V. ,oI ei l ,oI ei l . .

Everest is Everest is the the high highest est mountain. mountain.
This is This is the the big biggest gest building in Riyadh. building in Riyadh.
i.i> ... V l..l ,>. sI ... i.i> ... V l..l ,>. sI ... . .
saf safe e the the saf safest est
. . _I .Is. l..l ,>. sI ... . . _I .Is. l..l ,>. sI ... laIl .. laIl .. . .
eas easy y the the eas easiest iest

,o.ao lo
the est
1. Comparing Short Adjectives ,.a la :lao
e e
est y y i
la :lao
la :lao
. . _.>a _...a _.: :lao _.>a _...a _.: :lao : :
_.,> _o ,. _Ic .>. Lso _ Lso _o ,. _o sI .. l. _.,> _o ,. _Ic .>. Lso _ Lso _o ,. _o sI .. l. _.,>.o _.,>.o
_.icl..o _.icl..o . .
V _.s. V lsI _o .I i V _.s. V lsI _o .I i . .
. oI lsI ei _... _.... _.. .lsoI Il> .s . oI lsI ei _... _.... _.. .lsoI Il> .s oI oI
Jeddah is Jeddah is more beautiful more beautiful than than Riyadh. Riyadh.
French is French is more difficult more difficult than than English. English.

er est
correct correct r.> r.> dangerous dangerous ,L> ,L>
Fluent Fluent r. r. !mportant !mportant o o
difficult difficult .a .a beautiful beautiful _.o> _.o>
2. Comparing Long Adjectives l:ub la :lao
than more
la :lao
la :lao
. . _.>a _...a _o ,. _.: :lao _.>a _...a _o ,. _.: :lao : :
oI lsI ei _... _.... _o ,. _.. .lsoI Il> . oI lsI ei _... _.... _o ,. _.. .lsoI Il> .
Amal is Amal is the the most beautiful most beautiful girl in her class. girl in her class.
This is This is the the most important most important subject in this book. subject in this book.

the most
la :lao
la :lao
b>Vo b>Vo : :
Adel is Adel is better better than than his brother at school. his brother at school.
This girl is This girl is the the worst worst one in her class. one in her class.

farther farther than than
less less than than
more more than than
worse worse than than
better better than than
_... _.. .lso _... _.. .lso
the the best best good good
i.> i.>
the the most most many many
much much
,.. ,.. ) ) iaoII iaoII ( (
,.. ,.. ) ) iaoI ,.aI iaoI ,.aI ( (
the the least least little little
_.I _.I ) ) iaoI ,.aI iaoI ,.aI ( (
the the worst worst bad bad
_.. _..
the the farthest farthest far far
i.a. i.a.
_... _o ,. _.. .lso _... _o ,. _.. .lso sI sI _.aoI _.aoI
la :lao
la :lao
as as ..as ..as _.o l.o _.o l.o } } b.l: b.l: ( (
not as not as .as .as _.o l.o _. _.o l.o _.
_..s _.. l.o > _.> VLV i i>... _..s _.. l.o > _.> VLV i i>... . .
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.
. . _..s _.. l.o > _..s _.. l.o > ic ic Il> . VLV i i>... Il> . VLV i i>...
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.

as..as _.o l.o } b.l: (
not as..as _.o l.o _.
Adverbs
Adverbs
,b
,b
]
]
u>V
u>V
[
[

An An Adverb Adverb always modifies a verb. always modifies a verb.
lo. _asI .. ,LI lo. _asI .. ,LI
Nost adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives. Nost adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.
sII l|. . ,LI Lao sII l|. . ,LI Lao . .
slow slow slowly slowly nice nice nicely nicely
happy happy happily happily careful careful carefully carefully

ly
ly
Adverbs
Adverbs
,b
,b
]
]
u>V
u>V
[
[

There are many kinds of adverbs:
,b _o u: c l. :
. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
ula _lc ,b : i>I .s. _c ,.a. ..I ,LI .
! closed the window carefully.
The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.
lo, ,b : _asI i> _o .s. _c ,.a. ..I ,LI .

!m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
Whats going to happen next?
Adverbs
Adverbs
,b
,b
]
]
u>V
u>V
[
[

3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
lSo ,b : i>I lo _c ,.a. ..I ,LI .
! shall stand here.
!ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Nost of them refer to time.
ls ,L . _ooI _o . .... ..I loII a. . _Ic i. loII ei Lao
.I . _.o :
A daily newspaper is published daily.
We get up early to catch an early train.
ly
ly
yearly yearly l... l...

monthly monthly l.,. l.,.

weekly weekly l.c.. l.c..

daily daily l.o. l.o.

