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Shadow Alarm
Mini Project Report, 2011
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
Shadow Alarm is an opto-sensitive circuit that sounds an alarm whenever a shadow falls on it.It is widely used in aspects of security systems.So it can be used at night by shopkeepers to protect the valuables in their showrooms.A dim lighting in the room is necessary to detect the moving shadow.Unlike opto-interruption alarms based on light-dependent
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resistors (LDRs), it does not require an aligned light beam to illuminate the photo-sensor.
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Chapter-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
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PHOTO SENSOR
VOLTAGE COMPARATOR
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MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 4
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SLIDE SWITCH
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BUZZER 5
SIREN
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Functional Block Diagram
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
2.1.1 SENSORS
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Sensors are essentially transducers used to sense some physical quantity and convert it into electrical quantity. Here , we us one sensor, which can sense the infrared radiations from the transmitter. This parameter is sensed by the sensor
2.1.2 TRANSMITTER SECTION
At the transmitter section, it consists of a LED which acts as a transmitter of infrared radiations. It is used as it emits nearly monochromatic radiations at a frequency of about 38 KHz. Hence suitable sensors can be employed according to the required sensitivity for the device. 2.1.3 RECEIVER SECTION
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The receiver section consists of an infrared sensor which senses the infrared radiations from the transmitter. This is then sent to a monostable multivibrator. It then triggers a relay according to the presence of person.
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Chapter-3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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3.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION This-sensitive circuit sounds an alarm whenever a shadow falls on it. So it can be used at night by
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shopkeepers to protect the valuables in their showrooms. A dim light in the room is necessary to detect the moving shadow. Unlike opto interruption alarms based on lightdependent resistors (LDRs), it does not require an aligned light beam to illuminate the photosensor. The circuit is powered by a 9V PP3 battery and uses the most sensitive photo-sensor L14F1 to detect shadows. It is portable and can be used at any place that is to be monitored. Op-amp A741 (IC1) is used as a voltage comparator. Its inverting input is biased by the voltage obtained from the junction of 100k resistor R1 and the collector of phototransistor T1. The non-inverting input of IC1 gets a controlled voltage from potential divider R2 and VR1. In the presence of ambient light, the phototransistor conducts and the inverting input (pin 2) of IC1 gets a lower voltage than its non-inverting input (pin 3). This makes the output of IC1 high, which is indicated by the glowing of LED1. When a shadow falls on the photo sensor, the output of IC1 goes low. This low pulse triggers the monostable (IC2) designed for a delay of 51 seconds using R6 and C3. The output of IC2 is used to light up LED2 and activate the alarm. Slide switch S2 is used to select either the buzzer or siren. When it is towards left the buzzer beeps, and when it is towards right IC UM3561 (IC3) activates to give a loud alarm simulating a police siren. Resistor R8 and zener diode ZD1 provide 3.1V DC to IC UM3561.
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Chapter-4 DETAILED COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

