Language Studies in Yoruba

N y0RU8A
Ex
C. K.
Libris
OGDEN
LANGUAGE STUDIES
IN
YORUBA.
ALL
RIGHTS
RESERVED.
CHURCH MISSIONARY
LAGOS. SOCIETY'S BOOKSHOP.

1914.
SRLfJ
/if
c,:
INTRODUCTION.
This book
those
Its
is
intended to be practical and to

to
assist
who
is
desire
learn
the
Yoruba Language.
need
of
aim
to supply the long-felt

full
a book
between
book.
grammatical
of
treatise
and a phrase
will
The
rules
English
Grammar
be of
to
service to the student,
and
for those
who wish
use
it
full
conjugation of the verb appears in Part X.

laid
Too much emphasis cannot be

of learning the intonation
on the necessity
of
and meaning
said of
words
at the
same
time.
The same may be
memory work,
is
for the
primary need in learning any language

Part
III. is so
Vocabulary.
arranged that the student
can give special attention to any group of nouns

if
so desired.
Use has been made
of
Bowen's Grammar
is
and Wood's Notes.
The student
;
recommended
;
to purchase the following

of the
Bibeli
Mimp
Dictionary
Yoruba Language
and the
full series of
Yoruba
Readers.
These can be obtained at any of the C.M.S.
Bookshops.
LANGUAGE STUDIES
IN
YORUBA.
CONTENTS.
PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY.
Section
1.
Page
8 8
The Alphabet
Vowels Consonants
.
2. 3.
4. 5.
(>.
Diphthongs Tones or Accent Elision of Vowels
9 10 10
II
I
7. 8.
Words beginning with
"
n," for pronunciation

..
.
9.
Syllables, for pronunciation Interchange of letters

.
..
.
..
. .
12
13
PART
Section
,,
II.
VERBS.
1.
2. 3.
Simple or Root Verbs, Classes 1 and 2 Nouns and other words for use with verbs
. .
14, 15
10
Illustrative sentences
17
4.
5.
.,
t>.
Extended
;
list of
simple Verbs, Class

. .
22
24
Verbs which express existence Number Gender Case

;
.
.25,
.
7.
8.
Key
Translation, Yoruba-English to Translation in Section 7

.
26 27 28
PART
III.
NOUNS
Section
,.
GROUPED, CLASSIFIED, AND ALPHABETICAL ORDER.

to to the Universe, Domestic Life
IN
29 30
31
1.
2.
,,
3. 4.
5.
,, ,,
(5.
7.
Relating Relating Relating Relating Relating Relating Relating
and National
.
Life
.
to Religious to Trades to to to
and Civic Life and Commerce Farm and Country Life Political and Legal Questions Anatomy and Diseases
.
32 32 34 35
6
Section
S.
Relating to Theological and
EMUkMl QOMtioiM
..
..
3<>
9.
Sentences for daily

Translatic.n.
u-<
3!t
10.
11.
Yonilia-Kii'.ilisli
in
Key
to Translation
Section
10
..
4O
PART IV. PRONOUNS.

Section
1.
Table
of Pronouns; Euphonic Concord
and
..
Examples
.. ..
of
. .
41.
4i'
2.
Relative,
Demonstrative Interrogative Pronouns

Reflexive,
.
and
.
4i'.
i:i
3.
Illustrative Sentences
43
.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Translation exercise in use of Pronouns Key to Translation in Section 4 Accent with Illustrative Sentences Example of Literal and Idiomatic Translat ion
. .
. .
.
H
4.~>
4i 4S
"<>
~>1
8
9.
Translation, Yoruba-English .. Kev to Translation in Section s
PART V. VARIOUS PARTS OF

Section
1.
SI'KKCH.
with
.
2. 3. 4.
o.
Illustrative 2, Simple Verbs. Sentences Key to Sentences in Section with Notes Adjectives Adverbs; Illustrative Sentences and Notes .. Special Note on Prepositions and Notes ;
Class
.
"-
~>3
.~>4
"
Li
"
" and " Ni
r.x.
.">!!.
.'!
(i.
7.
8.
Conjunctions and Interjections Translation, Yoruba-English .. Kev to Translation in Section
i<>
61
PART
VERBS,
Section
1.
VI.
&c.
;
Extended
of Simple Verbs, Class 2 Illustrative Sentences

list
.
.
with
>>'{
2.
Key
to Sentences in Section
3.
4. 5. 0. 7.
8.
!
Auxiliary Verbs Tenses of the Verb ri = to see Notes on the words n, ri, ko, ki and bi Salutations in common use Appropriate Answers to Salutations.
.
....
.
*>4
'>">
i><i.
<7
68 69
7n
Translation, Yoruba-English Key to Translation in Section 8

. .
70
PART VII.
COMPOUND VERBS.
Section
1.
Page
71
2.
,,
3.
4. 5.
6.
union of verb and noun .. Verbs, Class 1 union of verb and Verbs, Classes 2 and 3 noun and preposition, &c. Verbs, Class 4 object inserted between its two parts, with Illustrative Sentences Key to Sentences in Section 3 Various other Compound Verbs
; ;
.
.
.
74 74 75 76
77
Extended
list
of
Compound Verbs
.
. . .
;
.
with
. . . .
Illustrative Sentences
7.
Key
to Sentences in Section 6
. .
8. 9.
Translation, Yoruba-English Key to Translation in Section 7
78 78 79
PART VIII.
NOUNS.
Section
1.
Nouns formed by Vowel

Examples
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
.,
s and ri of changes in words Prefixes denoting ownership or possession " " ai . and " alai " Negative Prefixes
.
Prefixes Syllabic Prefixes " "
80 80
81
"
"
.
Nouns formed by
reduplication
composition
8.
9.
Vocabulary of Compound Nouns Translation, Yoruba-English
10.
Key
to Translation in Section 9
82 84 85 86 86 88 89
PART IX.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Section
1.
2.
3.
Numerals, 1 1,000 Notes on the use of Numerals Yoruba Proverbs

. .
.
90 92 93
96 98 99 99
4.
Example
of
Literal
Translation,
. .
Yoruba. . . .
English
5.
,,
6.
7.
Translation, English-Yoruba Key to Translation in Section 5 Examples of Idiomatic Translation
PART X.
Section
1.
Conjugation of the
Verb
ri
to see
..
..
101
LANGUAGE STUDIES
IN
YORUBA.
PART
SECTION
I.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
1.
THE ALPHABET.
The English alphabet Yoruba language.
Capitals
:
is
modified to meet the sounds of the
ABDEEFGGbHIJKLMNOQP R U W
S
$
:
Y.
Small letters
t
abdeefggbhijklmnoQp u w
y.
:
Vowels
a
e
o
:
u.
Diphthongs
ai
oi
an.
:
Consonants
It will
bdfggbhiklmnprs?twy. be
noticed that
c, q, v, x, e,
that
gb, 9
and
s are
added
to,
and z are omitted from, and the English alphabet.
SECTION
2.
VOWELS.
a,
"
has one sound only. a " as in father

(e.g.)
Father =baba.
Shoe
>a in.
Drum=bata.
e,
has the sound of " e " in grey

('.'/)
Mound =ebe.
Language
Seven =eje.
"< It
.
9,
short sound as
(e.g.
)
"
"
in
met
Request = 9*59.
Jest
= $9.
fee
-
i,
Rafter = ek9. has the one sound as " ee " in

(e.g.)
Evil=ibi.
Reason = id I.
Tree=igi.
o,
sound as
(e.g.
)
in
no
River = odd.
Glory =ogo.
Rain = 6j6.
9,
has the sound of

(e.g.
)
''
aw
"
as in law
Monkey =^9.
Day=9J9.
Hoe=9k9.
u,
sound
of
)
"
oo " as in
moon
(e.g.
Prison = tiibu.
Cold = tutu.
Wicked = buburu.
SECTION
3.
CONSONANTS.
b,
and
d,
have the same sound as in English.
g, is
" always hard as in garden."
gb, and p, sounds are the most difficult, gb, is a hard sound, and p, is a soft sound. " " Something of each letter is sounded in gb " pronounced as if written kp."
and " p "
is
X.B.
Only a native can help in the pronunciation of these letters? and continuous practice on the part of the learner is
essential.
is
h,
always aspirated,
soft as in
'*
j, is
jelly."
;
k,
w, and y, have the same sounds as in English but are pronounced as if written thus ki, li, mi, ni, ri, si, " " i ti, wi, yi having the ee sound.
1,
m,
n, r,
s, t,
10
n,
sometimes appears at
i-mling
(<-..'/.)
tli<-
end
of
ii
\vunl.
ami
i-<
merely a nasal
To appear
To work
lum.
''
s.
has the same sound as

(e.g.
)
sh
"
in A/mil
sis^,
pronounced
"
sliislu,'-."
SECTION
4.
DIPHTHONGS.
ai,
sound both
"
letters as in the
"
Daily Mail
(e.g.)
"
Cockney
"
pronunciation of
Unclean =aim9.
Ignorant =aim<>.
Undone =aise.
ai,
"
oi,
the negative participle and takes the place of " in English. " " oi in oil. has the sound of
is
"
un " or
in
au.
sound each lettejvthen unite them, preserving the sound

letter.
of
each
SECTION
5.
TONES OR ACCENT.
The marks over the vowels
a,
indicate tone, or accent.
The tones may be described

full
;
as
a,
acute
a,
open
a,
grave
about a tone. keep an even tone. Grave, a, drop the voice about a tone. " aa." Full, a, lengthen the sound as if written the union of two vowels and carries Circumflex, a, indicates a musical sound.
Acute,
a, circumflex. a, raise the voice
Open,
a,
Ask a native to pronounce 6tp = truth and repeat until the sound is acquired.
N.B.
and SuTU = patience,
Yoruba
is a language of intonation, and it is essential to a knowledge of the vernacular, that the tones be learnt at the time of learning the meanings of the words.
11
SECTION
6.
ELISION OF VOWELS.
1.
When two
them
is
vowels of the same sound come together, one of

-
dropped
)
(e.g.
Buy
Love
cloth
sin
= ra asp = f 9 ese
pronounced ra
pronounced
f9
'sp.
'9.
2.
When two
stronger,
or
vowels of a different sound come together, tho accented vowel is retained and the weaker
dropped
(e.g.
)
Know
Cover
= 1119 ara r^ = bo ara r$ thyself

thyself
;
pronounced m9 'ra rf. pronounced bo 'ra r$.
3.
In some cases euphony seems to rule, and in other instances neither vowel is dropped, but both are exchanged for the " vowel " u
(e.g.
)
To run = sa To
lie
ire;
;
pronounced "sure."
pronounced
"
puri?," etc.
= pa
irp
SECTION
7.
vt
N."
THE PREFIX
"
"
"
n is used as a prefix to form In the following table the letter the present, imperfect, participle of the verb
(e.g.)
To love=f?
loving=nf<?.
:
They are inserted at
this stage for practice in pronunciation only
SECTION
8.
SYLLABLES.
Practice in the vowel sounds until perfect both in pronunciation
and hearing
a
is
essential.
13
SECTION
9.
INTERCHANGE OF LETTERS.
In consulting the Dictionary for the meaning of words,
it
is
necessary to remember that letters are frequently interchanged.

1.
Not a few words
begin, indifferently with as abanij$, or pbanij? an injurer.
"
a " or " o "
2.
Some words
afiyesi,
begin indifferently with or ifiyesi = attention.