Adverbs
Adverbs
,b
,b
]
]
u>V
u>V
[
[

+. Adverbs of frequency : tell how often we do something.
,S. _lc ,b : ..I i> ,o ic _c l.,.>. ..I . ei _o
,LI :

verb to BE: . _a : icl.oI _asI ia. ,.I ,L ..l.
Ali is always on time.
Other verbs: ,>V laV : laI _asI _. ,.I ,L ..l.
Ali sometimes reads a book.
Rarely Rarely i> l. i> l. seldom seldom l. l.
sometimes sometimes l.l.> l.l.> usually usually lc lc
Occasionally Occasionally ,>V .> _o ,>V .> _o Never Never i. i.
often often l.Ilc l.Ilc always always lo. lo.
Adverbial Clause of Time
Adverbial Clause of Time
u8u _lc .8,b _o>
u8u _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of time with
the main sentence.
I Io>I o .I _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ...., .
: l.o
! found a watch. ! was walking in the street.
! found a watch while ! was walking in the street.
Adverbial Clause of Place
Adverbial Clause of Place
lSo _lc .8,b _o>
lSo _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
where, wherever
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of place with
the main sentence.
Io>I o loI _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ....,I .

: l.o
Wherever he goes his brother follows him.
Adverbial Clause of Cause
Adverbial Clause of Cause
u.a _lc .8,b _o>
u.a _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
because, since, as
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of cause with
the main sentence.
I Io>I o ...I _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ...., .

: l.o
! stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.
Adverbial Clause of Manner
Adverbial Clause of Manner
ula _lc .8,b _o>
ula _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
As, as if, as through
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
Io>I o I.I _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ....,I .
.s.s> ,.c .lo ia. ..l. lo. .
:l.o
He speaks as if he were a king.
.s.s> ,.c l.V _o Vi. i>.. L>V l.> ,>o .
!t looks as if it would rain.
s> ,.c .lo _o Vi. i>.. L>V . ,>o l. .s. .
as if
will
would
was were
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
,n _lc .8,b _o>
,n _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
I Io>I o ,aI _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ...., .
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
i>... ) lo: + o ( _.s..oI loI . ....,I _asI . loi.c .
:l.o
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
i>... ) lo: + o ( L...I .loI . ....,I _asI . loi.c .
:l.o
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.
Adverbial Clause of Result
Adverbial Clause of Result
>... _lc .8,b _o>
>... _lc .8,b _o>
We use:
to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.
o>I o >...I _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,I la.I ei i>... ....,I I .

: l.o
The man is so weak that he can not walk.
He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
so + adverb + that such + noun+ that
Adverbial Clause of Contrast
_8l.. _lc .8,b _o>
_8l.. _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
though, although
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of contrast
with the main sentence.
Io>I o l..I _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ....,I .
: l.o
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.
:lao _lc .8,b _o>
:lao _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
as.as, soas
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of contrast
with the main sentence.
Io>I o .lsoI _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ....,I .
: l.o
Nabeel is as clever as his father.
Sami is not so strong as his brother.
Adverbial Clause of Condition
Adverbial Clause of Condition
l> _lc .8,b _o>
l> _lc .8,b _o>
Conjunctions: b:,
if, unless
These words (conjunctions} link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
Io>I o Il>I _Ic IiI .,LI _o>I L.,. ei L.,I ....,I .
:l.o
!f we are ill, we go to bed.
!f we work hard, we will succeed.
!f we worked hard, we would succeed.
!f he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.
as as ..as ..as _.o l.o _.o l.o ] ] b.l: b.l: [ [
not as not as .as .as _.o l.o _. _.o l.o _.
_.Il> _.. l.o > _.> VLV i i>... _.Il> _.. l.o > _.> VLV i i>... . .
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
. . _.Il> _.. l.o > _.Il> _.. l.o > ic ic Il> . VLV i i>... Il> . VLV i i>...
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

as..as _.o l.o ] b.l: [
not as..as _.o l.o _.
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
uq>ol L..o ulnol L..o
loulno lqlcl8 uS: L. lo> u ulnol L..ol: a: loulno lqlcl8 uS: L. lo> u ulnol L..ol: a: . .
ulno ,.c lqlcl8 uS: L. lo> u uq>ol L..ol: a: ulno ,.c lqlcl8 uS: L. lo> u uq>ol L..ol: a:
.oV _.l8 .oV _.l8 . .
uq>ol L..o ulnol L..o _o u: c l. uq>ol L..o ulnol L..o _o u: c l. : :
Statements Statements :,.> _o> :,.> _o>
Ouestions Ouestions l.aV l.aV
Command Command ,oV ,oV

