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2 Marks and 16 Marks UNIT-1 SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTORS

1.

What is a Synchronous Reluctance Motor?

It is the motor driven by reluctance torque which is produced due to tendency of the salient pole rotor poles align themselves with synchronously rotating field produced by stator.

2.

What are the types of synch. Reluctance Motor? Cageless, Line-start, radial type and axial type

3.

State the principle of operation of Synch. Reluctance Motor.

When a piece of magnetic material is located in a magnetic field, a force acts on the material tending to bring it into the most dense portion of the field. The force tends to align the specimen of material in such a way that the reluctance of the magnetic path that lies through the material will be minimum.

4.

State any advantages of Synch. Reluctance Motor. Can operate from PWM A.C.Inverters Lower torque ripple Simple and rugged construction High speed capability

5.

Write any four application of Synch. Reluctance Motor

Recording instruments, timing devices, in spinning mills, film material making and fibre manufacturing equipment

6.

Define torque angle.

When load is increased lightly, the rotor momentarily slows down, causing the rotor to lag the rotating field. This angle is called torque angle.

7.

What is Vernier Motor?

A Vernier Motor is an unexcited reluctance type Synchronous motor which has the feature of high torque at low speed. This feature is based on the principle of vernier or magnetic gearing such that a small displacement of the rotor produces a large displacement of axes of maximum and minimum permeance.

8.

Write down the important features of Vernier Motor. High Torque to Inertia ration High torque at low speed Stator has uniform pitch teeth Air gap permeance distribution is triangular wave

9.

Define reluctance torque.

In synchronous reluctance motor, the torque which is produced at critical speed due to the tendency of the salient rotor poles to align themselves with synchronously rotating field produced by stator is known as reluctance torque.

10.

What is meant by flux concentrating and flux focusing?

In a 6 pole magnetized synch. Rel. Motor, the design is such that the magnet pole area exceeds the pole area at the air gap producing an air gap flux density higher than that in the magnet. This arrangement is known as flux concentrating and flux focusing

11.

What are the factors to be considered while designing a verneier motor? Air gap permeance should have same number of stator poles

Number of stator and rotor slots should be such that N1=N2+P

12.

What are the applications of Vernier motor? Direct drive applications, high torque at low speed application

13. When does a PM Synchronous motor operates as a Synchronous Reluctance motor? If the cage winding is included in the rotor and the magnets are left out or demagnetized, PM Synchronous motor operates as a Synchronous Reluctance motor

PART-B

1. Explain the operation and constructional features of synchronous reluctance motor. 2. Explain the working principle of Vernier Motor with a neat diagram. 3. Explain the circle diagram and torque-speed characteristics of synchronous reluctance motor. 4. Explain the synchronous reactance of PM Synchronous reluctance motor. 5. Describe the constructional details and working principle of Synchronous Reluctance Motor 6. Draw and explain a typical torque-speed characteristic of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor 7. Derive the expression for the d axis PM Synchronous Reluctance Motor 8. Distinguish between Axial and Radial air gap motor. 9. Explain the principle of operation and constructional features of different types of Synchronous Reluctance Motor 10. Derive an expression for open circuit emf of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor. 11. Explain the phasor diagram and characteristics of Synchronous Reluctance Motor.

UNIT-2 STEPPING MOTORS

1.

What is a stepper motor?

A stepper motor can be consider as a digital electromechanical device where each step command pulse (electrical pulse) input results in a movement of the shaft by a discrete angle called step angle of the motor. So in stepper motor, the input is in the form of programmed energization of the stator winding and the output is the discrete angular rotation.

2. What are the main features of stepper motor which are responsible for its wide spread use? 1. The rotor rotates through definite known angle. 2. Control of stepper motor is simple because neither a position (or) a speed neither sensor, nor feedback loops are required for stepper motor to make the output response to follow the input command. 3. Since the nature of command is in the form of pulses, stepping motors are compatible with modern digital equipment. 4. Positional error is non-cumulative in stepper motor. 5. As the motor speed is proportional to the rate of command pulses, it can be used for speed control

3.

Name the different types of stepper motor.

1. Variable reluctance stepper motor 2. Permanent magnet stepper motor 3. Hybrid stepper motor.

4.

Define slewing.

The stepper motor may be operated at very high stepping rates i.e., 25000 steps per second. The operation of stepper motor at high speeds is called slewing.

5.