"
"
a," or
''
"
i
;
as
3.
"
E G
"
and
:
"
to-day
"
-1.
1'eii,
are interchangeable as 1'eni, or l'oni = = head. or l'ori = upon eii, or oii

; ;
" "
for for
Ci
" "
k
f
"
;
as ge, or ke
= to
cut.
"
.3.'
"
;
as iho, or afo
for
=a
valley.
(5.
''S" for
^";
and"w"
" "
"h";
"
in w6, or
h6 = to
boil.
The interchange of s and s is particularly noticeable in some parts of the country and may be regarded as
dialectical
"
(c.f/.
In words like ese, es^, esin, ese, " " to detect the sh sound.
ise, it is difficult
14
PART
SECTION
II.
1.
SIMPLE OR ROOT VERBS, CLASS

B4=to meet. B$ = to beg or Bf=to beget.
i.
D6=to encamp.
entreat.
Dfr
= to
deny.
wish, love.
B6=to B$=to B6 = to D4=to D$=to D$ = to

Di=to
cover.
F4=to draw. F = to want,

Fl = to swinu.
drop. abuse.
create, or cause.
arrive.
F6=to
fly.
<>r
F^ = to wash (clothes Ge or ke =to cut.
vessels).
ensnare.
tie.
G^=to G$=to
sit in
a grand style.
puzzle.
Gbi = to
receive.
lift.
Gbe-to Qb^=to
excavate.
Gb6 = to bark.
= to fight, = to eat. Ji = to awake. J6 = to burn.

Jtl
Gb$=to
hear.
lock, or fasten.
pick.
boil.
H4=to He = to H6 = to Hp=to
Jp = to resemble. = to throw (as a
ball).
scratch.
KA = to K6 =to K^ =to
JJi
read or count.
roar or bleat.
Hu = to
germinate.
indulge, or cherish. to salute.
K6=to gather. K$=to teach or K6 = to die. L4 = to split.

L4=to L^=to
Li
drive.
Mi=to
learn.
breathe.
M^ = to Mfi = to
Ni=to Ni=to
Nil
know.
take, or catch.
spend. have.
clean.
kill.
= to
patch. have.
= to
L6
'" use.
Pa=to P4=to
P$ = to
call.
Lp = to LA = to
go.
tarry.
beat.
P6=to
mix.
15
P$ = to vomit.
SECTION
2.
NnrXS AND OTHER WORDS

Si.MiM.i-:
!-<>K
CSK WITH TH1.
VERBS.
Well =kariga. Garden =^
Me=mi.
He = o, or DM. Cow m&lu.
Yesterday = l'aii!i.
Cloth =aij9.
Dog
aja.
Night = oru.
Door=il?kun.
Room=iyara.
Beans = ere.
Body=ara.
Plate =awo.
Farm
oko.
Water =omi.
Mother =iya.
Child =91119.
Monkey =^9.
Maize = agbado.
His or her=r$.
TwO = meji.
Street =ita.
World = aiye. Father =baba. House = ile. Animal Load

Their =
Food = onJ9.
Now = nisisiyi.
Enough == to. Rope = okun. To = si, and lati. I=emi, mo (or
i
Town = Hu.
That or the=na.
Request = ibere, ^b^.
future).
Sheep
agutan.
Customary =ama.
Stranger =alejo.
Money =owo.
Very much=gidigidi.
Wood==igi. Bird= <,!>',.
:
Work =196".
Horse =e?in.
To-day =l'oni. For = fun, and
nitori.
You or your = nyin. Axe=ake.
Boy = 9in9k9nrin.
Hawk = awodi.
Upon=l'ori.
Question =9ran.
Away = kuro.
With
ju.
ba,
and
p?lu.
Three =meta.
Friend =9r^.
Very much-=J9J9, pup9
Box -apoti.
= eyi
or
yi.
Nose=imu. Take = niu. c.r muly. River =od6.
17
All=gbogbo.
Cap=fila.
Not = k6, or ki. Both = mejeji.

It
Very good = daradara.

Boots = bata.
= o.
Thief =ole.
Market =9J a.
Paint =pda.
Wound =9gb^. Window =feres3.

Darkness = okunkvm. Very much=biribiri.
Use=lil6.
Cut = jade.
Gun=ibpn.
Idol=ori?a.
Mouth =9nu Egg = 9yin.

Five = marun.
Do not=ma$e.
Foot or feet=<?se. These =wonyi.
Carefully
Leaves = ewe.
Finished = tan.
After =l9hin.
= 19391939.
(ki
That=ki
se),
or pe.
Partridge = apard.
Foul=merin.
Deed=ise. Remain =duro.
Headkerchief = gele.
Head=ori.
Thou=iw9.
Will
(v.)
Red = pupa.
or
o.
= yio,
A-going =lil9-
Daily =lojojum9.
Face=oju.
Evening=ale.
SECTION
3.
SENTENCES SHOWING THE USE OF SIMPLE VERBS.

Ba = to meet.
ba mi li 9na. They met me on the way. O b^ mi.
B$ = to
entreat.
He
Bi = to beget.
begged me.
B6 = to
Malu mi bi lana. My cow calved yesterday.

Fi
cover.
a9 b6 ara. Put cloth cover body.

clothes).
b9"
fell
(Put
on your
B(J
= to
drop.
Awo
Plate
Bu = to
19W9 nii. from my hand.

child.
abuse.
Da = to make.
lya bu 9m9 r^. Mother abused her Ol9run da aiye.
God made
(the) world.
IS
D6=to
arrive.
Baba mi d6
ile.
My
D$=to
Di = to
ensnare.
tie.
father arrived home.
Nwpn
de eran kan.
dl eru wpn.
tied their loads.
tl ilu
They trapped an animal.
Nwpn
They
D6
Di
to
encamp.
deny.
Nwpn d6
nS.
= to
They encamped
against the town.
Fi=to
draw.
love.
O dii ibere mi. He denied my request. Owo li o fi fa a.

With money he draws him.
lya f^
Igi
ti
F$=to
Fi=to
91*19 r$ gidigidi.
The mother loves her

swing.
fly.
child very
much.
mo
nru
nfl.
Wood
F6=to
Bird
that I
19.
am
carrying swings.
iye f6 or scrub.
cut.
flies
away.
or clothes.
F$=to wash
G6, or
L9 f9 as9 nyin. Go wash your cloth

fi
ke=to
ak6 ke
igi.
He
GQ
Gba
t" puzzle. to receive.
cut the tree with the axe.
Gb6=to
Gb
Gbo
lift.
= to
excavate.
t" bark.
Gb$ = to
Qran na g9" mi J9J9The question puzzles me very much. Qk9nrin gb& owo r$. The man received his money. B4 mi gb6 apoti yi. Help me lift this box. Nw9n gb^ kanga li $gba. They dug a well in the garden. Aja gbo li oru ana. The dog barked last night.
hear.
Mo
1
Hi=to
He=to
lock or bolt.
pick.
boil.
H6 = to
Hp=to
gb(? 9rij> ti o wi. hear the word that you speak. Ha ilekun iyara mi. Lock the door (of) my room. Awa he ere li oko. We pick beans on farm. Omi ho bi ? Does the water boil ?
scratch.
Hu
to germinate.
fight.
The monkey scratches Agbado li o hu li oko.
his body.
J4 = to
Jp = to eat.
Corn germinates on the farm. Ajd meji li o j& ni ita. Two dogs fight in the street.
Mo
I
f$ je onj^ nisisiyi.
(to) eat
want
food now.
19
Ji
= to
awake.
Ji
(fm<f na.
Wake
J6 = to burn.
that child.
Jp = to resemble.
Ina ko jo to. The fire does not burn enough.
Ju = to throw.
K& = to
K6 = to
Qmo na jp baba r$. The child is like its father. Ju okun si mi. Throw a rope to me.
a ki emi gb<. it that I (may) hear. Agutan li o ke.
read or count.
roar, or bleat.
Ka
Read
is
It
K = to
K6 = to Kp = to
a sheep which
(is
bleats.
indulge.
salute.
Baba ama k^
Father
mi. in the habit of) indulges me.
Lp Go
gather.
learn or teach.
die.
ki awpn alejo. (and) salute the strangers. K6 as9 ti o wa l'9gba. Gather the clothes that are in the garden.
K(j> lati
ma
se is
re.
Ku = to
L = to
Le = to
split.
Learn to do your work. ]sin r^ ku loni. His (or her) horse died to-day. Qkpnrin la igi fun wa.
drive.
L$ = to patch.
The man split wood for us. Qm9k9nrin 16 eran kuro. The boy drove the animals away. Ba mi 1^ as9 yi. Help me patch this cloth.
Li=to have.
L6 = to
use.
Mo
I
I
li as9 meta. have three cloths.
Mo
Lp = to
go.
owo mi fun u. my money for him. 0r^ mi ama 19 si oko r.

16
used
Lu = to
My friend
beat.
(is
accustomed) goes to his farm.

u.
Ki o
fi
igi
lii
Mi=to
breathe.
Mp = to Mu=to
Nd=to
Ni=to
(That you) take wood (to) beat it (or him). Imu li a fi nmi. (With the) nose it is we breathe.
1119 9m9 na. know that child. Mu esm 19 si od6.
know.
take.
Mo
spend.
have.
clean.
Take the horse to the stream. Mo na gbogbo owo mi. I spent all my money.
Mo
I
ni
f^
fila
meji daradara.
mi.
Nu = to
have two very good caps.
Mo
I
nu bata
want
(to) clean
my
boots.
20
Pa = to
Pfc
kill.
Pa adir
Kill
rm-ji
1'oni.
two fowls to-day.

',"119
to call,
IV
C:ill
mi wa.
child (to) come.
9Ja.
my
p$
li
P*
P6
to tarry, to mix. to vomit.
Ma
Do
Mix
not tarry at the market. P6 $da fun H16.

(the) paint for use.
P*
Emi
"
I will
9 jade kuro li enu mi. ''spue thee out of my mouth. Rev. 3. 16.
o
p<;>
Ra =to buy.
Re = to
fall off
as leaves.
Ra eyin adie marun, Buy five eggs to-day. Ewe igi li o re tan.
Work
tires
loni
(li
oni).
R$ =to
Ri
be
see.
tired.
(The) leaves (of) the tree are Ise li o r$ mi.
all
fallen.
= to
Mo
I
ri
me. aparo merin.
saw four
R6 = to
Ri) Rii
relate.
Nw9n
They
partridges. r6 ise W9n fun wa. related their deeds to us.
= to = to
urge.
carry.
Nw9n
You
r9
wa
ki
a duro.
to remain.
yi.
They urged us Iw9 yio rii erii

will
= Sd= to = 86= to
= S= to
Si= to
carry this load. air. Sa as9 mi Iojojum9. Air my clothes every day. cook. Se onje li ale yi. Cook food this evening. deny, Gbogbo W9n li o s$ e. All of them (it is) denied him for it), be. Always used with the negative participle ko="not."
So= ;to
tie.
89= 86=
=
ti>
speak.
lya mi k6 si. My mother is not (i.e. dead). 50 igi mejeji p<J>. Tie (the) two sticks together. Nw9n 39 9r9 na fun wa.
to be tired of.
They spake the word sii mi J9J91
to us.
am
li
Sa=to wound.
Olo
very tired of it. o sa a l9gb9.

him.
e=to
8$ = to
do.
sin.
A thief (it is) wounded O se ise r^ tAn. He has done his work.
Qkonrin na li o s^ mi. That man offended me.
51 ilekun ati ferese.
Si=to open.
Open the door and window.
21
6 = to be stubborn.
Qni9 na so That child

]
gidigidi.
is
$0 = to watch.
ft
very stubborn.
ma
39 ara yin.
= to
(You should) watch yourselves.

get dark.
Okunkun
su
biribiri.
Darkness gathers, very much.
(It is
very
Ti=to
sell.
Mo
I
dark. ) f^ ta ib9n mi.
Te = to worship.
T$ = to trample.
Ti
want to sell my gun. Orisa ti nw9n (or sin) ko gb(?. Idol they worship does not hear. Mase
t$
mi
li
ese.
Do
= to
not trample on
my
feet.
push or shut.
in rows.
Ti ilekun ki o to jade.
Shut
T6 = to place
T<J
To
igi
(the) door before W9nyi leselese.
you go
out.
= to
straighten.
loosen.
Tu = to
Place these sticks in a row carefully. Ki o se 9na na t9. (That you) make that path straight. Tii eran na sile. Loose that animal.
Wd=to
come.
twist.
Wa
S9d9 mi.
We = to
Come unto me. Fi gele we e 1'ori.