4.1. IC 7555 PIN DIAGRAM
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General Description
The ICM7555 is a CMOS timer providing significantly improved performance over the standard NE/SE555 timer, while at the same time being a direct replacement for those devices in most applications. The ICM7555 is a stable controller capable of producing accurate time delays or frequencies.
Features
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Low supply current: 80mA (typ) Extremely low trigger, threshold, and reset currents: 20pA (typ) High-speed operation: 500kHz guaranteed Wide operating supply voltage range guaranteed 3 to 16V over full automotive temperatures Normal reset function; no crowbarring of supply during output transition Can be used with higher-impedance timing elements than the bipolar 555 for longer time constants Timing from microseconds through hours Operates in both astable and monostable modes Adjustable duty cycle High output source/sink driver can drive TTL/CMOS Typical temperature stability of 0.005%/oC at 25C Rail-to-rail outputs OPERATION ASTABLE OPERATION Dept.of ECE 16 Y.C.E.T. Kollam
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The circuit can be connected to trigger itself and free run as a multivibrator, see Figure 2A. The output swings from rail to rail, and is a true 50% duty cycle square wave. (Trip points and output swings are symmetrical.) Less than a 1%frequency variation is observed over a voltage range of +5V to +15V.The duty cycle is controlled by the values of RA and RB, MONOSTABLE OPERATION In this mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot.See Figure 3. Initially the external capacitor (C) is held discharged by a transistor inside the timer. Upon application of a negative TRIGGER pulse to pin 2, the internal flip-flop is set which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor and drives the OUTPUT high. The voltage across the capacitor
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now increases exponentially with a time constant t = RAC.When the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 V+, the comparator resets the flip-flop, which in turn discharges the capacitor rapidly and also drives the OUTPUT to its low state.TRIGGER must return to a high state before the OUTPUT can return to a low state. APPLICATIONS Precision timing Pulse generation Sequential timing Time delay generation Pulse width modulation Pulse position modulation Missing pulse detector
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IC 741 DESCRIPTION :
The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. It is very cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred components. The most common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits. The OP AMP is a Linear Amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is to amplify (increase) a weak signal - a little like a Darlington Pair.The OP-AMP has two inputs, INVERTING ( - ) and NON-INVERTING (+), and one output at pin 6. The 741 is used in two ways. 1. An inverting amplifier. Leg two is the input and the output is always reversed.In an inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg two and comes out of the 741 Dept.of ECE 19 Y.C.E.T. Kollam
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chip at leg six. If the polarity is positive going into the chip, it negative by the time it comes out through leg six. The polarity has been inverted. 2. A non-inverting amplifier. Leg three is the input and the output is not reversed.In a noninverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and leaves the 741 chip through leg six. This time if it is positive going into the 741 then it is still positive coming out. Polarity remains the same. FEATURES: Short Circuit Protection Excellent Temperature Stability Internal Frequency Compensation High Input Voltage Range Null of Offset PIN DIAGRAM: Dept.of ECE 20 Y.C.E.T. Kollam
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
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IC UM3561A DESCRIPTION:
UM3561 is a low-cost, low-power CMOS LSI designed for use in alarm and toy applications. Since theintegrated circuit includes oscillator and selector circuits, a compact sound module can be constructed with only a few additional components. The M3561 contains a programmed mask ROM to simulate siren sound FEATURES: Four sounds can be selected Power on reset. Typical 3V operating voltage A magnetic speaker can be driven by connecting 8-pin DIP package form an NPN transistor PIN DIAGRAM:
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PLAYING MODES:
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3. PASSIVE ELEMENTS
3.1 RESISTORS Resistors (R), are the most commonly used of all electronic components, to the point where
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they are almost taken for granted. They are "Passive Devices", that is they contain no source of power or amplification but only attenuate or reduce the voltage signal passing through them. When used in DC circuits the voltage drop produced is measured across their terminals as the circuit current flows through them while in AC circuits the voltage and current are both in-phase producing 0o phase shift. In all Electrical and Electronic circuit diagrams and schematics, the most commonly used resistor symbol is that of a "zig-zag" type line with the value of its resistance given in Ohms
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Chapter-5 WORKING
The circuit consists of two sections, viz ,infrared transmitter and receiver. The transmitter section is built around IC1 and IC2 while the receiver section is built around IC3. In the transmitter circuit, IC1 functions as an astable multivibrator and produces pulsed output at 5 Hz. The 5 Hz pulsed outputs enables IC2 through transistor T1. IC2 is also configured as an astable multivibrator that outputs 38 KHz square wave. The output frequency of IC2 can Dept.of ECE 32 Y.C.E.T. Kollam
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be adjusted through the variables 10 K pot meter. The output of IC2 is fed two IR LEDs through driver transistor T2. The receiver circuits comprises IR sensor TSOP 1738, switching diode 1N4148 ( D1 ), timer IC 555 ( IC3 ), relay driver transistor BC 548 ( T3 ) and associated components. Whenever the sensor receives IR radiations, it triggers IC3 which is wired as monostable multivibrator with a time period of approximately 24 seconds. The time period can be changed to any desired value by changing the values of R11 and C7. The output of IC3 is connected to relay driver transistor T3.
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Transistor T3 conducts for 24 seconds when the sensor receives modulated 38 KHz IR pulses from the IR transmitter. This energizes the relay and the mains ac terminal for the mirror lamp connects to the normally open ( N/O ) contact of relay RL1, turning on the washbasin mirror lamp for 24 seconds. Thus washbasin mirror lamp is switched on as when a person stands in front of it. Otherwise it remains off. The complete circuit works off regulated 9V power supply. Assemble it on any general purpose PCB, enclose it in a suitable cabinet and mount behind the washbasin mirror. Mount the IR LEDs and receiver sensor above the wash basin.
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Chapter-6 PCB PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