What is a slewing rate?

The maximum rate at which the motor can step unidirectionally is called slewing rate.

6.

What is synchronism in stepper motor/

It is the one- to-one correspondence between the numbers of pulses applied to the stepper motor controller and the number of steps through which the motor has actually moved. i.e., The output shaft rotates such that one step being taken each time a command pulse is received.

7.

What is variable reluctance stepper motor?

The stepper motor in which the reluctance of the magnetic circuit formed by the rotor and stator teeth varies with the angular position of the rotor is known as variable reluctance (VR) stepper motor The direction of rotation of the VR stepper motor. is independent of the polarity of the stator current.

8.

What is Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor?

The stepper motor in which the rotor poles are permanently magnetized is known as Permanent magnet Stepper Motor.

9.

What is Hybrid Stepper Motor?

The stepper motor which combines the feature of both variable reluctance and permanent magnet stepper motors is known as hybrid stepper motor.

10.

What is meant by micro stepping in stepper motor?

The mode of operation of the variable reluctance stepper motor in which the step angle is very small is known as micro stepping. It is also called as mini stepping.

11.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of VR Stepper motor? Disadvantages Resonance No Detent Torque Effeciency

Advantages of Variable Reluctance Motor Torque/Inertia Rotor Inertia Rate of acceleration Ability to freewheel Weight Cost

12.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of PM Stepper motor? Inertia Acceleration performance affected due to magnet

Holding Torque Fewer tendencies to resonate Better Damping

Low power requirement Rotor does not require exciting current

magnet is costly flux density is limited

13.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid Stepper motor? expensive Inertia

Small step Stepping rate

Torque/Unit Volume

performance affected due to Magnet

Holding Torque Better Damping Efficiency

14.

What are the different types of drive circuits for stepper motor?

Resistance drive Dual voltage drive Chopper drive

15.

Name the various modes of excitation in stepping motor.

1-phase mode 2-phase mode Half step mode Micro stepping mode

16.

What is meant by power driving circuit?

The output from the logic sequence generator signals are the low level signals which are too weak to energise stepper motor windings. The circuit using power semiconductor switching devices in order to increase the voltage, current and power levels of the logic sequence output is known as power drive circuit.

17.

What is logic sequencer?

The logic sequencer generates the programmed logic sequences required for the operation of stepper motor.

18.

What is lead angle?

The angle of difference between the phase to be de energized to bring the stepper motor to the position of equilibrium and energisation of next phase winding to start the motor during closed loop operation is known as lead angle. The relation between the rotors present position and the phase to be excited is specified in terms of lead angle.

19.

Mention the application of stepper motor. Actuators Typewriters Process control Watches

Computer controlled system Driving paper feed mechanism in printers Tape drives Floppy disks X-Y Plotters Robotics

PART-B

1. 2. 3. 4.

Describe the operation of Variable Reluctance type Stepper Motor. Draw and explain the torque pulse rate characteristics of a Stepper Motor Explain the working of Hybrid Motor with neat diagram. What is stepping angle? A VR Stepper Motor has 8 poles in the stator and they have five teeth in each pole. If the rotor has 50 teeth, calculate the step angle and resolution 5. Write short notes about the drive circuits of stepping motor? 6. Explain the principle of operation and constructional features of Hybrid Motor in detail. 7. Explain the construction and principle operation of VR Stepping Motor in detail

8. Describe the operation of a Variable Reluctance type Stepper Motor. Also explain about micro stepping. 9. Explain torque versus stepping rate characteristics of a stepper motor. Also explain about slew range and ramping. 10. What is stepping angle? Calculate the stepping angle for a 3 phase 24 pole PM type Stepper Motor. 11. Write short notes on Ministep drive.

UNIT-3 SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS

1.

What is a Switched Reluctance Motor?

It is electromagnetic and electrodynamic equipment that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The electromagnetic torque is developed in SRM due to variable reluctance principle.

2.

State the principle of operation of Switched Reluctance Motor.

It develops an electromagnetic torque due to variable reluctance principle. When air gap is minimum, the reluctance will be minimum. Hence inductance will be maximum. So the rate change of inductance is zero. When the reluctance varies, there will be a change in inductance. So when a particular stator winding of SRM is excited, the rotor pole comes in alignment with that stator pole and thus the rotor rotates.

3.

What is rotor position sensor?