Twist a headkerchief on hor head.
W$ = to wash. Wi = to say. W6 = to
W$=to
look.
L9 w^ li odo. Go and wash
in the stream.
O wi He said
b(j>
fun mi. so to me.

(at)
Wa
W9
wo oko mi. Come and look
my
farm.
put on.
please.
Wu = to
Y& = to
as9 pupa 1'oni. Put on red clothes to-day.
Qm9 na wu mi J9J9That child pleases me very much.

Ya
l9"na fun mi. Give way for me. Adi^ y6 eyin kan. The hen laid an egg.
give way.
Ye=to
lay eggs.
Y$ = to postpone.
Yi = to turn.
Lil9
mi y$
lana.
My
going was postponed yesterday. Yi igi kuro loju cpna. Turn (or roll) the wood out of the way.
Y$=to
rejoice.
Wa
Come
ba mi y9, $r^ mi. rejoice with me,
my
friend.
22
SECTION
4.
EXTENDED LIST OF SIMPLE VERBS, CLASS

Ba=to
B4 = to
hide.
i.
Bu = to
dip or lade (liquids or

)
bend.
solids.
B4=to
perch. B$ = to leap, or cut (e.g. ) Nwpn b$ e
Bu=to
off.
lori.
mildew.
scarce.
off. silr.
it off (lit.
D& = to be
D&=to
head.
(e.g.
)
cast
They cut
off his
Bl=to B6 = to B$ = to
(e.g.
)
push.
peel, or strip.
O da a He cast
bind.
to the
ground).
feed.
off.
D6 = to
B$=to remove or take
D$ = to
(e.g.)
lessen (as pain).
b<J>
asp lara mi.

off
d$
die.
is
He
B^ = to
(e.g.)
took
my
clothes.
It (pain)
lessened.
boil, or to return.
Di = to close up.
(e.g.
)
B$=to shake
(hands).
(with)
Nwpn
They
O b$ 9 !<>w$. He shook hands

him.
idols.
di pna na. closed that road.
Di=to become.
(e.g.
)
Bp = to
Mo di eni nla. I am become
worship
broil.
Bu=to
person. Du = to scramble.
Fd=to
(e.g.
)
shave. O fa ori ati
Gb6 = to
ojii.
ripen.
He shaves head and face.

F$=to
(e.g.)
Gb$ = to flourish. BIa=to bruise.
blow.
H6 = to
(e.g.
)
Afefe nf$.
peel,
boil,
or shout.
boils.
Omi na
pull
ho.
Wind
is
blowing.
The water
F$=to
distend.
Hu = to
Ja
!<>
up
or disinter.
Fi=to dry
(with heat).
break,
or jump.
ja.
-.
F6=to be lonely. F$=to break (vessels). Gbi=to sweep. Gb6=to be or to inhabit.

cackle. Gb Gb9=to dry up. (e.g. ) Odo na gbe
t
(e.g.)
Aiya mi
My
heart quak*
J$ followed by ki=to permit, (e.g. ) J? k'a lp sile. Let us go home.

Jf
let.
= to
steal.
tan.
Jl=to
forgive.
The
river
is
completely
J6=to
dance.
dry.
23
J6 = to
leak.
Ku = to
(e.g.
)
remain over.
Isu
li
Jp = please.
(e.g.
)
ku
diq.
Jp ê gafara fun mi. Please excuse me.

reap.
A
)
little
yam
remains.
La = to appear. = the sun appears. (e.g. Orun la
Ka=to Ke=to
La=to
(e.g.)
lick.
cry out.
Le = can or may, or
able.
K$ = to set a trap. K? = to grow worse. Ki = to press tight. K6 = to confront. Kp = to refuse or decline. K$ = to clasp.
Mo
I
le se e.
it.
can do
lazy.
L$=to be
L<J
= to
transplant.
grind.
Lp = to
Lu=to Lu = to Mi=to
Pa = to
bore.
dilute.
swallow.
Mi=to
tremble.
build.
rub, quench, hatch or

(perfect).
Mp = to MQ = to
win.
be clean, or holy.
drink.
Mu = to Mu = to
Na=to
Na = to Ni=to
be sharp
flog.
(as
knife).
spread.
say.
Ni = to be.
Emi
ni
= It
is I.
P6=to be complete Pp=to be plentiful. Ra = to putrify. Ra=to creep. Re = to go. Re = to curse. R^ = to agree, to be
friendly.
Nu=to
loose.
R = to
Rf = to
shear.
dye.
Ri = to sink.
gp=to
(e.g.
)
set
down.
load.
R6 = to Ro = to Ro = to
sound.
hoe.
O 39 eru kale. He set down (the)
Su = to break out
a = to pick.
^
(as pimples).
ache.
Rp = to wither. Rp = to rain. Ojonr9 = It rains. Ru = to stir up. Sa = to escape. Se = to shut. g = to strain. S = to throw.
= to
break.
miss.
i= to
O sina = He missed
the way.
Ta = to
kick.
TQ=to
Tu = to
urinate.
ease
seek.
(as
of
pain).
Wa = to
24
Wa = to
Wi = to
dig (a hole).
singe.
fall
Ya=
to
si
pa rate.
W6 = to
(e.g.)
(as
Ogiri
a tree or wall) na wo lul<,-.

fell
The
wall
U1 "
1
-
to
the
W6 = to W6 = to
sun
V
set. sets.
Ye to understand. Ye to live. Ye = to be worthy or yir=to be tough

'
hcfittin-.'.
be crooked.
Orun wp = The
Y6 = to be full. Yp = to melt.
,
Yo
to
)
W$ = to Wu=to
Ya=to
(e.g.
enter.
swell.
tear.
yp wa kuro
delivered his hands.
lo\\o rr.
He
us
from
SECTION
5.
VERBS WHICH EXPRESS EXISTENCE.

These verbs are
:
mbe; wa
1.
ya
je
ri
di
se
gbe
si;
and
li
or
in.
Mbe, expresses absolute existence (e.g.) God is = Ql9run mbe.

It answers the question
How
2.
is
he ?
is.
Mb$=(he)
Wa,
not quite so emphatic (e.g. ) Is he there ?

is
wi = he
3.
is.
Ya, expresses existence under special conditions (e.g.) He is dumb=O ya odi.
He
4.
is
lazy
=O
ya
pie.
Je,
is
perhaps the most

"
)
common
verb of the ten.
It takes
the place of
(e.g.
and " are." It is mine = O je temi, or Temi ni. You are my people = ?nyin je enia mi. Two and two are four = Eji ati eji j? ^rin.
is
"
It also denotes ownership
The money
5.
is
yours =Owo je
bi
ti
nyin.
Ri,
is
used with an adverb
(e.g.) Is it
so? = o
ri
bf
6.
Di, to
become
(<.'.!.)
He
will
become a great person -On yio
di enia nla.
2f>
7.
fjie,
this
(e.g.
verb
)
is
as useful as
is
"
je,"
and akin
to
it
Whose
It is
this? = Titani eyi ise?

ni
ise.
mine = Temi
8.
Gbe, to be, or to reside in a place I lived there one year = Mo gbe ibe l'9dun kan. (e.g. It is also used with other verbs and follows an adverb of place Where is it? = Nibo li o gbe wa ? (e.g.
) )
9.
"
verb is reserved for use with the negative particle ko " to express non-existence (e.g. ) There is no money=Owo ko si. Father is not at home = Baba ko si ni ile (nle).
Si, this
10.
Li or
ni, is
)
(e.g.
He
used in conjunction with other verbs it is who will do it = On ni eniti yio se

is
e.
Who
it? = Ta ni
ni.
It is I
= Emi
SECTION
6.
NOTES ON NUMBER.
Number
The 1. and W9nni
;
Gender
and Case are dealt with at

assist
is
this
stage
to plural
in
translation.
of
number
formed by the use
awpn
wpnyi
(e.g.
Awon
Ilu
baba = the fathers.

hills.
Oke wpnni = those

"
wpnyi= these towns.

"
used with animate objects, and " " with inanimate objects. wpnni
Aw9n
"
is
wpnyi
"
and
2.
Numerals are
(e.g.
)
plural ized by reduplication Qgorun = a hundred. Qgorprun = hundreds.

lj}gberun
=a
thousand.
IjJgbegberun
3.
= thousands.
exist in pairs as eyes
;
Members
(e.g.)
of the
body which
eyes.
hands
feet, etc.,
are used in the singular mostly
Oju
Qw$ wpn = their

you wish to speak mejeji=both is used as
If
;
mi=my
hands.
hands,
specially of both eyes, or both
oju mejeji, etc.
26
NOTES ON GENDERS.
Gender where
1.
it is
not at once apparent
is
shown
and
in
two ways.
By
adding the words pkpnrin = man

(e.g.
)
obirin
woman.
Boy = Qmp-pkpnrin (Ompkpnrin).

Girl- Omp-obirin (Ompbirin). Manservant = Iranse-9k9nrin (Iransek9nrin).
Maidservant = Iranse-obirin (Iransebirin).
By the use of the masculine and feminine prefixes, ako = male abo = female
2.
(e.g.)
Horse = Akp
esin. esin.
Mare = Abo
Bull = Ak9
in:
III.
Cow = Abo main,

3.
etc.
Some words
(e.g.)
are
common
to
both genders
ljlgbpn= elder, applied to any older relative, male or female.
AbutO= younger,
Ana = relations
Ibeji
applied to any younger relative,
male or female.
of both sexes
= twins
by marriage.
of either sex.
NOTES ON CASE.
1.
The nominative or subject

(e.g.
)
of the
verb
is
always placed before
the verb
Awpn
enia
ti
lp
= the
people have gone.

:
2.
The objective case

(a)
is
known by
Its position.
In most instances
it
follows the governing

brother.
word
(e.g.)
Mo
f$ aburo
it
mi=I
love
my
But
in other instances
(e.g.)
(b)
Iwo li The mode of address shows the speaker and the person
spoken to
precedes the governing word a o rl = thee it is we shall see.
(e.g.)
Iwp pkonrin yi=you

near me.
this
man
(i.e.)
you who are
This
is
common mode
Iwp pkpniin na=you that man. of address and is quite
respectful.
27
3. The possessive case is shown by the following that of the thing possessed
name
of the possessor
(e.g.)
Owo baba=money (of) Owo baba mi=money

father's
father.
(of)
father
mine
(i.e.)
my
money.
"
Another way
" of to use the preposition ti horse of balogun (war chief). ti balogun (e.g.) ]j]m
is
Iwe
yi j?
= t'emi = this
ti
book
is
mine.
is
Fila yi ki i?e
aburo mi
this
cap
not
my brother's.
SECTION
7.
TKANSLATION. (FOR CORRECTION SEE SECTION

1.
8.)
loni.
2.
3.
Awpn 9in9de ko tpju asp wpn. Baba fi owo fun pmp r$.
Fila
22.
lya mi k6 Ologbo
ri
agutan r^
ile
23.
24. 25.
wa
yi
gbe.
na
ni
ti
emi.
Ewur^
k6 de
li
4. 5. 6.
7.
Tiyin ni pako wpnyi. lya won ran wpn.
Aburo mi
asp
meta
nyin. dara-
dara.
26.
27. 28.
29.
Nwpn nlu agogo ile pkp wa. Mo ti ri ekeji mi ati aja rp.
He û biribiri. Kini se ti pmp na

Orun nran
fi
nke rara?
?
8.
Mu
iwe re wa.
fi
baibai.
9.
Baba wpn
soro.
asp fun wpn.

ise
Emi
li
o se e
baun
bi
10. Ise
wa soro, sugbpn
nyin
30.
Wo
awpn pmp,
nwpn
ti
kd
11. 12.
Alejo de ile wa loni. Oko re jina bi 1
nyara kankan. 31. Aja na roro gidigidi.