Active & Passive
Active & Passive
Ahmed broke the window yesterday. Ahmed broke the window yesterday.
Iao l. _clsI V :I IaoII ...o Io>I ei Iao l. _clsI V :I IaoII ...o Io>I ei
. .
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
The window was broken yesterday. The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday. The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
ao ,.c l. _clsI V :I >oII ...o Io>I ei ao ,.c l. _clsI V :I >oII ...o Io>I ei I I
. asoI lo _IV Io>I . lo . asoI lo _IV Io>I . lo
..l.I Io>I . lo . l..o ..l.I Io>I . lo . l..o . .
by
Active
Ahmed
Passive
Ahmed
A. Statements :,.> _o>
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
>oII ...oI _I IaoII ...oI _o _.>.II
.Il.I L>I ... .,.>I _o>I Il> . :
. Vcl r.. . asoI ) . ,.l.o _asI ia. e>. . asoI ,a. (
. . asoII l..l.o Io>I _o s. . _a . .
. .Il.I ..,.I . .IV _asI .
. ,.o l .L.. i . l..o _clsI . .
. ,..a. Io>I .l. . lo . Io>I . l. .
by
Active
to be
Passive
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
:I.o
The lesson was written (by Huda). The lesson was written (by Huda). Huda wrote the lesson. Huda wrote the lesson.
A car A car will be will be bought (by Saleh). bought (by Saleh). Saleh will buy a car. Saleh will buy a car.
Ahmed is being helped (by Ali). Ahmed is being helped (by Ali). Khaled is helping Ahmed. Khaled is helping Ahmed.
The apple has been eaten (by her). The apple has been eaten (by her). She has eaten the apple. She has eaten the apple.
Letters are written (by Ali). Letters are written (by Ali). Ali writes letters. Ali writes letters.
Passive Passive uq>ol L..o uq>ol L..o Active Active ulnol L..o ulnol L..o
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
.I. lo sI.>oI .oV o _a ,. :
,o.ao Llo
was being, were being
,o.ao lo
am being, is being, are being
b.a. _.a.ao
shall be, will be
l. lo
has been, have been
l. Llo
had been
clao _n8 _
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought
to be
b.a. Llo
was, were
b.a. lo
am, is, are
to be
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
.Il.I L>I ... I..V Il> . :
. .I _o s. . _a . .
. .Il.I ..,.I . .IV _asI .
. ,.o l .L.. i . l..o _clsI . .
. ,..a. Io>I .l. . lo . Io>I . l. .
by
Active
to be
Passive
B. Ouestions l.aV
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
:I.o
Was the cake eaten (by him)? Was the cake eaten (by him)? Did he eat the cake?. Did he eat the cake?.
Will a new car be bought (by Ali)? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)? Will Ali buy a new car? Will Ali buy a new car?
Ahmed is being helped (by Ali). Ahmed is being helped (by Ali). Why is he using a pen? Why is he using a pen?
By whom the window was broken? By whom the window was broken? Who broke the window? Who broke the window?
Are Letters written (by Ali)? Are Letters written (by Ali)? Does Ahmed write letters? Does Ahmed write letters?
B. Ouestions l.aV
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
.Il.I L>I ... ,oV Il> . :
. Io>I . oI .
. . ,oV _o,I s. . _a .
. .Il.I ..,.I . .IV _asI .
be
Active
to be
Passive
C. Command ,oV
let
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
:I.o
Let the door be opened. Let the door be opened. Open the door. Open the door.
Let this letter be sent to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend. Send this letter to your friend. Send this letter to your friend.
Let the lesson be written. Let the lesson be written. Write the lesson. Write the lesson.
C. Command ,oV
Active & Passive
Active & Passive
V. .s.o >oII ...oI _I lI.>. ,oI Io>I . i .>. iI V.io
I ...oI _I _.>.I i.c _..i.I .I i a. _Ic Ll>oI >oI .
I.o
Those novels were written by Dickens, Those novels were written by Dickens,
weren weren t they? t they?
Dickens wrote those novels, didn Dickens wrote those novels, didn t he? t he?
That play wasn That play wasn t written by Dickens, was it? t written by Dickens, was it? Dickens didn Dickens didn t write that play, did he? t write that play, did he?
Letters are not written (by Ali). Letters are not written (by Ali). Ali Ali does not does not write letters write letters
b>Vo
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
:n.o ln8V oV ln8V
:n.o ln8V oV ln8V
:Intransitive Verbs } oV ln8V (
. Vaso i>l. V ..I . . _.o :
The sun rises.
:Intransitive Verbs } oV ln8V (
,. i> . Vaso i>l. ..I . .
Ali raised his hand.
* aso > iaI >oII ...o _I lI.>. _o. V oVI laV _o>I lo l. .
>oII ...o _I lI.>. _o. .ia.o la >. ..I .
* oII ...o _I lI.>. _o. iI _.IasoI .ia.oI laV a. l. > . l.o :
Ahmed gave Huda a flower . _..s.,L. _... :
a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).
b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) e,.>l. _.> _laI . asoII L>V
.
_clsI asoI . _asI
_clsI aso . _asI aso .
to Huda
Prepositions
Prepositions
,> ,>
,> ,>
>u ,>l uS: a8 S:la.o ,.. ,> ,> >u ,>l uS: a8 S:la.o ,.. ,> ,>
lo> L8 n8uo ua> O _.no _o ,. lo> L8 n8uo ua> O _.no _o ,. . .
lq.lc . L ,> ,> oln. _l.o a:,b lq.lc . L ,> ,> oln. _l.o a:,b
la.o ,> ua. _o> V> _o la.o ,> ua. _o> V> _o . .
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.
There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.
> l: >u: : unao _cla _.: 8Vn _lc ,> ,> : > l: >u: : unao _cla _.: 8Vn _lc ,> ,> : ,> , ,> ,
lSo _lc ,> ,> _o, _lc lSo _lc ,> ,> _o, _lc . .

Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
The tea is The tea is on on the table. the table. To mean above To mean above _.ao. _.ao.
! will travel ! will travel on on National Day. National Day. Special days Special days l> l. l> l.
Ny birthday is Ny birthday is on on June 10. June 10. Afternoon, evening, date Afternoon, evening, date r.l.I r.l.I
On On Friday morning Friday morning Day + morning, night Day + morning, night l.V l.V + + ,.sI ,.sI
On On Nonday Nonday Day Day l.V l.V
on on
Example Example l.o l.o Use Use >.aV >.aV Prepositions Prepositions
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
! go home ! go home in in the evening the evening The evening The evening lo.I lo.I
He is He is in in the mosque. the mosque. To mean above To mean above _>iI . _>iI .
! go to work ! go to work in in the morning. the morning. The morning The morning l.I l.I
The test is The test is in in Nay. Nay. Nonth Nonth ,. ,.
! was born ! was born in in 1968. 1968. Year Year .. ..
The trees grow The trees grow in in spring. spring. Season Season _ _
in in
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
We sleep We sleep at at night. night. Night Night _.II _.II
We pray We pray at at noon everyday. noon everyday. Noon Noon ,LI ,LI
He is He is at at the grocer the grocer s. s. To mean place To mean place loII loII
We will travel We will travel at at the weekend. the weekend. The weekend The weekend ..V .l. ..V .l.
! will talk to my father ! will talk to my father at at lunch. lunch. Neal times Neal times l.>I l l.>I l
! will meat you ! will meat you at at the school festival. the school festival. Festival Festival Vls.>V l.cV Vls.>V l.cV
! will come back ! will come back at at 2 o 2 o clock. clock. Time Time .I .I
at at
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
The teacher is The teacher is in front of in front of the class. the class. lo _.ao. lo _.ao.
in front of in front of
The cat is The cat is under under the table. the table. .>. _.ao. .>. _.ao.
under under
Ahmed is Ahmed is at at work. work. at work at work _oaI . _oaI .
! go ! go to to school everyday. school everyday. direction/place direction/place lo lo / / el>. el>.
to to
They are standing They are standing at at the dinner table the dinner table at the table at the table IlLI _Ic IlLI _Ic
He lives He lives at at number 5, King Fahad Street. number 5, King Fahad Street. at an exact place at an exact place i>o lo . i>o lo .
at at
,> ,> ,> ,>
Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Place lSo _lc lSo _lc ,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
You were You were in in the club last night. the club last night. !n a building or area !n a building or area _..o . _..o .
sL.o sL.o
The baby is The baby is in in bed. bed. in bed in bed ,sI . ,sI .
! live ! live in in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia. !n a country !n a country iI. . iI. .
Ali is sitting Ali is sitting in in his chair. his chair. !n a chair !n a chair ..,I _Ic ..,I _Ic
! live ! live in in Al Al- -Nadina. Nadina. !n a town./street !n a town./street ..io . ..io . / / l. . l. .
Put this book Put this book in in the box. the box. To mean inside To mean inside _> _.ao. _> _.ao.
in in
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
Ali watches football Ali watches football on on Tv every Saturday. Tv every Saturday. Tv Tv .,sI.I .l. _Ic .,sI.I .l. _Ic
on on
Samah is sitting Samah is sitting between between Fatma and Fatma and
Salwa. Salwa.
_.. _.ao. _.. _.ao.
between between
The wall is The wall is behind behind the class. the class. .I> _.ao. .I> _.ao.
b behind ehind
! am ! am from from Riyadh. Riyadh. _o _.ao. _o _.ao.
from from
He arrives He arrives on on time. time. Time Time i>oI .I i>oI .I
! write ! write with with a pen. a pen. _.ao. _.ao. . .
with with
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
The electrician is putting his hand The electrician is putting his hand into into the Tv. the Tv.
into into . _> . _>
The bank is The bank is opposite opposite to the post office. to the post office.
opposite opposite _.lso _.lso
The house is The house is between between the school and the mosque. the school and the mosque.
between between _.. _..
Ahmed is sitting Ahmed is sitting near near the window. the window.
near near _o ,sIl. _o ,sIl.
The knife is The knife is on on the table. the table.
on on _Ic _Ic
The water is spilling The water is spilling onto onto the floor. the floor.
onto onto _Ic _Ic
Someone is Someone is at at the door. the door.
at at ,sIl. i.c ,sIl. i.c
The medicine is The medicine is in in the bottle. the bottle.
in in . .
Example Example l.o l.o Prepositions Prepositions
,> ,> ,> ,>
More Examples More Examples l.oV _o :,o l.oV _o :,o
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
The teacher is sitting The teacher is sitting among among the students. the students.
