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Efficient Spectrum Sensing Method for Hidden Terminal in Cognitive Radio Networks
Prashant Buddhiraja, Esayas.G.Mekonnen and Saranya Ramamoorthy

AbstractCognitive radio is an emerging technology which helps in efficient utilization of the scarce radio spectrum. Spectrum sensing involves identifying spectrum holes. It faces hidden terminal problem which occurs when the cognitive radio is shadowed or when it is in a severe multipath fading environment. As a result it becomes difficult to identify all available spectrum holes. This can be reduced by a cooperative spectrum sensing method integrated with matched filter detection. This method has the benefit of maximizing the signal to noise ratio of the received signal to detect the presence or absence of primary users signal. Simulation result shows the increment of the probability of detection which enhances the spectrum sensing efficiency for hidden terminal problem. Index Termscognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, matched filter, probability of detection.

of signal processing such as matched filter detection, energy detection and cyclostationary feature detection [2]. Among these techniques in [2], matched filter detection would be used when a secondary user has a prior knowledge of the PU signal as optimal signal detection. The work in [3], a cooperative spectrum sensing using orthogonal space time block coding (OSTBC) is implemented in order to achieve cooperative diversity in the cognitive radios (CRs) network. In a wireless network, cooperative spectrum sensing improves signal detection of the received signal which may be severely degraded due to noise uncertainties, multipath fading and shadowing. It could be deployed in two ways: soft cooperation and hard cooperation [3].

III. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MAIN CONTRIBUTION Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio allows unauthorized users to detect unused portion of the spectrum and opportunistically use spectrum without causing harmful interference to the PU. It is essential to provide method of spectrum allocation for more efficient utilization of the scarce radio spectrum. A great challenge for spectrum sensing is the hidden terminal problem. So how the efficiency of spectrum sensing can be enhanced in hidden sensing terminal for cognitive radio networks? Cooperative spectrum sensing with matched filter detection would help for the detection of presence and absence of primary users signal. It will increase the probability of detection which in turn will reduce the problem of hidden terminal. This project is developed with the help of a scenario in cognitive radio networks and it is implemented and simulated in MATLAB. The simulation result is obtained by increasing the number of nodes and these results are analyzed to verify the improvement of probability of correct detection.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE efficient utilization of radio spectrum has become a main topic of research field due to the limited radio spectrum resource. The radio spectrum includes both the licensed and unlicensed spectra. The vast actual licensed spectrum is largely underutilized. Cognitive radio (CR) is a technology where the availability of unused spectrum is identified. In CR, the secondary users (SU) try to use the unused radio spectrum from primary licensed users or share the spectrum with the primary users. It involves identifying spectrum holes. This sensing should be performed before unlicensed user is allowed to access the vacant channel. However, a problem occurs in CR when the cognitive radio is shadowed, in severe fading or with high path loss while a primary user (PU) is in the surrounding area. The main aim of this paper is proposing a method which integrates matched filter detection as an optimal detection with cooperative spectrum sensing. This will lead to the efficient utilization of spectrum by allowing secondary unlicensed users to dynamically share the spectrum that is not used by the primary licensed users. The advantage of using matched filter detection in this method is maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal. In this paper simulation result shows an increment in the probability of correct detection for the presence or absence of vacant channels in the primary users signal for efficient utilization of the available radio spectrum resource.

IV. PROBLEM SOLUTION A. Modeling Fig.1. describes a model where the sensing nodes of secondary users are shadowed to detect the presence of unused channels in the PU. There is only one primary user, four secondary users, one secondary base station and one common receiver which combines the CR decisions in the model to detect the existence of unused channel in the primary user. As it is difficult to sense the presence or absence of primary licensed users, the secondary users try to sense cooperatively.

II. SURVEY OF RELATED WORKS Spectrum sensing is an essential component of CR which has the ability to measure, sense, learn, and be aware of the parameters related to the radio channel characteristics [1]. There exist different spectrum sensing alternative techniques

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1 0.9 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=5

probability of correct detection(pd)

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -20

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Fig.2. Probability of correct detection for different number of nodes (n=1, n=2, n=3 and n=5). Fig.1. Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks Secondary user 1, 2 and 4 are shadowed over sensing node.