32.
l^gbpn mi
li
asp
ti
o ppn
13. Ise 14.

15.
wpn ko
rp
wpn
l^run.
rokiroki.
33.
Mo
ti kp pkp mi. Oju mi ri imple.
Enia pp jpjp leba odo.
34.
35.
Orun mii janjan
loni.
Tiyin li owo na. 17. Fi iwe mi fun mi.

16. 18.
36.
lp si
Qmpde na njo dukeduke. Bi mo ti mbp wa, lojiji 6jo

si rp.
li
Awpn
ara
ile
wa
oko
bprp
37.
afi
wpn.
19.
Lojojump
Qjp
awa
nip
si
oko,
Nwpn nwpn agbado
wpn.
isimi.
20. 21.
Aburo mi wa ni ile r^. Pako rp yi ma dara ju temi
SECTION
8.
KEY TO TRANSLATION
1.
IN
SECTION
is
7.
The
children
do not take
21.
Your board
better than
care of their clothes.

2.
mine.
22.
Father gives money to his
My
mother (does) not see

is lost.
child.
3.
her sheep to-day.

is
That cap
mine.
23.
Our cat
4.
5.
6.
These boards are yours. Their mother sent them. They are ringing our school
I
24.
This goat (does) not come
(to)
25.
your house.
My
younger
has
bell.
7.
sister)
(brother or three beautiful
saw
my
companion and
cloths.
26. It is
27.
his dog.
very dark
?
Bring your book. 9. Their father gives clothes to them. but 10. Our work is difficult
8.
;
What makes
The sun
(at eventide). that child cry
so loudly
28.
29.
How
Look
is shining dimly. did I do it ?
yours
11.
is
not
difficult.
30.
(at) the children,
how
Stranger
Is
came
to our house
quickly they move.

31.
32.
to-day.
12.
13.
That dog
is
very
is
fierce.
your farm far ? Their work is not easy

I
My
elder (brother or sister)
for
has cloth that

33.
very yellow.
(are)
them.
14.
Many
people
by the
hot
have learnt
my
lesson.
side of river.
34.
15. 16. 17.
My
eyes see light.
The sun The

As
I
WiS
(
Yours is the money. Give my book to me.
18
) /
very
to-day.
18.
The people
of
our
house
35.
children
well.
are
dancing
went
19.
to their farm.
very
36.
They
are
weighing
(brother
(or
it
was coming, suddenly
measuring) their com.

20.
My
younger
is
or
sister)
in his house.
began to rain. 37. Every day we are going to farm, except (on the) day
of rest (Sabbath).
PART
ORDER.
III.
NOUNS GROUPED AND CLASSIFIED

SECTION
IN ALPHABETICAL
1.
RELATING TO THE UNIVERSE AND NATIONAL LIFE.

Aborigines = ibil 9.
Alien = ajeji;
alejo.
Grass = ikoriko.
Grave =iboji.
(or
At mcsphere = orufurufu
ofurufu).
Growth = idagbasoke. Hail = yinyin.

Heat = oru.
Black man=enia dudu.

Brass = id 9.
Breeze = at9giin.
Heaven=9ranrHiU=6ke.
Iron=irin.
Island = erekuû.
Calnness=i
2^=91^.
^
i
= aralu. Cloud = aw9sanma. Copper = baba.

Citizen
Kingdom =
9ba.
Lake = adagun. Lagoon =9sa. Language =ede. Law=ofin. Leaves=ew6.

Lightning = manamana. Mineral =ohun ti a wa
bi
.-
Creator =?leda.
Creature =<?da.
Council = igbim9.
Councillor =9ni igbim9.
Country = 119.
Crown =ade.
Customs = bode. Darkness = okunkun.
wura,
irin, etc.
Mist=ikuku.
Dawn = af 9m9Jum9
Day = 9J<?.
Dew=iri. Earth = aiye. Flower = ltanna.
Forest = igbo.
Month =ou.
,
Moon=o?upa. Mountain =6ke

Night =6ru.
giga.
Nation = oril9-ede.
Noon = 9sangangan.
Prince =91119 alade.
Fresh water =omi tutu.
God=Ol9run.
Gold = wura.
Palace =afin.
= ayaba,
Qba-obirin.
Governor = bal 9 Gomina.
30
Rainbow = 6$umare.
Rock=apata. Salt water = omi
Sailor
iy9.
Sun = 6run.
Throne = it? 9ba Thunder Am.
Tin = tanganran.
= atuk9. Sceptre = 9pa 9ba. Seed = irugbin. Shadow = ojiji. Silver = fadaka. Soldier = agunj agun.
j
Town = llu.
Tree
= igi.
Valley = afonifoji. Village =ileto.
Water = omi. World = aiye.

Year=9duii.
Stars =iraw9.
Stone = okuta.
Storm = lji;
$fufu lile. Spring = orisun omi.
SECTION
2.
RELATING TO DOMESTIC LIFE.

Bed=ibusun.
Domestic animals =?ran 93 In.
Dust, or dirt =
eri,
Bedroom = iyara ibusun. Book = iwe.

Bottle
or ekuru.
= lgo.
Eggs - eyiii.
Father = baba.
Boy = 9m9k9nrin.
Bread = akara.
Fire=ina.
Fish = ^ja.
;
Broom =9W9.
Butter =ori wara
ori-am^.
Floor = ilc?16
Fruit =eso.
Girl
(il9-ile).
Calabash =igba.
Cap=fila. Cat = ologb6.
Carpet =3^9
Ceiling^ aj a.
il?.
= 9m9birin. Grindstone =919.

Husband =9k9.
Knife =9b^.
House, or home=ile.
Chair = aga.
Children = 9m9<le.
Clock, or bell=agogo.
Lamp=fitila.
Man
Matches = iana.
ibiti
Clothes =a9.
Coal=edu.
Cup = ago. Dining room = iyara

njûn.
or
Marriage = igbeyawo. Milk = wara.
Dog=aja.
Doll = 91119 -langi.
Mortar = od6
(for
pounding).
Mother =iya.
31
Needle =ab?re.
Service
= ism.
Neighbour = aladugbo. Pestle = 9m9-od6.

Piazza =<?d$d9.
Picture
Shelf =pepe.
Sieve
= as 9.
= aworan.
wu.
ibatan.
Spoon =-f?ibi.
Paper
Pail
Plate =awo.
takada.
Pocket = apo
Relations
= ana,
= koroba. Wall = ogiri.

Wie=-aya.
Well = kanga.
Room = iyara.
Saucepan =ikoko.
Servant = 9m9"d9 (91119-949).
Window = ferese.
SECTION
3.
RELATING TO RELIGIOUS AND Civic LIFE.

Barbarian = alaigbede.
Bank=ile owo.
Bible
= idaj 9 619. Minister = iranse, or alufa.

Justice
= Bibe!i.
Moslem = imale.
Mosque = ni9salasi.
Bridge = afar a (afa).

Capital
= ilu 9ba. Civil chief = Ba$9run.

Civil questions =9ran
ilii.
Museum = ile
isura.
Newspaper = iwe
irohin.
Notice = iwe akiyesi.
Civilization
= ilaju.
a^^.
Policeman = 9l9pa.
Police station =ile 9l9pa.
Church = He -Ol9run.
Commandment
Port = ebute.
Prayer =adura.
Decalogue =ofin Doctor = oniêgun. Editor = ak9 we iwe irohin.
Public building = ile apeJ9 Pulpit = aga iwasu.

Registrar =ak9 we
ilu.
11
u.
= aw9n agba. Fetters = Herald = akede. High way = 9na Hospital = ile alarun. Hymn = orin. Idol = oriâ. Idolatry = is in orisa. Improvements = itun?e.
Elders
Religion = is in.
Secretary =ak9we.
opopo.
Sermon =9r9 iwasu.

Society
= 9gb<?.
Student =ak9k9".
Subjection=it?riba.
Taxes = owode (owo-ode). Teacher = olukcpni.
Judge=onidaJ9.
Temple = ile-orisa
ile-Ql9run.
SECTION
4.
RELATING TO TRADES AND COMMERCE.

Account --iîro ow6.
Maiket = 9Ja.
Axe = ake.
Balance = iîkh ow6.
Palm
Plank
I
>,
oil
= epo.
Bamboo = aparun,
ppa, pako.
Pincers = %mu.
Barrel=agba. Blacksmith alagb v

Build er= ample,
pako, patako.
Potter
= am9kok(
> .
9111916.
Price =iye.
Profit
Buyer =olura, olubara.

Carpenter = gbenagbena.
Clerk = ak9we.
= ere.
Roof = 6rule.
Rope = okun.
Salt=iy9.
lile,
Cement = am9
simenti
Commerce = iijowo. Cowries = owo 979.

Craftsman = oni^na.
Factory =ile 199. Fare = owo 9k9.
Freight
Sawyer = agb9gi, ala-patnk>. Seller =olut a.
= ile-9Ja.
oyinbo.
Shovel = 9k<
Skins = aw9.
= 9ru 9k9. Goods = ohun tita. Hammer = old.

Kernels =ekur9'.
Specie = o\v6. Spirits = 9ti kikan.

Street =ita, popo.
Labourer = alagba?e, or
Ladder =akas9. Ledger =iwe owo.

Loss = 6fo.
Sugar = iy9-oyinbo. Trader = oniôwo.

Trades =i?9na.
Train = 9k9l9
Vehicle = k9k9.
Machinery =9r9.
Manager =olori
9ga.
Wages = owo Weaver =
i^
SECTION
5.
RELATING TO FARM AND COUNTRY LIFE.

Ant = era; eriin. Banana = 9g9d9.
Basket = agb9n.
Branch = 9ka
Bridle
igi.
Beans = ere.
Bird =9179.
= ijanu. Bush pig = 9ya. Camel = ibakasi9. Cassava = gbaguda,
33
Cocoanut = agb9ii.
Cotton = 6\vu.
= ibaka.
Orange = orombo.
Corn = agbado.
Palm tree=igi
Partridge
Cow = malu.
Crocodile =9111.
= aparo.
Cutlas=ada,
Pawn=iw9fa.
Pepper = ata.
Deer = agbpiirin.
Donkey = kft^k9t<;'. Dove = adaba, oriri.

Elephant = ajanaku
;
Pigeon =?iye?le.
Pineapple =9P<? oyinbo.
criu.
Powder =?tu.
Rat-trap = itakute.
Farm = oko.
Farmer = aroko agb?. Farmhouse = abule.
;
Road, or path=9na. Root = gbongbo.