among among L. L.
The ball is going The ball is going through through the window. the window.
through through V> ,.c V> ,.c
The fire is The fire is under under ( (below below) the stairs. ) the stairs.
under/below under/below .>. .>. _s. _s.
The light is The light is over over ( (above above) the table. ) the table.
over/above over/above _Ic _Ic
The child is falling The child is falling out of out of the window. the window.
out of out of _o _o
The carpenter cut The carpenter cut across across the wood. the wood.
across across V> ,.c V> ,.c
The man is falling The man is falling off off the chair. the chair.
off off _Ic _o _Ic _o
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
The electrician is putting his hand The electrician is putting his hand into into the Tv. the Tv.
into into . _> . _>
The bank is The bank is opposite opposite to the post office. to the post office.
opposite opposite _.lso _.lso
The house is The house is between between the school and the mosque. the school and the mosque.
between between _.. _..
Ahmed is sitting Ahmed is sitting near near the window. the window.
near near _o ,sIl. _o ,sIl.
The knife is The knife is on on the table. the table.
on on _Ic _Ic
The water is spilling The water is spilling onto onto the floor. the floor.
onto onto _Ic _Ic
Someone is Someone is at at the door. the door.
at at ,sIl. i.c ,sIl. i.c
The medicine is The medicine is in in the bottle. the bottle.
in in . .
,> ,> ,> ,>
Use of Prepositions
Use of Prepositions
,> ,> >.a
,> ,> >.a
The bank is The bank is next to next to the baker the baker s. s.
next to next to >. >.
The man is walking The man is walking along along the street. the street.
along along L _Ic L _Ic
The garage is The garage is at the side of at the side of the house. the house.
at the side of at the side of ..l>. ..l>.
The sweets are The sweets are on top of on top of the table. the table.
on top of on top of _Ic _Ic
The child is sitting The child is sitting in front of in front of the Tv. the Tv.
in front of in front of lo lo
The headmaster is sitting The headmaster is sitting behind behind the pupils. the pupils.
behind behind .I> .I>
The car is going The car is going round round the tree. the tree.
round round > >
,> ,> ,> ,>
Ouestion
Ouestion
-
-
Tags
Tags
l:o l.aV
l:o l.aV
ln: L l:o l.aV lq.lc _lb: l.aV _o u. ln: L l:o l.aV lq.lc _lb: l.aV _o u.
O _. O _. .:,n nll: .:,n nll: . . g..: ,.>o ua _c l.c u g..: ,.>o ua _c l.c u
_o lo> o ml>: lo lc ua a.a: :,.> lo> _o lo> o ml>: lo lc ua a.a: :,.> lo>
La. l.:V C.> La. l.:V C.> . . ...o a.a: L. lo> u:l |8 ...o a.a: L. lo> u:l |8
ua uS: .a.o u:l La. L8 ua uS: ua uS: .a.o u:l La. L8 ua uS:
l...o l...o . .
* * La. l.:V C.> _o lo> g...8 ua u> lo La. l.:V C.> _o lo> g...8 ua u> lo
ua ml>: ua ml>: . .
* * nll: >. .c ,.. .o l.aV _o u. nll: >. .c ,.. .o l.aV _o u.
:u.So :,.l>:V L8 o>.a _a: : V :,.l>:V :u.So :,.l>:V L8 o>.a _a: : V :,.l>:V . .
.Ic .l>V .I i ,L. :
* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there?
Yes , there is.
* l.Ic .I l> iI ...o Io> .I i .ois. ..I Io>I ) _..i.I ( l.s.o . lo
l..Vl. . >I .
* . . icl.oI _asI is. .I i _o V. . .I .s.II :I eia. .
.Il.I l.oI ,L. V :
* You come from the United States, dont you?
Yes, I do.
* > iaI :I i>..l. .I _..i. . l.oI i . icl.o _a .
do
Yes
not
Ouestions that we expect the answer Yes
: lq.lc :l>V g8u.: l.a on:
Ouestion
Ouestion
-
-
Tags
Tags
l:o l.aV
l:o l.aV
1) You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you?
No, I dont.
2) It doesnt take long time be car, does it?
No, it doesnt.
* l.oi>.. iI L...I loI _o . .I l. L>V icl.o _as .
) You didnt travel last year, did you?
No, I didnt.
* l.oi>.. iI L...I .loI _o . .I l. L>V icl.o _as .
did
do/does
Ouestions that we expect the answer No
: lq.lc :l>V g8u.: l.a V
Ouestion
Ouestion
-
-
Tags
Tags
l:o l.aV
l:o l.aV
Conditional
Conditional
if
if
u
u
.b,a
.b,a
. .c _oo i>I i c _oo i>I i
!f it !f it rains rains tomorrow, ! tomorrow, ! will stay will stay at home. at home. ) ) ...I . _s.l. ic ,Lo. ...I . _s.l. ic ,Lo. ( (
!f you !f you eat eat too much, you too much, you will become will become fat. fat. l.o l.o : :
if + present lo will ..,. + )
Conditional
Conditional
if
if
u
u
.b,a
.b,a
if + past .lo would ..,. + 2)
. . c _.>..o _oo ,.c i>I i c _.>..o _oo ,.c i>I i
!f Shakespeare !f Shakespeare lived lived today, he today, he would use would use different English. different English.
.I l.> . _.>..o ,.... L>V .I l.> . _.>..o ,.... L>V . . .loI _asI l.oi>.. l.. l. L>V .loI _asI l.oi>.. l.. l. L>V
.loI _Ic i. V .I Io> o L...I .loI _Ic i. V .I Io> o L...I . .
l.oi>.. l.oi>.. ) ) ioI ioI ( + ( + iclsI . ei Io>I _o ..l.I ,>I . iclsI . ei Io>I _o ..l.I ,>I . : :
... V iclsI ei . _I >.. l. L>V ... V iclsI ei . _I >.. l. L>V I _.> i>.. .L I _.> i>.. .L
,so _clsI l ,so _clsI l . .
!f ! !f ! were were you, ! you, ! would buy would buy a new car. a new car. l.o l.o : :

