ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL OR REPORT What is the purpose of research proposal ?

(Fraenkel , Wallen ,1990) A research proposal communicates the attentions of the researcher the purpose of his or her intended study and its and its importance , together with a step by step plan for

conducting the study. In a proposal or report the problems are identified , questions or hypotheses are stated, variable are identify and terms are defined. Besides that it also includes subjects of

sample , instrument(s) to be used , the research design ,procedure actions and data analysis. It is all spelled out in detail. It also will includes partial of previous related review of research to allow

the interest of others to evaluate the worth of a proposed study and to make suggestion for improvement. In a simple word a proposal is a written plan of a study.

The differences of research proposal and research report ?

( Fraenkel, Wallen 1990), A research report follows much the same format as a proposal , with two main differences : (1) it states what was done rather than what will be done. (2) it includes the actual results of the study along with the discussion of them.

Adapted from How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education by Fraenkel & Wallen ( 1990) Organization of a Research Report I. Introductory Section A. Title Page B. Table of Contents C. List of Figures D. List of Tables II. Main Body A. Problem to be investigated ( CHAPTER ONE ) 1. Purpose of the study ( including the assumptions ) 2. Justification of the study 3. Research questions and hypotheses 4. Definition of terms B. Background and review of related literature ( CHAPTER TWO) 1. Theory ( if appropriate) 2. Studies directly related 3. Studies tangentially related C. Procedures / Research Methodology ( CHAPTER THREE) 1. Description of research design 2. Description of sample 3. Description of instrument(s) used (including scoring procedures) 4. Explanation of the procedures followed ( the what , when , where , and how of the study) 5. Discussion of the internal validity 6. Description and justification of the statistical techniques or other methods of analysis used.

D. Findings ( CHAPTER FOUR) 1. Description of findings pertinent to each of the research hypotheses or questions

E. Summary and Conclusions ( CHAPTER FIVE) 1. Brief summary of the research question being investigated, the procedures employed , and the result obtained. 2. Discussion of the implications of the findings their meaning and significance 3. Suggestion for further research

III.References (Bibliography)

IV. Appendixes

The Major sections of a Research Proposal or Report

CHAPTER ONE Problem to be investigate would address four topics such as (1)the purpose of the study ,(2) the justification of the study, (3) the research questions and / or hypotheses ,including the variables , (4) the definition of terms.

Purpose of the study This section states the researcher proposes to investigate. It is a concise statement providing the framework for further additional details. An example of statement of purpose as follows:

The purpose of the study was to explore how young kids portray their holiday experience in drawing and in respond to a survey.

Upon that , the assumption that to be the basic of the study is :

It is assumed that the descriptive information on family interaction that is provided by the study 'if disseminated , will have an influence on social interaction among peers.

Justification of studies This section is essential to clarify the reader of why the particular subject is important to be

investigate. For example , if the researcher intend to study a particular method to improve the students' understanding in grammar , the researcher should make a case that such study is important that other people will concern about.

Research question or hypotheses In this section the research question(s) should be stated. It is more to specific form of problem in question form. As it is some sort of hypotheses that most researcher would have for the reason of clarity and as the research strategy. It is also very important to state the hypotheses as clearly and as concisely as possible.

Terms Definition In this section all key terms in the title statement should be defined accurately to the researcher's point of view as it is all got to do with the researcher's intention in conducting the study. Crucially, in a hypotheses-testing study , the key terms definition will describe the variables of the study. As if the definition in previous literature is accurate to convey researcher' s intention, and clear to all concerned , the study goal is about to achieve. But most of the time the modification and formulation of operational definition is needed to fit the present study , or as the way to clarify the terms and

phrases for reader's better understanding..

CHAPTER TWO Background and review of Related Literature In this chapter , previous work or related literature or documentation of others' work that come close to the researcher's hypotheses or focus of the studies. In this chapter the researcher is trying her or his best to show that he or she is familiar with the major trend s in previous research and opinion on the topic and understand their relevance to the research being planned. This literature review chapter will consists of theoretical conception ,directly related studies , and other studies which will provide additional or wider perspectives on the research questions. It is also advisable to indicate the relevance or implications of the referred literature on the planned study which going to be proceeded.

CHAPTER THREE Procedure / Research Methodology In this chapter , the sections which are going to be discussed are as follows;-(1) research design, (2) sample , (3)instrumentation ,(4) treatment , (5) data collection procedure, (6) limitation .