The motor shaft of SRM carries a rotor position sensor that gives the information about the position of the rotor with reference to the reference axis to the controller.

The controller compares the 8information from the rotor position sensor with the reference speed signal and then suitably turns on and off the concerned power semiconductor device of the switching circuit such that the desired phase winding is connected to the d.c.supply.

4.

What is the need for shaft position sensor fro SRM?

For commutation (i.e.) the turning on and turning off of various semiconductor devices in the switching circuitry is influenced by the signals obtained from the rotor position sensor. For speed control of the motor, it is necessary to use the rotor position sensor.

5.

Specify the function of controller circuit in SRM.

The controllers gets the signal from the rotor position sensor, reference speed signal and signal from the output of power semiconductor circuit and then suitably turns on and turns off the concerned phase winding of the SRM.

6.

Differentiate SRM and VR Stepper Motor. SRM VRSM It is fed by square wave without

It has shaft position feedback rotor position feedback Efficient power conversion Operates at high speed Continuous rotation Closed loop is essential

concentrated for step integrity operates with limited speed range rotates in steps works in open loop operation

7.

Enumerate the different power controllers used for the control of SRM

Controllers using 2 power semiconductor switching devices and 2 diodes per phase Controllers using (n+1) power semiconductor switching devices and (n+1) diodes per nphase Controller with phase winding using Bifilar wires Controller using split power supply Controller using C-Dump circuit

8.

Write down the instantaneous torque equation of SRM.

= position sensor

change in Instantaneous inductance with respect to change in rotor

9.

Write down the basic voltage equation of SRM.

10.

State the need for non-linear analysis of switched reluctance motor.

Machine with linear magnetic characteristics means that it has constant magnetic permeability and no magnetic saturation. In practice, the switched reluctance motor which follows variable reluctance principle operates with its magnetic material in saturation. As saturation tends to increase the size of the variable reluctance machines for a given output, the non-linear analysis is required.

11.

Define energy ratio in SRM.

Energy ratio is defined as the ratio of mechanical energy transferred to the sum of mechanical energy transferred to the sum of mechanical energy transferred and the stored energy.

12.

What are the two types of current control techniques? Hysterisis type current control Voltage-PWM type current control

13.

What is meant by dwell in SRM? Dwell means conduction period.

14.

Draw the l-i curve for SRM.

15.

Draw speed-torque characteristics of SRM.

16.

What are the advantages of SRM? Simple construction Less maintenance Speed charctersitics changes with load self starting high speed high starting torque

17.

State the drawbacks of SRM. Torque ripple produces noises Additional power circuitry is needed

Requires rotor position sensors

Stator produces flux in the air gap At high speed current has harmonics Power wires are more Difficult to get desired Air gap

18.

Mention some application of SRM. Vacuum Cleaners Industrial drives Fans Automobile application Office and business equipment

19

What are the different modes of operation of SRM?

Low speed operation mode High speed operation mode

20.

What are the advantages of C-Dump circuit? The circuit has lower number of switching devices Presence of diodes ensures faster demagnetization of phases

PART-B

1. Describe the Hysterisis type and PWM type current regulator for one phase of a Switched Reluctance Motor with relevant circuit diagram. 2. With neat diagram, explain the microprocessor based control of Switched Reluctance Motor 3. Draw and explain the characteristics of Switched Reluctance Motor in detail. 4. Explain shaft position sensing of Switched Reluctance Motor 5. Explain with neat diagram, the constructional details and working principle of Switched Reluctance Motor. 6. Explain the role of computers in the control of Switched Reluctance Motors 7. Write a note on power controllers used in Switched Reluctance Motor. 8. Explain the speed-torque characteristics of Switched Reluctance Motor 9. What is the necessity of converter circuits for Switched Reluctance Motor? Draw and explain different types of converter circuits in detail.

UNIT-4 PERMANENT MAGNET BRUSHLESS D.C. MOTORS

1.

What is Brushless PM D.C.Motor?

It is similar to salient pole D.C.Motor except that there is no field winding on rotor and is provided by PM. It reduces losses. Complexity in construction is reduced.

2.

Compare conventional D.C.Motor and PMBLDC Motor. Conventional PMBLDC Rotor has PM low maintenance designed for high voltage size is small Electronic switching is used

Field magnets are in stator High maintenance requirement Standard procedure for design Size is large Power semiconductors are not used

RPS not used

RPS is used

3.

Give the merits of PMBLDC Motor compared to conventional motor.