if + subject + past subject+ would ..,. +
would
be were was
Conditional
Conditional
if
if
u
u
.b,a
.b,a
!f he !f he had lived had lived in Taif, he in Taif, he would have been would have been happy happy. .
!f he !f he had visited had visited Nakkah, he Nakkah, he would have seen would have seen the Ka the Ka aba. aba.
if + had + .Il. ..,. would have .Il. ..,. + 3)
Conditional
Conditional
if
if
u
u
.b,a
.b,a
s.s> _asI >... l. . ..I Il>I . ..,.I i i>... s.s> _asI >... l. . ..I Il>I . ..,.I i i>... ..l. o. ..l. o. . .
!f you !f you boil boil water, it becomes steam. water, it becomes steam. ) ) l>. r.. .l loI l..Ic l.. I l>. r.. .l loI l..Ic l.. I ( (
oI l> iI _.ao .. i.so ...I ..l. s.s> ei oI l> iI _.ao .. i.so ...I ..l. s.s> ei loI . loI .
_.s..oI . ...I _.s..oI . ...I . .
if + present lo present lo +)
if + present lo instructions lo.Ia. )
!f the radio !f the radio is is too loud, too loud, turn it off turn it off. Or . Or Turn the radio off Turn the radio off if it if it is is too loud. too loud.
!f you !f you are are under 1/, under 1/, don don t drive a car. t drive a car. Or Or Don Don t drive a car t drive a car if you if you are are under 1/. under 1/.
becomes
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
,.l.o ,.aI VI l. _o.. _o>I _o .I i ,.l.o ,.aI VI l. _o.. _o>I _o .I i . .
!ndirect Speech !ndirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and !ndirect Speech There are four kinds of direct and !ndirect Speech. .
,.l.oI ,.c ,.l.oI VI _o . a. l. ,.l.oI ,.c ,.l.oI VI _o . a. l. : :
1) Statement 1) Statement .,.>I Io>I .,.>I Io>I
2) Ouestion 2) Ouestion .I .I
3) Command 3) Command .ILI .ILI
+) Exclamation +) Exclamation .>a.I .>a.I
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
* * s.o V _I ,.l.o _o .,.> Io> _.>.I s.o V _I ,.l.o _o .,.> Io> _.>.I .Il.I L>I ... .Il.I L>I ... : :
- - sI _a . ,.oI .V . sI _a . ,.oI .V .
- - l.c l.a..V l..o. L.,I . l.c l.a..V l..o. L.,I . . .
- - ,.loI ei _.aoI ..> ,.loI >. ,.loI ei _.aoI ..> ,.loI >. : :
! ! he, she he, she we we they they
Ny Ny his, her his, her our our their their
- - .I. lo .oV >. .I. lo .oV >. : :
Present Present lo lo Past Past .lo .lo
Past Past .lo .lo Past Perfect Past Perfect l. .lo l. .lo
- - .I. lo i> loII a. >. .I. lo i> loII a. >. : :
Now Now V V then then i...> i...>
here here l. l. there there l. l.
Last night Last night l. l. the night before the night before l. l.
this this l. l. that that l. l.
yesterday yesterday l. l. the day before the day before l. l.
tomorrow tomorrow l. l. the following day the following day l. l.
Statement :,.> lo>
that
Direct Reported
said
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
Statement :,.> lo>
She says that She says that she she will cook the food tomorrow. will cook the food tomorrow. She says: She says: ! will cook the food tomorrow ! will cook the food tomorrow . .
l. l l. l (.) (.) l.c l.o Vi. . i> I.o >.I _..Io> _.. l.c l.o Vi. . i> I.o >.I _..Io> _.. : : l ..a. ..I l ..a. ..I : :
He told me He told me that he would that he would see see me the next day me the next day. . He said to me: "! shall see you tomorrow He said to me: "! shall see you tomorrow . .
o ,.a. V i...> lo sI oI ..l o ,.a. V i...> lo sI oI ..l ,.loI . Ls . ,..a.I lo. Io>I . ,.loI . Ls . ,..a.I lo. Io>I . : :
They told him They told him that they would that they would see see him the next day him the next day
and added that and added that they would they would visit Ahmed. visit Ahmed.
They said to him: They said to him: We shall see you tomorrow. We We shall see you tomorrow. We
