entec Consulting & Engineering

entec Head Office: St. Gallen - Switzerland Tel: +41 71 228 10 20, Fax: +41 71 228 10 30 E-mail: info@entec.ch -- Web: www.entec.ch

The entec Cross Flow Turbine T15

The optimal turbine solution for small plants with medium flow and head

entec Consulting & Engineering. Version 063e

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Cross Flow Turbines since 1925

In 1925, Donat Banki received a patent in Budapest for his BANKI turbine. This turbine applied the cross flow principle, where a free jet traverses a cylindrical runner in vertical direction to the turbine shaft. The runner can easily be adapted to the flow, by changing the width. This is a big advantage, because it is easy to build "tailormade" turbines for specified sites. The simple design allows good standardisation and manufacturing without sophisticated manufacturing facilities. The costs are low compared with other turbine designs. For this reason, the Cross Flow Turbine (CFT) successfully conquered the market in industrialised as well as in less developed countries. Manufacturers started already in the Seventies to develop and build this turbine and entec personnel supported these activities with know-how inputs. Most successful so far were initiatives in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand and Peru, where the well known T3, T8 and T12 turbines were developed, tested and built, based on a series of earlier models. Nowadays numerous turbines are manufactured in these countries.

T15: A new Cross Flow design developed by Entec

The present improved turbine generation, the T15 Turbine, is based on a consequent optimising process conducted over many years. Numerous computer based modifications of the hydraulic profile were empirically tested in the laboratory of the Institute for Hydraulic Machines of Stuttgart University. The test turbine of 29 kW had a runner diameter of 300 mm, and the sophisticated measuring facilities guarantee for reliable results. The achieved improvements were the basis for the redesign of the turbine. Three models, with the standard diameter of 300 mm and runner diameters of 400 and 500 mm, for larger flows at low head, were developed. It is now possible, even with the limitation of simple production methods, to build very reliable and long lasting turbines with competitive high efficiency. Big efforts were made to reach a good part load efficiency. With only 20% of the rated flow, the efficiency is still over 50%. This allows to reduce costs, because a single cell CFT will be sufficient in the majority of the applications. Double cell CFTs have two independent guide vanes, and require two regulation devices as well, which increases cost. T15 turbine manufactured under license
in Indonesia

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Properties of the T15 Cross Flow Turbine

The machine has a welded housing made from quality steel, rigid enough to withstand high operational stress and to enable a smooth operation. The design and the hydraulic layout result in minimised vibrations and noise level. Special care was taken in the layout of the main bearings for the runner and the guide vane. The casing is designed in such a way that different options for the bearing system are available to cope with the specific site requirements, like flywheel or belt drive. A sealing system (contact free or conventional type) is integrated in the side flanges. The guide vane unit can easily be taken out through a side flange for inspection, cleaning or replacement. To obtain the guaranteed efficiency, the cylindrical runner is fabricated with high precision. The side discs are laser cut so that the entire runner cross section and blade positions are well defined. The runner blades, representing the secret of the exceptional output performance, consist of an optimised bright drawn steel profile, manufactured to our rigorous specifications. If the turbine must be positioned considerably above the tail race water level (e.g. due to flood risk), a draft tube may be added to prevent loss of head. As the cross flow turbine is a free jet turbine, an automatic snifter valve is integrated in the draft tube to control the tail water level.

Testing in the laboratory established improved efficiency

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Efficiency of T15 Turbines

Efficiency 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.0 0.2 0.4 Flow (Q/Qmax) 0.6 0.8 1.0

Efficiency diagram of model turbine in the Stuttgart laboratory (bearing losses included)

The efficiencies shown are in model tests on the 29 kW model turbine. The reference efficiency curve was recorded for 15 kW nominal power. Under other hydraulic operating conditions (higher output and wider runner) the efficiency may reach 80% or even more, using standard upgrading rules.

Efficiency upgrade as a function of specific speed: ns = nt * sqrt (Pt) / Ht ^ 1.25

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Runner adjustment in Indonesia

100 kW turbine manufactured under license in Indonesia

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Application Range of the T15-300

60.0

Application Limits T14-300

b0=200mm

b0=300mm 50.0

Reinforced designfor Not possible needed

T14-300

40.0 b0=50mm 30.0 30kW 20.0

Coupling on Coupling on turbine shaft Turbine Shaft

150kW P= 100kW 75kW 125kW

b0=400mm

net head H (m)

b0=500mm

50kW 40k W

b0=100mm 10kW

20kW

10.0

Flat Belt Belt drive

0.0

on
b0=500mm b0=1000m m 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Turbine Shaft
100

50

150

200

250

Discharge Q (l/s)

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Application Range of the T15-500

60.0 55.0 b0=200mm 50.0 45.0 40.0 net head H (m) 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 Discharge Q (l/s) 25k W 30kW 125kW 75kW 50k W 200 kW 150kW P= 100kW 300 kW b0=1000m m b0=1100m b0=1250m m b0=1500m m 250 kW b0=750mm b0=300m m b0=400mm b0=100mm b0=500mm b0=600mm

Belt drive

Coupling on Coupling turbine shafton turbine shaft

Reinforced design needed

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Contacts
Switzerland (head office): entec Consulting & Engineering St. Leonhardstr. 59, 9000 St. Gallen Switzerland phone +41 71 228 10 20 fax +41 71 228 10 30 e-mail info@entec.ch web www.entec.ch Thailand: ENVIMA (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 1023 TPS Bldg., 4th Floor, Pattanakarn Road, Suan Luang, Bangkok 10250 Thailand phone +66 (0) 2 717 8114 fax +66 (0) 2 717 8115 e-mail thailand@entecenergy.com Laos: Sunlabob Rural Energy Systems Co., Ltd P.O.Box 9077, Vientiane / Lao PDR phone +856 (21) 313874 fax +856 (21) 314045 e-mail laos@entecenergy.com Vietnam: entec Vietnam Room 101, 18 Tran Hung Dao Str., Hanoi Vietnam phone +84 (4) 934 0888 ext 3014 or 3060 fax +84 (4) 934 0899 e-mail info@entec.vn Indonesia: pt. entec Indonesia Jl. Cisatu 193, Ciumbuleuit, Bandung 40142 Indonesia phone +62 (22) 203 2128 fax +62 (22) 203 2128 e-mail info@entec.co.id Nepal: entec Kathmandu P.O. Box 1457, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal phone +977 (1) 500 9067 / ...68 / ...69 fax +977 (1) 552 1425 e-mail info@entec.com.np Malaysia: entecHydro Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Soon Hup Tower, Unit 2, Level 3, Jalan Maju, 98000 Miri, Sarawak Malaysia phone +60 (85) 421 798 fax +60 (85) 423 797 e-mail malaysia@entecenergy.com Tajikistan: Entec Tajikistan Center for Development of Oil and Gas Industry, 3rd Floor, 77 Mushfiki Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734018 phone +992 37 233 78 24 fax +992 37 233 78 24 e-mail tajikistan@entecenergy.com