No field winding no field copper loss Higher efficiency Size is small Possible for very high speed

4.

What are the types of PMBLDC square wave D.C.Motor?

1800 pole arc PMBLDC square wave 1200 pole arc PMBLDC square wave

5.

State the principle of operation of PMBLDC.

When D.C. supply is given to the motor, the armature winding draws current. This current sets up an emf which is perpendicular the main MMF set up by the PM field. Hence a force is experienced by the armature conductors according to Flemmings left hand rule. As it is in the rotor, a reactive force develops a torque in the rotor. If this developed torque is more than the load torque and frictional torque, the motor start rotating.

6.

Write down the emf and torque equation of PMBLDC Motor.

Bg = Air gap flux density r = radius of air gap l = length of armature wm = Angular velocity

I = current flowing through motor

7.

State the different types of PM. ALNICO

Cobalt-Samarium Barium Strontium ferrites Neodymium-Iron-Boron(NdFeB) 8. Define magnetic remanence.

The magnetic flux density which persists in magnetic materials even though the magnetizing forces are completely removed.

9.

Define coercivity forces.

The demagnetizing force which is necessary to neutralize completely the magnetism in an electromagnet after the magnetizing force becomes zero.

10.

How the PMBLDC Motors are classified? BLPM square wave motor BLPM sine wave motor

11.

What are position sensors?

The position sensors detect the position of rotating magnets and send logic codes to commutation decoder which, after processing this code, activates the firing circuits of semiconductor switches feeding power to the stator winding. Optical Position Sensor Magnetic field sensor (Hall Effect Position Sensor)

Back emf sensor Capacitance sensor Reluctance sensor

12.

State advantages of brushless configuration. No Brush Maintenance Sparking eliminated Rotor inside the stator - more xsectional area for stator windings Reduced motor length Better efficiency

13.

What are advantages and disadvantages of brushless motor drive? No field winding Motor length is small Field can not be controlled Power rating is restricted requires Regenerative braking switching circuit

Better ventilation RPS requires semiconductor Controllable speed Possible for high speed

14.

Define energy product and maximum energy product of Permanent Magnet.

The absolute value of product of flux density and field intensity at each point along the demagnetization curve is called energy product.

15.

When does the demagnetization occur in PMBLDC Motor?

During normal operation of motor when the torque and back emf are constant, if the field flux level becomes low, then demagnetizing occurs.

16. What are the ways by which demagnetization can be limited in Permanent Magnet? Keeping the current below the maximum value Using of pole shoes to a PM to collect the flux and then transfer it to air gap

17.

State the application of PMBLDC Motor. Turn Table drive for Record players Tape drive for Video recorders Drive for cooling fans Drive for air conditioners

18.

What is an electronic commutator?

It is to transfer the current to the armature. Power semiconductors are used as switching devices. Armature has three tappings, which can be connected either in star or in delta.

19. What are the difference between mechanical commutator and electronic commutator? Mechanical Commutator Commtator segments, brushes are used Located in rotor Electronic commutator semiconductor devices are used located in stator

Commutator segments are more Shaft position is inherent Sliding contact is there Sparking is there Requires regular maintenance Difficult to control voltage High reliable

only 6 switching devices requires sensor no sliding contact No sparking less maintenance controlled by PWM reliability ensured by protection

20.

Why the PMBLDC Motor is called as electronically commutated Motor?

Because the phase winding of motor is energized by power semiconductor switching circuits. The power semiconductor switching circuits act as a commutator. The power semiconductor switches turned ON and OFF by the signals obtained from RPS.

PART-B

1. Explain the construction and working principle of operation of PMBLDC Motor with neat diagram. 2. Describe the operation of power controllers for PMBLDC Motor with neat diagram. 3. Derive the Torque and EMF equations of PMBLDC Motor. 4. Explain the modes of operation of Power Controllers for PMLDC Motor with neat diagram. 5. Explain with neat diagram and waveform of full wave inverter based PMBLDC Motor 6. Draw and explain the speed torque characteristics of PMBLDC Motor. 7. Draw IGBT based inverter circuit for delta connected PMBLDC Motor and sketch the firing sequence and phase current waveform for 1200 mode. 8. Write a note on magnetic circuit analysis in PMBLDC Motor.

9. Explain with neat diagram the working of different modes of operation in Power Controller circuit used for PMBLDC Motor.

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