shall visit Ahmed shall visit Ahmed . .
We say that We say that we are playing football now. we are playing football now. We say: We say: We are playing football now We are playing football now . .
She said that She said that she had she had not been to the school library not been to the school library
recently. recently.
She said: "! have not been in the school library She said: "! have not been in the school library
recently recently . .
They said that They said that they were they were happy. happy. We are happy We are happy
He said that He said that he he lived lived in Riyadh. in Riyadh. ! live in Riyadh ! live in Riyadh
!ndirect !ndirect ,.l.o ,.c ,.l.o ,.c Direct Direct ,.l.o ,.l.o
and added that
say, says
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
* * s.o V _I ,.l.o _o . _.>.I s.o V _I ,.l.o _o . _.>.I .Il.I L>I ... .Il.I L>I ... : :
- - .I. lo . .I _o i>. _asI .I. lo . .I _o i>. _asI : :
Present Present lo lo Past Past .lo .lo
Past Past .lo .lo Past Perfect Past Perfect l. .lo l. .lo
- - L. l l.s. i>... . _Ic .>. .I l L. l l.s. i>... . _Ic .>. .I l . .
- - I _asI _Ic _clsI .is.. .,.> Io> _I .I _.>. .. I _asI _Ic _clsI .is.. .,.> Io> _I .I _.>. .. icl.o icl.o . .
- - Io>I _.ao ..> ,.loI a. ,..a. L>V. Io>I _.ao ..> ,.loI a. ,..a. L>V. . .
Ouestion ua
Direct Reported
asked
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
! asked him ! asked him if if he he went went to school. to school. Does he go to school? Does he go to school? . .
He asked me He asked me where where ! lived ! lived. . Where do you live Where do you live . .
. _Ic .>. V iI .II L. l i>... . _Ic .>. V iI .II L. l i>... : :
> li> _Ic .>. i.. .I l > li> _Ic .>. i.. .I l L...I .loI _o _I _asI L...I .loI _o _I _asI . .
He asked me He asked me if if my my school school was was very large very large. . !s your school very large? !s your school very large? . .
He asked me He asked me where where my my book book was was. . Where is your book? Where is your book? . .
The teacher asked me The teacher asked me why ! was why ! was late late. . Why are you late? Why are you late?
He He asked me asked me what what my my name name was was. . What is your name? What is your name? . .
if
Ouestion ua
does do
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
Ali asked me Ali asked me if if Ahmed Ahmed had bought had bought a new car. a new car. Did Ahmed buy a new car? Did Ahmed buy a new car? . .
Sami asked me Sami asked me where where ! had gone the day before ! had gone the day before. . Where did you go yesterday? Where did you go yesterday? . .
,.a. V i...> lo .I oI ..l ,.a. V i...> lo .I oI ..l ,.loI . Ls . ,..a.I lo. Io>I .o ,.loI . Ls . ,..a.I lo. Io>I .o : :
They ask me They ask me who my who my English teacher English teacher is is. . Who is your English teacher? Who is your English teacher? . .
_asI > li> _Ic .>. i.. .I l _asI > li> _Ic .>. i.. .I l L...I .loI _o _I L...I .loI _o _I ) ) .Il. ..,. .Il. ..,. .( + .( +
He asks me He asks me what my what my marks marks are are. . What are your marks? What are your marks? . .
Ouestion ua
did had
ask, asks
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
* * s.o V _I ,.l.o _o ..IL Io> _.>.I s.o V _I ,.l.o _o ..IL Io> _.>.I L>I ... L>I ...
.Il.I .Il.I : :
- - i>... i>... ) ) ,o ,o ( ( ,oV . is. VI l ,oV . is. VI l . .
i>... i>... ) ) l> l> ( ( _..I l>,I . is. VI l _..I l>,I . is. VI l . .
i>... i>... ) ) r. r. ( ( >..I . is. VI l >..I . is. VI l . .
i>... i>... ) ) ,.> ,.> ( ( .l.. >. _I >. _o >o VI l .l.. >. _I >. _o >o VI l