Saddle =gari.
Field^ papa.
Fowl=adi<?.
Sandals = salubata.
Shepherd = darandaran,
gutan.
olu$a-
Garden = 9gba,
Sheep = agu tan.
Shot=9ta.
Groundnut = <?pa.
Guinea-corn =9ka baba.
Guinea-fowl = etii, awo.
Slave =?ru.
Snake =ejo.
Soil=il?.
Spinach =?f 9.
Herbs = e web 9.
Squirrel
= 9k ^r^.
Hippopotamus = erin omi.

Horse =în.
Stable =ile-fin.
Sugar cane=ireke.
Tobacco = taba.
Hunter =9d^. Hyaena =ikoko.
Turkey = tolotolo.
kikan.
Lemon = orornbo
Leopard =9kim.
Lime = orombo
Lizard = alamu.
Weeds =epo. Wild animals = ^ranko
Worm = kokoro.
Yam=i?u.
Monkey = 9b9.
SECTION
6.
RELATING TO POLITICAL AND LEGAL QUESTIONS.

Acquittal
i
Jailor
ouitubu.
Adjournment = iijil Ambassador =ikp 9ba. Amity =i?9r^. Amnesty =ifiji ^l^wpn. Ammunition =ohun ija.
Appeal = at ii ii here
Assassin
apania.
Judgment = idaj 9.
Judicial
ti
onidajy.
Jurisdiction
= a9
inejila
lori.
ti
Jury = ema
ida
911! 1(,'J9.
Lawyer = amofin.
Message = i.f 9 riran. Messenger = iran9.
Nullification
^9.
Assignment = iyansil 9.
Assault = ik9lu.
= is9
di
6fo.
Banishment = 116jade.
Bequest = ifi ogun fun.
Oath = ibura. Obedience= igl>9i-ai>.

Office
= iyara.
ija
ak9\ve, <y'-.
Boundary =ala
119.
Palaver =
^9.
Commissioner = aj 9! 9.
Conviction=idal9bi. Defalcation = i j io wo.
Peace =alafia.
Per jury = ibura ek6.
Plaintiff
= olufisun.
Defamation = idulumc?. Defendant = oludahun.

Disobedience = aigb9ran.
District
Prisoner =onde, 9l9\v'9n. Province = igberiko.
Rape
il'a
wundia
J9.
= agbegbe.
Reply = idahun.
Residency =il
Treaty =adehim.
Enemy =9ta.
Exile =isansa.
Falsehood =ek6
Fight =ija.
ir<J.
Treasurer =ohit9Ju
o\\-6,
nlapo.
Term=akoko.
Flag=asia.
Flagstaff =9pa asia.
Theft=old.
Friend =^9.
Gazette =iwe 9ba.
Guilt
Jail
Truth= otit9. Ultimatum =opin
9F9.
= ebi. = tubu,
War == ogun. War cry=ipe

Witness =
ogun.
ile
9! 9ri.
35
SECTION
7.
RELATING TO ANATOMY AND DISEASES.

Abscess = bu 19.
Anatomy = ip in
Ankle = kokos^.
ara.
Haemorrhage $? j ?. Head=ori. Head-ache =ori fif9.

Heart =pkan.
Arm=apa.
Back=(?hin.
Hearing =igb9.
tfhin.
Backbone =egungun
Bladder =apo
itp.
Intestines
Joint
= if un = orike.
inu.
Blood =
<?je.
Body = ara.
Leg =<?s. Leprosy =?t^.

Lips=ete.
Liver =?d9.
Bone= egungun.
Boil=owo.
Brain =
mudunmudim.
Lungs =$d9foro.
Medicine =6gun, egbogi.
Breast =9mu.
Cheek =<?rek4Chest = aiya.

Colic
Mind = inu. Mouth =(?nu.

Nails
= inurirun.
Consumption = aruu ^dpfor

Convalescence = iwosau.
Muscle =i?aii = ekanna.
Cough = ikp.
Diarrhoea = $iunu.
Digestion =dida onj^.
Neck=9run. Nerve =i?au Nose=imu.

Palate =i
Patient
111
Disease =arim.
= alaisan.
Dose = iwpn. oguii. Dropsy = asunkun.

Dysentery =9rin. Ears=eti.
Rheumatism = lakuegbe.
Respiration = imisinusode
Rib=egunguii
Side=iha,
Sight
ilia.
Elbow = igb9iiw9.
Eyes = 9yin oju. Eyelid = ipenpeju. Face = oju.
Faeces =igb<?.
= iriraii.
Sinew=i?an Sense =im9.

Shoulder =ejika.
Skeleton = egungun ara.
Fever =iba.
Finger =ika QW$. Flesh = ^ran ara.
Skin=aw9
Sore=egb6.
ara.
Skull =agbari.
Foot = ?s 9.
Spleen =919 inu.
Guinea-worm = sobia.
Hair = irun.
Stomach =apo
Taste =it9\v6.
oiij^ inu.
f
Smallpox =ilegb9na,
3H Teeth
chin.
Touch- if^kan
Urine =
119.
(if<,>\vc,>kim).
Thigh nun. Throat yfun.
Vein
Tim i vj(,\
Thumb
atampako.
Wrist = 911111 pw^.
Tongue = ah<^n.
Toes =91119 v s v-
Wound =9gb$.
SECTION
8.
RELATING TO THEOLOGICAL AND BIBLICAL QUESTION-. Faith - igbagbc?. Adoption = =maleka. Fall (the) = i*?ubu i-nia. Angel Fellowship Argument = ijiyan. idapi). Atonement = etutu. Fidelity =619.
i
Attribute =lwa ^ni.
Finality
<>piii.
Baptism it ^bomi, iBarni. Benevolence =it9r^> ami.

ilana. Canon = ofin Character =iwa.
;
Fundamental truth
Future
life
<>tito
ipil<>.
iy>
ti
mb9.
Grace = 6re-9fe.
Godliness
Kristi.
iwa-bi-Oîrun.
= ore.
-
Christianity =isin
ti
Goodness
Holiness
Church=iJ9.
Conditions
9iia gbigba.
i
Hva
an
11111119.
Holy
Spirit
it
l^mi
^ni.
M 11119.
Confession =
ew9.
pkAii.
History
Conscience
<?ri
Human
nature =iwa enia.

ara aiye.
Conversion = iyipada.
Counsel
impran.
Humanity
Coveteousness^ ojukok6ro.
Credentials
Humility = ir^l 9 9kan. Image = aworan.

Immutability = aiyipada.
Inspiration = imisi.
=^9
?ri.
Death = iku.
Depravity == iwabuburu.
Interpretation
Institution
= it ump.
idasil*,-.
Descendant = 9m9 -91119.

Discipline =t9, ibaiiiwi.
i^bt'kal^.
Intermediate
iku.
state^=iwa
Ivliin
Divine nature =iwa
ti
O^run.
Doctrine =?k9.
Justification = idalare.
Duty
i.?v
s '"-
Effects ==eso.
Life=lye. Lord's Supper=Onj^
A
(araiye).
Eternity == aiyeraiye.
Evangelist =ojiiji^ ihinrere.ajihinrevo,
Mankind ~ ara aiye Mediator - onilaja.

Mercy = anu.
Mission=ii?9
isoji.
Exaltation
in
soke.
ti
Existence of
God=iwa
Ministry = i?9 alufa.
i^9 iyanu. Morality = iwa rere.
Reward = ere.
Righteous = eiiia
11111119,
olododo-.
Moral law=ofin iwa.

Ordination = iya-sptp.
Origin = ipile;?e.
Sabbath=Qjo-isimi. Sacred writings =iwe

Succession =119! ehin.
Sanctification
11111119.
Omnipotence =lagbara julp. Omnipresence = iwa nibi gbogbo. Omniscience =l9gb9ii jul?.
Pastor = alabojuto
ijp.
= is9diiniiii9.
Sacrifice =9^9.
Salvation = igbala.
Saviour = Olugbala.
Sin
Perfection = iwa pipe.
= ?*??.
Perseverance =
if oriti.
Personality = iwa enia.
Testimony = 91
Theology = iiH
Trinity
Preacher = oniwasu. Privilege = anfani.
= Metal9kan.
Prophet = woli. Providence = ipese
siJe ti
Q^run.
is? ?gun. Trust = igbekele.
Triumph=
Punishment = ij eniya. Redeemer = Olurapada.

Redemption = irapada.
Regeneration = at unbi.
Union = idap9in9. Universe = 9run on Virtue = iwa rere.
aiye.
Wicked
the ) = enia buburu.
Repentance = ironupiwada.
Resurrection = ajinde.
Wisdom = 9gb9"n.
Wrath = ibinn.
Revelation= ifihan.
SECTION
9.
SENTENCES FOR DAILY USE.

Bring hot water for bath = Mu omi gbi 'gbona
wa
lati
fi
w^.
Go buy oranges and bananas = L9 ra orombo ati 9g^d^. Air the clothes and sweep the room = Sa 8^9, ki o si gba iyara.
Give corn and water to the horse =Fi agbado ati omi fun eîn. Saddle the horse =Di în ni gari.
Dust the things and scrub the

Clean
floor
= Ki
my
boots quickly = Kiakia, ki o
o nu nkan, ki dan bata mi.
si fip ile.
How many How much

10.
did
eggs did you buy to-day ? = Iyin melo li o ra loni ? you pay for these fowls ? = Elo li o san fun adi?
sil?
Prepare food for four persons this evening = Pese onje

enia merin lale
yi.
fun
11.
12.
Expect me back at six O'clock ^Ki 9 ma reti mi li ago mefa. Come with me to salute the king=Wa ba mi 19 ki 9ba.
38
l.'!.
Call the carriers
and
let
us go
!''
a\\nn alaru.
\Vi fun
si
j<;
U'a
Ui
<>
19.
Tell the clerk to biing the
books to
me
akowr.
<>
mu
i
>.
awnu
For
i\M'
fun mi
\va.
li
<,-
is.
how much will you sell this cloth ? Rl<> Do not make a noise there Masr j>ariwn niix,-. Come early in the morning Larv kutukutu ni ki Do not forget to do the work I gave you Ma 7
-
ta
aso
\\a.
(|
îiaî..- is
ti
U>.
mo fun How many

fun
so.
boards will the job require?

