EEE3404 Electrical Engineering Principles I

LABORATORY Experiment 4

Kirchhoffs Laws and Star-delta / Delta-star transformation

To verify Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL). To verify Kirchhoffs current law (KCL). To verify the Theorem of Delta-star / Star-delta transformation in a dc circuit 2. 1. 2. 3. Apparatus and Components 4. Variable resistor x 1: 0 ~ 10 k

Digital multimeter (DMM) Variable dc power supply x 2 Resistors : 1 k, 2 k, 3 k (1/2 W)

3.
3.1 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

Background

It states that the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed path is equal to zero. In the circuit of Figure 1, this means that: VS V1 V2 V3 or VS = V1 + V2 + V3 R1 V1 VS V3 =0 (Equation 1) (Equation 2)

R2

Figure 1 Simple series dc circuit The voltage drop across any resistor in a series circuit can be determined by using the voltage

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Experiment 4

EEE3404 Electrical Engineering Principles I

divider rule,

VX =

RX VS RT

where RT = R1 + R 2 + R3

(Equation 3)

3.2 Kirchhoffs Current Law

It states that the sum of the current flowing into a junction is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that junction. In the circuit of Figure 2, this implies that R1 I1 I2 VS I3

Figure 2 Simple parallel dc circuit

I1 = I2 + I3

(Equation 4)

The current through the resistors R2 and R3 can be determined by using the current divider rule,

I2 =

R3 I1 R 2 + R3

and

I3 =

R2 I1 R2 + R3

(Equation 5)

3.2 Delta-star / Star-delta transformation

The delta-star resistor network can be equivalent to a network of star-delta resistors connection and vice versa through a process of delta-star or star-delta transformation. As such, the electrical performance of the interchangeable delta-star or star-delta resistors networks will be identical.

Experiment 4

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EEE3404 Electrical Engineering Principles I

Figure 3 Delta-star or Star-delta transformation From Figure 3, it can be seen that the resistances across any two terminals of the equivalent Delta-star or Star-delta resistors networks are shown as follows:

R AB = ra + rb = R BC = rb + rc = R AC = ra + rc =

( R B + R A ) RC ( R A + R B + RC ) ( RB + RC ) R A ( R A + RB + RC ) ( R A + RC ) RB ( R A + RB + RC )

Solving for ra, rb and rc

ra = rb = rc =

RB RC ( R A + RB + RC ) R A RC ( R A + RB + RC ) R A RB ( R A + RB + RC )

Equation (6) Equation (7) Equation (8)

Solving for RA, RB and RC

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RA = RB = RC =

ra rb + rb rc + rc ra ra ra rb + rb rc + rc ra rb ra rb + rb rc + rc ra rc

Equation (9) Equation (10) Equation (11)

4.

Procedure

4.1 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

R1 = 1 k

VS = 10 V R3 = 3 k

R2 = 2 k

Figure 4 - Simple series dc circuit (a) Measure the resistance of the 1 k, 2 k and 3 k resistors, record the measured values of R1, R2 and R3 in Table 1. (b) Using the voltage divider rule, calculate the voltages V1, V2 and V3 and enter in Table 1. (c) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4, use a DMM to measure the voltages V1, V2 and V3 across R1, R2 and R3 respectively and enter in Table 1. Table 1 Resistance (k) Nominal R1 R2 R3 RT = Measured V1 V2 V3 V= Voltage (V) Calculated Measured

Experiment 4

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EEE3404 Electrical Engineering Principles I

4.2 Kirchhoffs Current Law

R1=1 k

I1 I2 I3 R3=3 k

VS=10V

R2=2 k

Figure 5 - Simple parallel dc circuit (a) Using the result of Table 1, enter the measured values of R1, R2 and R3 in Table 2. (b) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit and the supply currents I1 and enter in Table 2. (c) Using the current divider rule, calculate the currents I2 and I3 in Table 2. (d) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 5, use a DMM to measure the current I1, I2 and I3 and enter in Table 2. Table 2 Resistance (k) Nominal R1 R2 R3 RT = R1+R2//R3 = Measured I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2+I3? Current (mA) Calculated Measured

4.3 Delta-star / Star-delta transformation

IT
3 k 10V 1 k

Vab Iab a
3 k

3 k

b
2 k

I1

I2

Figure 6 Resistors in delta-connection

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Experiment 4

EEE3404 Electrical Engineering Principles I

(a) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 6 (b) Use a DMM to measure the voltage Vab and enter in Table 3 (c) Use a DMM to measure the currents I1, I2 , IT and Iab, and enter in Table 3 Table 3 - Resistors in delta-connection Calculated I1 I2 IT Iab Vab (d) (e) (f) (g) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 7 and adjust Ra to 1 k Use a DMM to measure the voltage Vab and enter in Table 4 Use a DMM to measure the currents I1, I2 and IT and enter in Table 4 Adjust the variable resistor and repeat steps (b) and (c) Ra IT
10V 1 k

Measured

Rb = 1 k a

Vab b

Rc = 1 k

2 k

I1 Figure 7 - Resistors in star-connection

I2

Table 4 Resistors in star-connection Variable resistor = 1 k Calculated I1 I2 IT Vab Measured Variable resistor = 2 k Calculated Measured Variable resistor = 3 k Calculated Measured

Experiment 4

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5. 5.1

Discussion If one of the resistors in a series circuit is shorted, what would happen to the supply current? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

5.2

If one of the resistors in a parallel circuit is disconnected, what would happen to the supply current? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

5.3

For the circuit in Figure 6, if both E1 and E2 were double, what happened to the currents I1, I2 and I3? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

5.4

Explain why the resistors connected in delta can be replaced by the resistors connected in star and vice versa? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

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Experiment 4