You need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent artwork film. You will never get a good artwork, so it is important to get the best possible quality at this stage. The most important thing is to get a clear sharp image with a very solid opaque black. Now a day, artwork is drawn using either a dedicated PCB CAD program or a suitable drawing/graphics package. It is
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absolutely essential that your PCB software prints holes in the middle of pads, which will act as center marks when drilling.
Media
Artwork quality is very dependent on both the output device and the media used. It is not necessary to use a transparent artwork medium-as long as it is reasonably translucent to UV, its fine-less translucent materials may need a slightly longer exposure time. Line definitions, black opaqueness and toner/ink retention are much more important.
Output Devices
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Laser printers offer the best all-round solution. These are affordable, fast and goodquality. The printer used must have at least 600dpi resolution for all but the simplest PCB's as you will usually be working in multiples of 0.06cm (40 tracks per inch). 600 dpi divides into 40, so you get consistent spacing and line width. It is very important that the printer produces a good solid black with no toner pinholes. If you're planning to buy a printer for PCB use, do some test prints on tracing paper to check the quality first. If the printer has a density control, set it to the blackest.
Photoresist PCB Laminates
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Always use good-quality, pre-coated photo resist fiber glass (FR4) board. Check carefully for scratches in the protective covering and on the surface after peeling off the covering. You don't need darkroom or subdued lighting when handling boards, as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimize unnecessary exposure, and develop immediately after UV exposure.
Exposure
The photo resist board needs to be exposed to UV light through the artwork, using a UV exposure box. UV exposures units can easily be made using standard fluorescent lamp ballasts and UV tubes. For small PCB's two or four 8-watt, 30.5cm tubes will be adequate. For larger (A3) units, four 38cm tubes are ideal. Dept.of ECE 38 Y.C.E.T. Kollam
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Developing
Does not use sodium hydroxide for developing photo resist laminates. It is a completely and utterly dreadful stuff for developing PCB's. Apart from its causticity, it is very sensitive to both temperature and concentration, and made-up solution doesn't last long. When it's too weak it doesn't develop at all, and when too strong it strips all the resist off. It is almost impossible to get reliable and consistent results, especially when making PCB's in an environment with large temperature variations. A much better developer is a silicate-based product that comes as a liquid concentrate. You can leave the board in it for several times the normal developing time without noticeable degradation. This also means that it is not temperature critical no risk of stripping at warmer Dept.of ECE 39 Y.C.E.T. Kollam
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temperatures. Made-up solution also has a very long shelf-life and lasts until it's used up. You can make the solution up really strong for very fast developing.
Etching
Ferric chloride etchant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than most alternatives. It attacks any metal including stainless steel. So when setting up a PCB etching area, use a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fittings and screws wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with silicone. Copper water pipes may get splashed or dripped-on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic; heat-shrink sleeving is great if you're installing new pipes.
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Tin Plating
Tin-plating a PCB makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much essential for surface mount boards. Unless you have access to a roller tinning machine, chemical tinning is the only option. Unfortunately, tin-plating chemicals are expensive but the results are usually worth it. If you don't tinplate the board, either leave the photo resist coating on (most resists are intended to act as soldering fluxes) or spray the board with rework flux to prevent the copper from oxidizing. Room-temperature tin-plating crystals produce a good finish in a few minutes. There are other tinning chemicals available, some of which require mixing with acid or high-temperature use.
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Drilling
If you have fibre glass (FR4) board, you must use tungsten carbide drill bits. Fibre glass eats normal high-speed steel (HSS) bits very rapidly, although HSS drills are all right for odd larger sizes ( >2 mm). Carbide drill bits are expensive and the thin ones snap very easily. When using carbide drill bits below 1 mm, you must use a good vertical drill stand ,you will break very quickly without one. Carbide drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick ( some times called ' turbo' )shank. In straight shank, the whole bit is the diameter of the hole, and in thick shank, a standard-size (typically about 3.5 mm) shank tapers down to the hole size.
Cutting
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A small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fiber glass laminate. Ordinary saws (band saws, jig saws and hack saws ) will be blunted quickly unless these are carbide tipped , and the dust can cause sink irritation. A carbide tail-saw blade in a jig saw might be worth a tray. Its also easy to accidently scratch through protective film when sawing, causing photo resist scratches and broken teaks on finished board. A sheet metal guillotine is also excellent for cutting boards provided the blade is fairly sharp. To make cut outs, drill a series of small holes, punch out the and file to size. Alternatively, use after saw or small hack saw, but be prepared to replace blade often. With practice it is possible to do corner cut outs with a guillotine but you have to be very careful that you don't over cut.
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Soldering
Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conductivity. It is use primarily in electrical and electronics circuitry. Solder is a combination of a metal, which are solid at normal room temperature and became liquid at between 180 and 200c. Solder bonds well to varies metals and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to successfully build the electronics circuit. It is a primary way how electronics components are connected to circuit boards, and sometimes directly to other components. For soldering we can use the soldering iron .
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Chapter-7 PCB LAYOUT
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Fig.7.1 PCB Layout
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Chapter-8 COMPONENTS LIST
SERIAL.NO: 1.
PARTICULARS RESISTORS
QUANTITY
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i. ii. ii. iii. 2. i. ii. iii. 3. 4.
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5 5 5 15
F F F,
1 1 1 1
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i. ii. 5. i. ii. iii. iv. v.
1N-4007 1N-4148 ICS 7809 TSOP 1738 NE555 74LSO8 74LSO4
15 5
1 1 2 1 1
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6 i. ii. iii. iv. 7
LEDs 5 MM GREEN 5 MM RED IR LED LED DUAL RELAY