'.'
1'aku mrl<> ni
in to
isr na.
2o.
-1.
!<' koriko l^gbe oju yna. Cut the grass by the side of the path Remind me that your master is expecting me Ran mi ti. |><-.
l<
ogboni
22.
yio
ma
reti
mi
(rau-leti
= to
remind).
?
23.
24.
2.").
What are you doing there? Kil'o no nil>v Do not stay long at market = Ma?e duro ]>< lyja.
Masai ra akara that you buy bread to-day )ana. Light the fire and cook some food at once lojukanna. Is the food ready PÔnj? ya bi ?
Be Sure
1'oni (hn-adi).
ki
<>
si
so onjv
20.
21.
Come and
I
eat
Wa
=
jyun
28.
am
thirsty,
make some
!
tea quickly
= Ongb^ ngb?
mi, ki
<>
tea, kiakia.
29.
30.
31.
Stand upright Don't be slack
Dide naro
work)
!
(at
-Ma
jafara, or
!
sjira
Show me
32.
33.
:u.
3.").
Fi 9iia pja ban mi way to the market Get out of the way = Ogo Ipna Wait for me heie = Duro de mi nihiu. Go on, I will overtake you Ma 19, ago ba nyin.
the
Bring the gun and ten cartridges

I
Mu
ii>9n ati
9ta
nn,\\ii
\\,i
36.
am
too busy to attend to you
now
I*v ndi
mi
19^-9 na.
nku
37.
38.
3ft.
(ng k6) le r'aye gb9 tir^ iiisisiyi. have no time to do it = Emi ko r'aye ye e. I do not lend money at all = Emi ko ya owo rara. Think about it and let me know to-morrow =Ronu 89 fun mi Ic^la.
I
r(-
ki
>
>i
40.
41.
Well, what have you decided to do ?
= Xje,
ki
kini o
piimu
lat
>.-
42.
You are very kind -O sjeun J9J9. Come and help me do this work \Va,
fje isjv
si
ran mi
low(,'>
lati
yi.
43.
Tell
pc. ki
your father to come and talk with i> \\a lui mi S9r9.
get your
me
Wi
fun balm
r^-,
44.
Come and
money ^=Wa.
<rba
own
nyin.
39
4.">.
I shall
bi o
4(5.
have to fine you ba tun se b(j>.

is it
if
you do so again =Xgo
ma
ke owo
r^,
47.
It is half -past
48. 49.
50.
51.
~>
= Ago melo 16 j? ? = O j? ago meji ab<|> Go away from there = Kuro mb<? (nib?). Light the lamp = Tan fitila Light the fire = Da ina (dana).
What
time
?
two
53.
54. 55.
Wash your hands =Wf 9w<? nyin. Wash your face =69 oju nyin. Wash the clothes =Fp a$9 na.
Go and buy cornflour = L9, da Go and bathe =1.9, si w?.
ek9.
X.B.
" wash " are used with certain tilings, Different words for see 51, 52 and 53.
W$
69 F9
is
used for hands,

,, ,, ,,
feet
and body.
face only.
clothes, vessels, floor, etc.
,,
SECTION
10.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

SECTION n.)
1.
(KEY, SEE
Ojo r9
die, iba
1-9
pup9, iba dara.
2. 3.
Odo
nsan, o
giin
si jin,
ma wp
si
9.
Awa
oke giga, o
4.
5.
(>.
Ok9nrin ke igi ^?in kan, ati agutan mefa li o ni. Itana na dara, orun r^ si dim J9J9-
dara gba. lule lojude ile wa.
7.
8.
wa Baba inbe
Ilu nla
l9gba, o
si
lehin oke Iphun. si nka eso fun
tita.
9.
lya
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
wa nile, o Kanga ti o wa
mi
li
npese onje
sile
de wa.
si
ni ita,
ko
ki
li
omi
rara.
J9, fun
omi mu,
ng
to 19
oko.
Fun mi Ias9 mi, ki ng le 19 si ile. Fi owo fun 9m9de W9nyi, ti o to Fi 9W9 re se e, ki o mase baje.
^se li a fi rin, ati oju li a fi riran. Malu ko p9 nibi, wara si w<pn ju.
T^r&n, eiye, ati eja
li
t<j>r9
(threepence).
15.
16.
17. 18.
fi
fun enia
lati 39.
Ologb6 dudu
li
le
pa ekute pup9.
lit.
Ivy
|-'j
li
Jn. 21.
(inii
o nui onJV (lini li I,MMI. MMII ikoko, lehin igbati o \i
I'o
o.
Kii eni re, ki o si
gba iyara
lehin, aja
re, kiakiii.
22.
2.'{.
Mo pa
ejo kekere laby ibusiin loni.
Bi oluwa ba
mbe
na yio pa
<,>!><,>.
24.
L'.~i.
1,9 ra igba meji fun
awpn pmpde.
Awmli
l>i
o \\a
lc>ke
ama
ri
ohun gbogbo
ti
SECTION
11.
KEY
1.
TO TRANSLATION IN SECTION
10.
2.
3.
4.
.">.
a little, should it rain much it would be good. (The) river is flowing, and it is deep, do not enter it. We climbed a high hill, and it was very line. (The) man cut a tree down, outside our house.
It rains
One horse and

(The) flower
is
six
sheep
he has
(5.
beautiful,
and
its
perfume
is
very sweet.
7. 8.
large
town
is
is
is
behind yonder
hill.
Father
9.
Mother
in (the) garden, in (the) house,

is
10.
1 1
.
(The) well that

Please, give
in
and he is gathering fruit for sale. and she is preparing food for us. (the) street, has no water at all.
me
12. 13.
14. 15.
Give
me my
water to drink, before I go to farm. cloth, that I may go home.
Give money to these children
about threepence.
16.
1
7.
Put your hand to do it, that it be not spoilt. With the feet we walk, and with the eyes we see. Cows are not plentiful here, and milk is very dear. Animals, birds, and fishes are given to people to eat.
Salt
18.
19.
(The) black cat is able to kill many rats, (or mice). makes or causes food to be sweet to the moutli.
20. 21. 22. 23.
Put water
24.
25.
in (the) pot, after you have washed it. Fold your mat, and sweep your room quickly. I killed a small snake under the bed to-day. If (the) master is behind, the dog will kill (the) monkey. Go (and) buy two calabashes for the children.
(The)
hawk above
sees
all
(the) things that
we
do.
41
PART
IV.
PRONOUNS.
SECTION
1.
TABLE OF PRONOUNS
First
PERSONAL.
Person.
Plural.
Singular. Masc. or Fein.
Masc. or Fern.
Nom.
Case.
= Emi,
or
Mo, Mine
Ng
Mi,
We=Awa,
a.
(future).
Pos. Case.
My
Our or Ours = Wa, Thva.
Temi.
Obj. Case.
Me = Mi.
Second
Us = Wn.
Person.
Plural.
Singular. Masc. or Feni.
Masc. or Fern.
9.
Nom.
Case.
Thou=Iw9,
Thy,
Tire.
Ye,
You=Enyin,
e.
Pos. Case.
Thine=Re,
9.
Your, Yours=Nyin, Tiyin.
Obj. Case.
Thee=Iw9,
You = Nyin, Yin.

Person.
Plural.
Third
Singular.
Masc. or Fern.
Masc. or Fern.
Nom.
Case.
He, She,
9-
It
= On,
o,
They=Nw9ii, awpn,
Their,
a.
Pos. Case.
His, Her, Hers, Its
= T6n,
i,
Theirs =Tiw9n, w9n.
Tir?, R?.
e,
Obj. Case.
Him, Her, It=a,

e,
Them=W9n.
o,
9,
u.
N.B.
Euphony
to take the
form of the vowel in the
requires the pronoun, third per. sing. ; obj. case, verb or preposition which
;
precedes
it.
Do
it
for
fcim=Se
e fun u.
i.
I praise
him = Mo yin
THE
(a)
1.
OF EUPHONIC CONCORD PERSONAL PROXOIX, THIRD

OBJ.
IN
mi:
;
CSK OF
SING.
;
I-KRS.,
CASK.
\\ln-n
In-
With the Verb.

I
met him
&
it
in the
market
<>
lum^ht
it.
it.
Mo ba
2.
Ip"
ja riigbati
si ri
1.1
.1.
drove
le
away and
lie
saw me do
Mo
3.
e kuro, o
pe,
mo
se e.
I like it
4.
5.
I cannot keep it. sugbpn nkd le fi i pamp. I covered it and will use it another time. Mo b6 o, ng o si 16 o iiigba ml (miran). I drew near to it and ground it with my foot.
but
Mo
f^ 9
Mo
6.
sunni9 9, mo si fi es(? mi Bring it here and beat it.
19 9.
Mu
(b)
1.
u wa
sihin, ki o si
lii
u.
With the
I
Preposition.
her.
Mo ba
2.
spoke with him, that he should not do so to a sprp, pe, ki on k'o ma se b<ji si i.
i
Give
Fi
3.
He On
it to him immediately. fun u lojukanna. shut the door against him.
s6 (or
ti)
il^kun ml
1119
9 (or
si i).
SECTION
2.
PRONOUNS.
(a) Relative
Pronouns.
)
Who=Eniti (lit. who it is) Contracted form TIM.A i-Which -Kyin IT which it is) (hi. Whatever =Ohunti (lit. thing which). Whoever= ^nikeni.
i.
T-.
-
"
-.L
Ti."
Whatsoever = Ohunkohun.
(b) Reflexive
I
Pronouns.
myself =Emi tikarami, or Emi ua. Thyself = I vv~9 tikarare, or I wo na.
Himself = On tika-ar^, or Ourselves Awa tikarawa.
On
papa.
Yourselves = Enyin tikarayin.
Themselves =Aw9ii tikarawpn. N.B. Sometimes "1" is used instead of
"r"
as:
"
tikalar^."
43
(c)
Demonstrative Pronouns.
;
Eyi ni=this (it) is. This=Eyi, yi These = W9nyi. That = Na; ohun na=that thing; Those =W9nni. Each =
)
Iwe yi=this book.

also
''
ni."
Every
f
I
Olukuluku.
Pronouns.
(d) Interrogative
Who=Tani?
or tali?
Who Who
did
is
this ?
there ?
= Tali o se = Tani wa
eyi
nibe
Whose = Titaiu ? Whose book is this ?= Iwe titani eyi ? What=Kini ? or kili ? What is this ?=Kili eyi ? What have I done?=Kini mo se Which=Evvo ? 'wo ? Which is good? = Ewo li o dara ? Which house is it ? = lie \vo ni ?
SECTION
3.
SENTENCES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF PRONOUNS.

1.
2.
The book is mine, as you yourself admitted. Temi ni iwe na, bi enyin tikarayin ti wi. It is ours, and they cannot take it from us.
Ti'wa
o je, nwpn ko si le gba a \<pwq wa. on your giving the money to them. .Mo tenurn9 wipe ki enyin ki o fi owo fun wpn. I will go to them if you will come with me. Ng o 19 S9d9 W9ii bi enyin o ba mi 19. We do not want to remove them to-day. A ko f$ si W9n nipo 1'oni. Thou shalt not disobey your father. Iw9 ko gb9d9 se aigb9ran si baba re. It is thine, and thy brother shall not take it from you. Tire li o je, aburo re ko si ni gba Iqwq re. You must come to see them when they arrive. Ki enyin wa wo w9n nigbati nw9n ba de\ The box is yours but you may let me use it.
li
;}.
I insist
4.
o.
().
7.
8.
9.
Ti'yin
10.
It
1.
na sugb9n enyin. le je ki ng 16 o. and they can do what they like with it. Ti'w9n li o je, nw9n si le fi i se ohunkohun ti nw9n ba He and his wife came to our house yesterday.
li
apoti
is
theirs
f^.
On
12.
*
ati obiriii r
wa
si
ile
wa
1'ana.
She must do her work before she goes to play. *On ko gb9d9 ma sise r^ ki o to 19 sire. Two negatives are employed to make a strong affirmative
rmi
ko
= must
not, not (do)
(i.e.)
must.
44
13.
The man who was hm- to-day
is
my
father.
14.
Ok9nrin iia ti o wa ihin 1'oni, baba mi ni. That which you saw to-day does not belong
Eyiti enyin
ri
to mi-.
1'oni,
ki ise
it
].">.
Whatever you
do,
do
se,
tVmi. with all your
ini^ht.
Ohunti enyin ba
H>.
fi
gbogbo agbara nyin
se
e.
Whoever breaks
the law
must
suffer for
it.
17.
l;'.nikeni ti o ba rufiii, k6 le sai ma jiya. Whatsoever you do, do it to the glory of God. Ohunkohim ti enyin ba se, se e fun ogo Qlpriui.
18.
It is 1,
be not afraid.
1 !).
Emi ni, mase b^ru. Do it thyself and do

Iw9
20.
He On
21.
22.
We
You
it at once. tikarare ni ki o se e, ki o si se e nisisiyi. himself came to visit us last night. tikarar^ li o wa b$ wa w6 1'oru ana. must bear it ourselves without flinching.
23.
24.
tikarawa yio rii u laisi ib^ru. yourselves know that it is so. Enyin tikarayin mp pe, b^ li o ri. It will recoil upon themselves before long.
Awa
25.
Yio pada ba awpn tikarawpn laip^. This horse came from those parts above the river. Esin yi li o ti ile oke odo wa. These towns, and those hills are under him. Ilu wpnyi, ati oke wpnni li o wa labe r^.
SECTION
4.
TRANSLATE:
1.
(FOR CORRECTIONS SEE SECTION

17.
5.)
Emi
Iwp
fc?.
Mo
Iw9
r6.
2.
3.
19.
18.
ke. pe.
f9.
Awa
de.
se.
19.
Emi
4.
5.
Enyin
20.
21. 22. 23.
Nw9n
Iw9
sa.
Enyin Nw9ii
di.
6.
7.
ta.
ftf.
Mo
On 14. Awa fd.
8.
Enyin
ra.
24.
9.
Awa
r^.
25.
26.
10.
27.
12. 13. 14.
15. 16.
Mo sa. Nw9n fa. Awa so.