..,oI . ..,oI . . .
- - _asI _. oI >.soI V i> _asI _. oI >.soI V i>
- - l.i> Io>I _o ..oI i> l.i> Io>I _o ..oI i> . .
- - _.. lo _.aoI ..> ,.loI loII a. ,.c _.. lo _.aoI ..> ,.loI loII a. ,.c . .
! !
Command ulb
Direct Reported
ordered
begged
advised
told
to
Please, do
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
He told me He told me not to go to the market that not to go to the market that
night night. .
He said to me: He said to me: Do not go to the Do not go to the
market tonight market tonight . .
The doctor The doctor advised advised me me to drink a lot of to drink a lot of
water. water.
The doctor said to me: The doctor said to me: Drink a lot of Drink a lot of
water water . .
The son The son begged begged his father his father to give him to give him
some money. some money.
The son said to his father: The son said to his father: please , please ,
give me some money give me some money . .
He He ordered ordered the servant the servant to bring him a to bring him a
glass of water. glass of water.
He said to the servant: He said to the servant: bring me a bring me a
glass of water glass of water . .
Command ulb
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
* * s.o V _I ,.l.o _o .>a. Io> _.>.I s.o V _I ,.l.o _o .>a. Io> _.>.I L>I ... L>I ...
.Il.I .Il.I : :
- - _.o l.Ic i. oI l.o Vi. .>a.I oI i> _.o l.Ic i. oI l.o Vi. .>a.I oI i> : :
- - oI V i> oI V i>
- - Io>I . _.. lo _.aoI ..> laV ,.loI loII ,.c Io>I . _.. lo _.aoI ..> laV ,.loI loII ,.c .,.>I .,.>I . .
L>Vo L>Vo : : _.o .>a. oI _oa.. ls.. ,> lo .>a.I loI _.o .>a. oI _oa.. ls.. ,> lo .>a.I loI : :
Io>I .l. . .>a. oVc >. l,a. Io>I .l. . .>a. oVc >. l,a.
_.o l.i. .>a. oI _.o l.i. .>a. oI : : .>a.I oVc >. l,a. .>a.I oVc >. l,a. ! ! . .
Exclamation u>n.
Direct Reported
Alas, Hurrah, Oh
that
With sadness With sadness ,>. ,>.
With admiration With admiration l>c|. l>c|. With joy With joy ,s. ,s.
With anger With anger .a. .a. With regret With regret i.. i..
how, what
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
ua.o VS
ua.o VS
He said He said with regret with regret that he had been that he had been
foolish. foolish.
He said : He said : How foolish ! have been How foolish ! have been . .
He said He said with sorrow with sorrow that he would not that he would not
find his money. find his money.
He said : He said : Alas! ! will not find my Alas! ! will not find my
money money . .
Exclamation u>n.
Countries and Nationalities Countries and Nationalities
l.a.> l. l.a.> l.
,> ... lo lc ..,aI aII . ,> ... lo lc ..,aI aII . V.o s. ...>I _..I :I iI.I .V V.o s. ...>I _..I :I iI.I .V : :
.a.I .a.I : : a. a.
. lVI Io.>o ,> o> l. .,.I>.V aII . lo . lVI Io.>o ,> o> l. .,.I>.V aII . lo : :
i, n, ian, ish, ese i, n, ian, ish, ese
,>I eiI ..l. icl l. .I ,>I eiI ..l. icl l. .I . . I.oV a. ei I.oV a. ei : :
Libyan Libyan Libya Libya
Algerian Algerian Algeria Algeria
Omani Omani Oman Oman
Palestinian Palestinian Palestine Palestine
Syrian Syrian Syria Syria
Saudi Saudi Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
Nationality Nationality Country Country
French French France France
Lebanese Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon
Chinese Chinese China China
Turkish Turkish Turkey Turkey
Swiss Swiss Switzerland Switzerland
British British Britain Britain
Nationality Nationality Country Country

English

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GRAMMAR

clao _na clao _na

on Nonday, in June on Nonday, in June

You might also like