Table.8.1.Components List
2 2 1 1 1
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Chapter-9 APPLICATIONS
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It can be used in smart home
It has applications in commercial environments where workers usually forget to turn off the unneeded lights, etc and provide substantial savings of electrical energy
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Chapter-10 ADVANTAGES

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Chapter-11 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
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An automatic tap controller can also be incorporated with the device eventually helps to reduce the wastage of water.
An automatic hand drier can also be incorporated with the device.
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Chapter-12 CONCLUSION
Effective use of electricity is the significant solution to the problem of increasing energy consumption. The Automatic washbasin mirror lamp controller finds great use in energy saving applications and it can acts as a substitute for switches. The device can also incorporate with any other
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mirrors in our house. Automation of lighting is an essential part of smart home which is a novel concept in technology. This device helps cost reductio0n of electricity bill in industries. It is easy to construct and can be assembled at a very low cost. This device is handy and small enough for any one notice. The wide range of applications of sensors makes it an inseparable part of our life. By mass production and by the use of advanced components the device operation can be perfected.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits- N.N Bhargava, S.C. Gupta, D.C.Kulshreshtha 3rd Edition-Tata McGraw Hill Education Publications. Linear Integrated Circuits- D.Roy Choudhary & S.B Jain- 3rd Edition New Age Techno publications http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/53594/FAIRCHILD/NE555.html http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/127443/VISHAY/TSOP17.html http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/50732/FAIRCHILD/BC548B.html
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http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/lab/
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APPENDIX
A1. DTASHEET OF IC NE555
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A2. DATASHEET OF TSOP-1708
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A3. DTASHEET OF TRANSISTOR BC-548
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Shadow Alarm

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Chapter-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Functional Block Diagram

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Chapter-3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Chapter-4 DETAILED COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Chapter-6 PCB PREPARATION TECHNIQUES

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Photoresist PCB Laminates

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Chapter-7 PCB LAYOUT

Mini Project Report, 2011

Mini Project Report, 2011

Fig.7.1 PCB Layout

Mini Project Report, 2011

Chapter-8 COMPONENTS LIST

Mini Project Report, 2011

i. ii. ii. iii. 2. i. ii. iii. 3. 4.

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