Enyin
39.
t?.
28. 29.
Mo he. O wa. Nw9n wa. O wi. Mo w$.

Enyin
tii.
30. 31.
32.
Nw9n
Awa ba. O ya. Nw9n ya.
33.
Iwp
ti.
57.
58.
34.
Emi
t^.
Awa se e. Mo se e.
35. Eiiyin $9. 36. so.
59. Obinriii 19 9. T 60. X w9ii so o. 61.

62. 63. 64.
37.
Xvvpn
ii.
Mo
he
e.
38.
39.
40.
O O
na.
Ok9iiriii
ml tu
a.
u.
na.
ni.
Baba wa
Iwp
41.
42.
Mo On
O
ri 9.
65. 66. 67. 68. 69.
43.
44.
45.
pe mi. X\v9u f^ wa. Avva b^ yiu.

ra
a.
Om9 ba a. Nw9ii b6 o. lya bii u.

Mo
Iw9
di
i.
dii u.
a.
9.
e.
Esin ta
46.
47.
4S.
Iw9
ri
wpn.
i.
70. 71. 72. 73.
Enyin
lya ho
39
o.
49.
50.
Mo wo o. Xw9n ti Awa se e.
Ok9nriii s^
Om9k9nrin
Obinrin
le e.
9. u.
51.
52.
53.
54. 55.
Enyin su u. Iw9 k(p 9. Awa ko o.
74.
75.
Enyin
mu
m9
76.
77.
9.
Baba
yi
i.
89 9. Ok9iirin la
i.
a.
A\v9n 9k9iirin y9 Xw9ii wi i.
78.
79.
Qm9-9d9 Iw ni
fa a.
56.
Enyin
19 9.
X.B.
It would be well to practice reading in an audible voice every day, and have your boy to correct you. The Bible, or the Yoruba Readers will serve this purpose.
SECTION
5.
KEY
1.
TO TRANSLATION- ix SECTIOX
16. 17.
4.
I love
(or want).
They
tread.
cuttest.
2.
Thou
3.
4.
We
You
goest. arrive.
I think.
18.
Thou
do. 5. They run.

6.
7.
19. I call.
20.
21. 22.
You wash
They
bind.
(clothes).
Thou
I
sellest.
break.
He
I
splits.
8.
You
9.
We
buy.
agree.
23. 24. 25. 26.

27.
We jump
He
He
is.
(or fly).
gather (or pick).
10.
11.
They beg. Thou comest
They come.
says.
12. I pick. 13. They draw. 14. 15.
28. I 29. 30.
wash (body).
loosen.
7
We
tie.
You
You
speak.
We
met.
46
31.
:J2.
He
tears.
.">ii.
You
1
m-iiul
it.
33.
34.
They Thou
I
separate. pushest.
.~>7.
.~>s.
\Ve cook shut it.
it.
spread.
">!.
Woman
They
tie
grinds
it.
it.
35.
You
watch.
into balls.
60.
36. It slackens. 37.

38.
They (make)
61. I pick it. 62. That man

63.
loosens
it.
jt.
39.
He He
He
spends.
flogs.
Father seeks
64. Child 65.

Hi;
40.
42. 43. 44.
4").
sayest (or hast). 41. I see you.

calls
Thou
met it. They cover it.

Mother takes
it.
I
(a
quantity of)
me.
us.
They love
H7. 68.
bind
it. it.
We
1
beg you.
it.
He buys
Thou
deniest (or refuneth ) 69. Horse kicks it.

70.
71.
Thou
46.
47.
seest them.
it.
it.
look (at)
You watch it. Man strains (or

Mother
peels
it. it.
Hlteiv)
it.
48. 49. 50. 51.
They push
72. 73.
74.
it.
We We
He
do
it.
Boy You
drives
You
Thou
tire
him.
Woman knows
catch
splits
it.
it.
learnest
7.1.
52.
53.
gather it. turns it.

(over) him.
76.
77. 78.
79.
Father
tells it.
it.
Man
54.
55.
The men rejoice They say it.
Servant draws it. Thou has it, cr you have
it.
SECTION
6.
TONES, OR ACCENT WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCI'/)
-.
The acute accent

tone.
small upward murk is indicated by the over the vowel a and the voice should be raised about a
A few examples will show the importance of its use Ma lp= don't go compared with Ma lp=(you) may go.
;
:
We know
Awa
m<J>
that
pe,
God is holy. mimo li Qlprun.

know.
be clean or holy.
to receive the guests.
alejo.
M$=to M$=to
Gba
Sweep the room and be ready

iyara ki a
si
mura de awon
Gb6=to sweep.
Obi = to
receive.
Boil the rind
69 epo (isu), Bp=to B$=to

*Aya wpn
and then feed the chickens. lehin na ki o b(j> awon adie.

boil.
feed.
His wife was bitten by their monkey.

li o bu aya Aya=wife. Ayd = monkey.
1-9
je.
This
will
emphasize
the
importance
of
strict
attention
to
intonation.
(b)
In regard to the open vowels " a " and others, it is well to give a full even tone to all vowel sounds. The " grave " " " a accent should be treated as if the mark indicated a " " Practise the full acute and " grave " in the stop.
following
way
;
;
ba-ba ha-ha
iia-na
da-da
ja-ja
;
fa-fa
ga-ga
;
gba-gba
;
ka-ka
ra-ra
;
la-la
;
ma-ma
;
pa-pa
;
sa-sa
sa-sa
ta-ta
wa-wa
(c)
ya-ya.
;
The
are one in print but whenever two ) signs (-) and ( vowels come together of the same name, as in the Personal Pronoun, Third Pers. Sing. Obj. Case, it is well to lengthen the sound, as if there was no space between them, thus baa." And as all the vowels are used in this way, practise the following sounds
;
;
'
ba a da a gba a
;
de e
le
fe
bo o
;
bp 9
;
ra a
ta a
o lo o gbe e 19 9 ko o r9 9 pe e se 9 so o se e
e
;
gbe
fo
f9 9
19
bu u lu u
ru u
m9
89 9
9 9
;
mu
tu u.
A FEW EXAMPLES
1.
OF THE USE OF THE CIRCUMFLEX
ACCENT.
Verily, verily I say unto you. L6t9, 16t9, ni mo wi fun nyiii.
2.
God
Be
will protect and keep you. C*l9run yio dabobo, yio si pa nyin
1119.
3.
patient with those who suffer. e suru fun aw9ii ti o jiya.
4.
whatever else you Ohuiikohun ti enyin ba wi,

It is so,
may
b<=>
say.
li
ri.
.">.
li.
not say that you did it. ko \\ipr riiyin li n sr c. If tin- elephant can In' unyry so can tin- ant. Hi inn nilii ajanaku a l)i era pclu.
li
is
not
li
s.i.
<lid
Ueko
ii
ri.
cnii
7.
Why
V.^>
I
do you sn\
ti
that
did
li
it
':
8.
y.
l<>.
o se e ? will come to see y<ni another day. ii wa wo yin li 9J9 ml (niiran). I'ity me and help me if you can. Sana fun mi, ki o si ran mi l9\v<j>, lii You are working very hard to-day.
l.Mivin
nsisi;
I'
1 '
cnyin wipe, omi
|i
11
"">
SECTION
7.
MX AMPLE OF TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH TO YORUBA. TO SHOW THAT CORRECT TRANSLATION GIYKS
INCORRECT IDIOM.
TRANS.
1.
;.
i.
ENGLISH.
2.
LITERAL
IDIOMATIC.
a
certain
Now
Nje
of
there
cried
woman
obirin
ti
2.
nibe
tlir
kigbc
(ninu
of
ti
kan
the
cnikan
Obirin kan
ti
awpn aya pmp

sons of
ti
awpn
the
\\i\cs
prophets
woli
'2.
'!.
n\v9n aya woli) kigbe
awpn
91*19
aw9n
1.
2.
unto Kli.-ha, saying, 89d9 Elisha, invipe. "

si
"Thy
''
servant
9iii9d9
my
mi
husband
9k9
is
ti
Iw9
3.
1.
Eli?a.
;
2.
-'.-
1.
2.
::.
dead ati ku iw9 ku iwQ si nip and the Lord na Oluwa ati
;
;
Iran^ r? pkp mi ti and thou knowest that thy servant did

wipe,
fear
bi -i u
T
iw9 9m9d9 pe m<p pe iranse re b$ru the creditor is come to
se
take
unto
him
na
olowo
ti
d^
lati
mu
9d9 r^
1.
my
2. 3.
1.
Oluwa awpn onigbese si wa lati mu awpn pmp be bondmen." two sons to mi mejeji 9m9k9nrin lati se eru." mi mejeji li eru."
:
And
Ati
Elisha said
unto her,
"What
shall
do
for
th.i
2.
''-
1.
2. 3.
" Kini yio emi sc fun 9 ? Elisha wipe sqdq r, " Kini emi yio se hm 9 P Elisa si wi fun u pe, me what thou hast in the house?" And >hr ^.iid. tell ni na ilc Ati on wi mi kini \\i|>iiw9 ni
'
'.'
Wi
fun mi, kini iwp ni ninu
ile
"
On
si
wipe
49
1.
"
''
Thine handmaid
2. 3.
1.
"
R$
iransebirin.
r?
hath not anything in the house, ni ko nkankan iii na ile,

ni
Iransebirin
ko
nkankan
ni
ile,
2.
save bikose
"
3
1.
of oil." Then he said, pot kan ikoko ti epo (ororo)." Nigbana on wipe, bikose ikoko ororo kan." Nigbana on wipe,
2. 3.
1.
2.
Go borrow thee vessels abroad of all thy neighbours " ikoko lode ti Lp ya (win) 9 aladugbo, gbogbo r " Lp, ki iwp ki o yd ikoko Ipwp awpn aladugbo re kakiri, borrow not a even empty vessels few. aiii ofo ikoko ; ya kise kan die.
;
3.
1.
ani ikoko ofo
ya \vpn,
ki
ise
die.
And when
Ati
thou art come
in,
thou shalt shut the door
2.
3.
1.
wa sinu, iwp yio se na il^kun nigbati iwp ti Nigbati iwp ba si wple, ki iwp ki o se il$kun and shalt pour upon thee and thy sons,
1'ori
2. 3.
1.
iwp
ara
re,
ati
ati
r<=!
awpn
pmpkpnrin,
re,
ati
yio
da
mp
mp awpn pmp
ki
si
da a
2. 3.
1.
2. 3.
1.
those vessels, and thou out into all ati sode sinu gbogbo wpnni ik6ko, iwp sinu gbogbo ikoko wpnni, ki iwp ki that which is full." shalt set aside (o) se kun." yio gbe s'apakan eyiti
o
si
So
B(ji
ft eyiti o kun si apakan. she went from him, and shut the door
2.
on
o
lp
si
3.
1.
B<?ni
lp
kuro on, kuro Ipdp

sons,
ati
r$,
se
na
se
il^kun
1'ori
upon her on
ara r?
si
il<?kun
mp
and upon her

ati
ati
2.
3.
1.
who brought the vessels 1'ori r$ awpn pmpkpnrin eniti mu-wa na awpn ikoko mp awpn pmp r$, ti ngbe ikoko
her
; ;
to
2.
3.
1.
fun on fun on
and she poured ati on ti da wa on si da a.