Research Design The major role of this section is to describe the research design to be utilized in the study. The researcher needs to represent a convincing argument in supporting the research design to employ. Besides that in this section the variables to be examined will also to be described.

Sample In this section the researcher should indicate in considerable detail on how he or she will obtain the subjects for the sample to be used in the study .(Fraenkel, Wallen ,1990) At all possible , random sample can be used . If a convenient sample to be used , relevant demographics (gender, ethnicity , occupation , IQ and so on ) of the sample should be describe. Lastly , the legitimate population from which the result of study maybe generalized should be indicate. In other words , this section will provides a detailed description of the sample to be investigated in the proposed study or to define the population from which the sample will be drawn-and to which the findings of the study will be generalized. Significantly , the sample section describes the sampling procedure utilized in selecting that sample and provides a justification for the sampling procedure selected.

Categories of Sampling Procedure are:- (1) Non- probability sampling , (2) Probability sampling. Non- Probability Sampling is used when there is no way to forecasting , estimating , or guaranteeing that each person in population will be represented in the sample. Probability Sampling - is used when the researcher is tempting to ensure that the sample is will be the representative of the defined population. Therefore, the researcher will define in advance the that each segment of the defined sample will be represented in the sample.

Instrumentation The instrumentation section provides a complete description of the instrument or instruments selected for collecting the data needed by the study. This section will also is responsible to make a strong case for both validity and reliability which are the most critical concern in any research.

Validity-is concerned with the extent to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure what it claims to measure. Reliability is concerned with the consistency with the consistency with

which an instrument measures what it measure.

Treatment The Treatment section provides full description of the experimental treatment that will be used in the proposed study specifies the procedures that will used in administering the treatment. This section makes it clear that: the treatment will be reflective of the independent variable(s) , and the treatment and the non treatment will be executed in the manner that is consistent with that prescribed. This section provides a description of the procedures that will be used in order to ensure treatment fidelity. Treatment fidelity is the extent to which the treatment conditions , as implemented , conform to the specification set forth in that section of the research plan research proposal.

Data Collection Procedures The Data Collection Procedures section of the chapter provides a highly detailed description of the procedures that will be used to collect the data needed by the study. The data collection procedures section usually presents a chronological narrative detailing each of the steps that are to be the necessary data. This section also provides a description of the procedures that will be used to analyzed the data that will be collected.

Limitation In the limitation section , it describes the limitations of the study , it describes those aspect s of the study that may limit the validity and / or generalize the ability of the finding s for study. It also

will explain and acknowledges the study flaws.

Chapter Four and Five -are the sections which are unique to Research Report CHAPTER FOUR Result / Finding ( Fraenkel , Wallen 1990)The findings of the study constitute the results of the researcher's analysis of his or her data that is, what the collected data reveal. For example , in a comparison group studies , the means and standard deviation for each group on the post test measure(s) usually are reported. In comparison-group studies , the means and standard deviation for each group on the post test measure (s) usually are reported . In correlational studies , correlation coefficients and scatterplots are reported. In survey studies studies , percentages of responses to the questions asked , crossbreak tables , contingentcy coefficients , etc. are given.

CHAPTER FIVE Discussion (Fraenkel, Wallen 1990) , the discussion section of a report present s the author's interpretation of what the result s imply for the theory and / or practice. In this section , the researcher will place their results in a broader context. Here the researcher will recapitulate any difficulties that were encountered , make note of the limitations of the study , and suggest further , related studies that might be done. A good discussion section will typically g o considerably beyond the data in attempting to place the findings in a broader perspectives

REFERENCES Abdel Baset I. M. Hasouneh ( 2003). Research Methodology. Sublime Publication. Jaipur. Fraenkal, Jack, (1932). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, McGraw- Hill Higher Education Kamaruddin Ngah, Roslim Md Akhir (1990). Keadah Penyelidikan: Panduan Mudah Kerja Luar. Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya. Kumar, R (1999) Research Methodology A Step- by step Guide For Beginners, Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Limited Australia.

UKP 6013
(FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH METHODS IN EDUCATION) LECTURER : DR. GOH HOCK SENG

ASSIGNMENT TITLE: ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL/ REPORT

BY, KHAIRUN NISA BINTI TAJUL ARIFFIN M20072000573 LANGUAGE FACULTY MASTER IN TESL