The transmitted signal from the PU in the existence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is passed through the matched filter which maximizes the SNR of the received signal [3]. Assumed prior information about the primary user signal is given. In the matched filter, the transmitted signal is correlated with an already known PU signal to detect the presence or absence of the PU's activity. In Fig.1, secondary users 1, 2 and 4 are shadowed over sensing node where as the secondary base station and secondary user 3 experience interference from other nearby working nodes. After every secondary user performs local spectrum sensing using matched filter detection, these secondary users send their original sensing information without any processing at the nodes to the common receiver. The common receiver fuses the SU information combining them properly and makes a final decision to infer the absence or presence of vacant channels in the primary user. B. Implementation and validation The implementation of the model is done using MATLAB. A cooperative spectrum sensing integrated with matched filter detection is implemented in order to achieve an increased probability of detection on each node in the (CRs) network. The performances of different nodes are compared when they cooperate in the presence of Rayleigh fading. The simulation result shows how the probability of correct detection changes as the number of cooperating nodes increases from 2 to 5 nodes. The probability of correct detection (1) and probability of false alarm (2) shows the absence or presence of primary user based on the condition that PU is in operation .These probabilities are the key metrics in spectrum sensing. Correct detection and false detection are complementary and the probability of correct detection is considered for analysis in studying the proposed method on the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing. { { where, : Primary user is absent. : Primary user is in operation. } } (1) (2)

Fig.2. shows probability of correct detection versus SNR for different number of nodes under cooperative spectrum sensing. The SNR varies from 20 dB as a threshold to 0 dB. As the number of cooperating nodes increases from 1, 2, 3 and 5 in the model the probability of correct detection increases from 0.3 to 1 when it reaches 12 dB. This increment in the probability of correct detection in the primary users channel in turn enhances the spectrum sensing efficiency.

V. CONCLUSION Cooperative spectrum sensing with integrated matched filter detection is implemented on a model in cognitive radio networks. The simulation result shows an increment in the probability of correct detection for the presence or absence of vacant channels in the primary users signal. This increment of the probability of correct detection enhances the spectrum sensing efficiency for improving spectrum sensing in hidden terminal problem. The future work can be extended by improving the local spectrum detection at the secondary users with minimizing the need for the prior knowledge of PU signal information. In addition it is suggested to increase the number of primary users and study the effect on providing solution to hidden terminal problem.

REFERENCES [1] B.Letaief and K.W.Zhang, "Cooperative Communications for Cognitive Radio Networks," in Proceedings of IEEE Institute of Radio Engineers, vol.97, no.5, May 2009, pp.878-893. D.D. Ariananda, M.K Lakshmanan and H.Nikoo, "A survey on spectrum sensing techniques for Cognitive Radio," in Second International Workshop on Cognitive Radio and Advanced Spectrum Management(CogART), Delft, 18-20 May 2009, pp.7479. H.Shahzad and B.Jaishankar, "Applying OSTBC in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks," M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. Eng., Blekinge Institute of Technology.Karlskrona, Sweden, May 2010.

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3 T08_Droppar Buddhiraja Prashant was born in Bilaspur India in 1985. He has completed his B.E in 2008 in Computer Science and Software Engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya. He is currently pursing M.Tech in Telecommunication and System from Andhra University India and MSc. in Electrical Engineering with specialization in Telecommunication from Blekinge Tekniska Hogskola in Sweden. His areas of interest in research are artificial intelligence and network security. Saranya Ramamoorthy was born in Andhra Pradesh,India in 1985.In 2006,She completed her B.E in Electronics and Telecommunication from Don Bosco Institute of Technology. She worked as Assistant Systems Engineer in Tata Consultancy Services Limited from April 2007 to August 2009.She is now doing her Masters in Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication Systems from Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden. Her areas of interest in research are Mobile Services using Android and Network Management.

Esayas Getachew Mekonnen was born in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia in 1985. He completed his Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from Mekelle University in 2007. He worked as an Electrical Engineer in Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation from September 2007 to July 2009. Currently, he is studying MSc. in Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication Systems and Radio Communication at Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), Sweden. His research interests are on design and implementation of wireless communication systems, radio communication and telecommunication networks.

Wlodek J. Kulesza received the M.Sc. and the Ph.D. degrees from Lodz University of Technology, Poland, and a docent degree from Linkping University, Sweden. In 2001 he became Professor in Measurement Science at the University of Kalmar, Sweden. Since 2005 he has held a Professor position at the School of Engineering in the Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden. His current research interests are multi-sensor systems and wireless sensor networks. IEEE member since 1995.