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Andy Benton
Technical Consultant
53rd Technical Seminar ABNT CB-09 Comite Brasileiro de Gases Combustives Natal RN Brazil 15th April 2010
Running order:
What is hydrocarbon and water dew point? Why is it important to control and measure dew point in natural gas? How 1. 2. 3. 4. can HC dew point be measured? Manual visual cooled-mirror dewpointmeter, Determination of Liqiud to Gas Ratio (PHLC), Equation of state method from GC analysis, Direct on-line measurement with Automatic, Optical Condensation Dewpointmeter.
hydrocarbon condensates first begin to form a visible deposit of droplets on a surface, when the gas is cooled at a constant pressure.
H2O Dew Point 8 7 6 Pressure 5 MPa 4 Water and HC liquids 3 preset in 2 gas 1 0 -40 -30 HC Dew Point HC liquids present in gas Wholly gaseous
Temperature, C
Glycol Contactor
Seabed Pipeline Transmission Pipeline 7 to 10 MPa After extraction from the gas field, natural gas is processed to remove water and heavy hydrocarbon components, before transmission through the pipeline network. This diagram shows a typical plant for the removal of both excess moisture and heavy hydrocarbons
Mechanical Separator
P = 3 to 5 MPa
Why is it Important to Control and Measure Hydrocarbon and Water Dew Point?
Commercial Issues
Hydrocarbon and water dew point are gas quality parameters specified in the sales contracts agreed between buyer and seller. Typical transmission gas specifications (EASEE-gas): Hydrocarbon dew point lower than 2 oC at 27
Unit
kWh/m3 m3/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mol % mol %
oC oC
Min
[13.60] 0.555 -
Max
15.81 0.700 30 5 6 [0.01]* 2.5 -8 -2
EASEE-gas: European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange Objectives to harmonise business practices across the industry 80 cross border points across Europe
Technical Issues
Measurement of hydrocarbon and water dew point is important in order to: Prevent hydrates and condensates Solid crystalline and liquid formations that limit pipeline capacity and damage compressors and valves. Limit pipeline corrosion Excess water leads to leaks and fractures. Achieve Superheat requirements Fuel gas specifications for gas turbine power plant.
Hydrate formations
European Interconnections
P
G a P s
CONS
Periodic spot checking
P
Gas Inlet
Drain
CONS
Impractical for field application and installation High cost ($100,000 plus) Not measuring Hc Dew Point, the parameter most commonly used to control this aspect of gas quality Averaging analysis technique leads to slow response to process changes
Why?
Here is an illustration of how sensitivity of analysis directly effect calculated HcDP estimations.
ISO 23874 (2006) Natural Gas Gas Chromatographic requirements for hydrocarbon dew point calculation
be capable of measuring alkenes up to and including dodecane, be capable of measuring individual alkenes at a concentration of 0.000 000 1 (0.1 ppm) be capable of measuring individual alkenes at a concentration of 0.000 000 1 (0.1 ppm) measure all hydrocarbons in the range C5 to C12
CONS
Accuracy is dependant on correct use of specialized reference gases Indirect method of determining HcDP The limit of analysis sensitivity can produce large HcDP errors Trained staff required to maintain proper performance High initial and operating costs plus the analyzer house, and personnel costs.
Shell Research
Li g ht So ur ce
Dry
COOLED MIRROR
Shell Research
ce
D
So ur
o ct ete
ht
Li g
H2O Wetted
Good sensitivity for water dewpoint
COOLED MIRROR
Shell Research
ce
D
So ur
o ct ete
ht
Li g
HC Wetted
X Totally insensitive for HC dewpoint
COOLED MIRROR
Li g
ht
So ur
ce
Shell Research
Detection Principle Development Sequence
Dry
ETCHED SURFACE
Shell Research
ce
D
So ur
o ct ete
ht
Li g
HC Wetted
X Poor sensitivity for HC dewpoint
ETCHED SURFACE
Shell Research
ht ig L So ce ur
Det ect or
Detection Principle Development Sequence
Shell Research
i gh L So t rce u
Det ect or
Detection Principle Development Sequence
HC Wetted
Dry Sensor
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
13:31:37 13:32:25 13:33:13 13:34:02 13:34:50 13:35:38 13:36:26 13:37:14 13:38:02 13:38:51 13:39:39 13:40:27 13:41:15 13:42:06
Time
13:42:54 13:43:42 13:44:31 13:45:21 13:46:09 13:46:57 13:47:46 13:48:34 13:49:24 13:50:13 13:51:01 13:51:49 13:52:38 13:53:26 13:54:14
-50.0
50.0
0.0
Decoupling the sample flow rate/cooling rate interrelationship - fixed volume sample analysis
Remote Interface
Main Unit
Condumax II
Self-contained Measuring system 0.5 deg C HCDP accuracy Touch screen operation Modbus RTU communications 2 x 4-20 mA output Active X controls for plant integration
Temperature, degree C
amb
CONDUMAX II Simplicity.
Condumax II - Installation made simple:
Wholly hazardous area installation No safe area requirement Direct installation in field locations No analyser house requirement 90-264Vac, 50/60Hz, 200 Watt, is the only utility requirement No cooling air or gas required Hermetically sealed Peltier cooler - No dry gas purge required
+ Its like having your own skilled technician taking a API/ASTM Bureau of Mines reading every 10 minutes, 24/7.
Ceramic Substrate
Dewpoint, deg. C
Condumax II
Industry proven sensor technology
Michell Ceramic Moisture Sensor Measurement range: 0.001 to 30,000 ppmV Calibrated: -100 to +20oC dew point. Response to -130 and up to +30oCdp Accuracy: +/-10% of moisture content reading 300 barg rated, immune to pressure shock Chemically inert, resilient to extreme sour gas (30% H2S)
Condumax II
Calibration Integrity
UKAS accredited calibration laboratory Certified calibration traceable to NPL (UK) and NIST (USA) Unique cost effective Michell