;
out.
sode.
And
Ati
si
it
came
ti
to
si
pass,
when
2.
o
se,
wa
kpja,
nigbati na
the vessels awpn ikoko
were
ti
full,
kun,
3.
1.
nigbati
that she said
awpn ikoko kun, unto her son,

r$
2. 3.
1.
pe
on
wipe spdp
pmpkpnrin,
o wi fun "
"
'
:
pmp
r$ pe,
2.
3.
1.
"
"
vessel." And he said unto her, Bring me yet a Mu-wa mi sibp kan ik6ko." Ati on wipe spdp r$, Tun mu ikoko kan fun mi wa." On si wi fun u pe, And the oil vessel more." There is not a stayed.
2.
3.
Nibe
si
"
Ko
si
ikoko
Ati na epo (ororo) da. ko kan ikdko mp." kan nip"." Ororo na si da.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2. 3.
yknnrin ti Ol9rua. Nigbana li o wa, o si so fun enia Qlprun na. and pay thy di-lit, And he said, " Go, sell the oil, Ati on wipe, na epo (ororo). ati sail r$ gbese, L>9, ta " On si wipe, LQ, ta ororo na, ki o si san igbese re, of the rest." 2 Kings 4. 1-7. andlive thou and thy children ati wa(je)iw9 ati r^ nrqtKfUUfti na iykii
'
Then she came Nigbana on ti wa
and told
ati
thr
ma a
of
God.
so fun
na
ki
iwo
ati
awon
91119
re ki o
si
j?
owo
ti
o ku."
SECTION
8.
TRANSLATE
I. 2.
(FOR CORRECTION SEE SECTION

28.
Q.)
Ida
li
i'lko.
li
Aroko gbin
iiju.
Qk9nrin
aja.
ile.
29.
3.
Aroko tu
Qm9birin
Onile ra
30.
gba erupe.
if
4.
/>.
Ajayi ra bata.
31. Adigun. 32. Ajayi

33.
a gbaguda.
si
w
i.û
gun elub9.
19
le.
(i.
ilade
ilu
rt>.
7.
^ oju.
k<j>
:5
mi
8.
ile.
.'!
Ajjutan kekere.
nil
li
9.
Alase se onje.
36. Qk9nriii
rj>.
?e
enia
rere.
10.
Qm9binrin pe abnro
37. 38. 39.
Or9
otit9
o ns9.
ti
11.
12. 13.
Mo
ri
egb9n.
til
f<;>
01119 yi
kuru ju
eyi
.-
9hun
19.
9k9.
40.
41.
14. 15.
ede wa. Oyinbo Ojo s?e iê.
Mo A Ye
!
ti
ri
to igba enia.
s?s>
tani
!
9r^ mi, inu mi dim
lati
ri 9.
16.
17.
Alaru di
Onile
erii.
42. 43.
44.
wa
agutaii.
O dim mi Ha Iw9
I
pupij).
18.
ologbd. 19. Alapata pa elede.

20.
Mo
ri
ara mi ni. Ki 9 dnro de wa nihinyi

titi
awa
ti
!,.
si
9hun.
si
Qmode ho orombo.
1,-Nin
4.">.
Awa
ri
nyin lana.
t
21.
22.
ta
oluwa
r>\
46.
Qmode, ma mA
enikan.
yajn
Ewur^
j^ koriko.
23. Iransje j^ i^^ 24.

2">.
r.
r^.
47. 48.
41).
Ka
Ko
Iv-je
si
nkan
nkan.
91119
Qm9>9d9
s6 ilekun.
si
ti
lya pe enikeji
na
fi
wa
sinu
2(>.
kl timtiia.
ile
\\.i
27.
y6 eyln.
51
SECTION
9.
KEY
Man
27. 28.
8.
Sword has sheath.

has dog.
Hen
lays egg.
Farmer plants yam.

draws water.
(or receives)
Farmer
tills ground. Ajayi buys boots. Girl washes her hands.
29. Girl
30.
Worker takes mud.
Housekeeper buys yam. Boy washes face.
31. 32. 33.
Adigun cuts cassava. Ajayi pounds yam flour.

Akilade goes to his town.
Worker builds house. Cook cooks food.

10.
34.
35. 36. 37.
My body
That
(is) well.
Girl
calls
her
younger
Small sheep.
(brother or sister). 11. I see elder (brother or sister).
man is
is
(a)
good person.
truthful
He
speaking
is
Child writes copy. 13. Canoeman poles canoe.

12.
14.
words.
38. This
child
shorter than
White
man
speaks
our
39. I
(the one) yonder.
saw about 200

!
people.
?
15.
Ojo does work.
40.
16. Carrier ties load.

17.
41.
A who did this Ah! my friend, I am pleased

to see you.
Housekeeper seeks sheep.

Butcher
kills pig.
18. I see cat. 19.
42. It pains 43.
Ha
me much. thou art my
relative.
20. Child peels orange.

21.
44.
You
await us here until
we
22.
23.
Horse kicks his master. Goat eats grass.

Messenger delivers his message.
go yonder.
45.
We saw
(see)
you yesterday.
46. Child,
do not be saucy to
?
anyone.
47. Is
calls
24.
Servant shuts door.
25
Mother
her
partner
48.
49.
anything (wrong) Nothing

!
(friend)
26.
companion.
How
is it
that child comes

?
Man
stuffs mattress.
into our house
PART
SECTION
V.
1.
SIMPLE OR ROOT VERBS OF THE SECONI
<
WITH
D4n=to
Gail
t
ILLUSTRATIVE
SENTENCES.
2.
SEE KEY, SECTION

1.
polish.
2. 3. 4.
5.
despise.
(Ompkpnrin, dan bata mi.) (Mase gan nti'i re.)

(Idl r$ han gbangba. ) (Mase fi ow/i kan mi.) (Ran on in na 19 si 9Ja. )
)
Han Kan
Ran
i" appear.
tn
touch.
ID send.
6.
7.
8. 9.
T&n=to be finished. (Owo mi tan patapata. Y4n=to neigh. (Nigbati esin yan, o nki nyin. Din i" subtract. (Ki o din owo fun mi.)
10.
11.
12.
13.
Gbin=to sow. (A ma gbln agbado lemeji I'pdun.) Pfn=to divide. (Ki o pin owo yi larin nyin.) Rin=to walk. (Lana, mo 19 riri kiri l'9Ja. Sin=to serve. (Ol9run li o to sin.) Wfn=to lend or borrow. (Jc?, ki a win ikdko fun mi.
)
14.
15. 16.
Yin = to
praise,
Bim = to Qim=to
give.
17.
Ktm= to
Run
Sim
to
t"
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
F^n=to P$n=to
(twa nyin da, mo yin 9.) (Oba li o bun mi 1'ebun. ) ride. (Balogun li o gun esin dudu. ) murmur. (Nw9n kirn si oluk9ni W9n. ) (Ina run gbogbo llu. ) destroy. (M4 pariwo, baba sun.) sleep. scatter. (F<^n ihin rere ka kiri.) sharpen. (P<?n ake fun ise nyin.)
measure.
W^n=to
(Nw9n w4
lati
w^>n
ile.
SECTION
2.
KEY TO
1.
ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.
SECTION
i.
2.
Boy, polish my boots. Do not despise thy enemy.
3. 4. 5. 6.
The reason
of
it
plainly appears.
Do
not touch me. Send the child to market.

is
My money
altogether finished.
53
7.
When
the horse neighs,
it is
saluting you.
8.
9.
10.
11. 12.
13. 14. 15.
That you lessen or reduce the money for me. We usually plant or sow maize twice yearly. That you divide this money between yourselves. Yesterday I walked about the market. God is (great) enough to be served (worshipped).
Please (that you) lend
me
a pot (earthen vessel).
16.
17. 18. 19.
Your conduct is good, I praise you. The king gave me a present. The war chief rides a black horse. They murmured against their teacher.
Fire destroyed
all
the town.
20. 21. 22.
Don't make a noise, father sleeps. Scatter the good news about. Sharpen the axe for your work. They came to measure the land.
SECTION
3.
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives usually follow the nouns (e.g.) A white cloth=as9 funfun kan.
The usual three degrees of comparison exist, and are formed by " " " " to the positive and to the comparative the addition, of ju 19
(e.g.)
Dara=good. Dara ju= better. Data julo=best.
Buru=bad. Buru ju= worse. Buru julp= worst.
ADJECTIVES.
_, ,
Dara
(of things
and persons).
Sweet = Dun.
Rere Black = Dudu.

}
(of persons).
White = Funfur
Short
Great = Tobi, nla.
Small =Kekere, wewe.
High = Giga. Deep = Jijin. Narrow =T6r6.
= Kukuru.
Much = Pupi).
Little=Die.
Wide=Gb5ro. Bitter =Kor6. Red = Pupa.

Fierce=Ror6. Dear = W(?n.
Kind = Seun.
Cold = Tutu.
Young=Ewe.
New=Tit.un. N.B. " Rere " of persons implies moral goodness. Da, Dara, Daradara= any thing, from good to beautiful.
Hot=Gb6na, Gbigbona. 01d=Agba, gbo. Many=Qp9.
NOTES ON ADJECTIVKS.
1. Exceptions to the rule that adjectives follow nouns, are found in concrete nouns placed in opposition to other concrete nouns (e.g.) Qlogb^n enia=wise person.
Otosi eles$=poor sinner.
Agidi
pmp= stubborn
child.
Onrord enia= fierce person.

Ika enia= cruel person,
2. The words denoting placed before the noun
(e.g.
)
etc.
many
persons, or tilings, are sometimes
Gbogbo enia = all people.

Qpolopp enia=many people.
Olukuluku enia= every person.
The numeral adjectives, when they are round numbers, as 3. twenty, thirty, and so on, come before the noun
(e.g.
)
Ogun enia= twenty
persons.
Qgbpn malu= thirty cows. Ogoji isu= forty yams, and so

4. Sometimes the preposition to a noun to form an adjective
(e.g.
)
on.
"
li
"
or
"
ni
"
is
used as a pn -fix
lpr^=he
lagbara
is
rich
is
(lit.
he has
(lit.
riches).
he
strong
he has strength).
SECTION
4.
ADVERBS, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.

i. (a)
ADVERBS OF TIME.
Then=nigbana, or nje. When=nigbati, or nigbawo tete. Early = kutukutu
;
Uow==nisisiyi. To-day =l'oni.
'!
To-morrow =l'9l a
Yesterday =l'ana.
Instantly =lojukanna, lesekanna.
Ever=lailai,
lai,
bibi
lai.
Late=p$. Always = nigbagbogbo. Often=nigbakugba.

Daily =lojojum9. Again = ?w e, m$, tun.
Once=l^kan. Weekly = 1 psos 9.
55
(b)
1
.
e e nisisiyi.
Do
it
now =
it
2. 3.
came to pass = Nigbana o si se. Then, he became angry = Xje, o binu. N.B. Xje is equivalent to " well,"
Then
angry).
as
(Well, ho
li
became
4.
To-day or to-morrow
will
do=L'oni, tabi
e
1'pla
o dara.
ki p teto wa.
5.
6.
". 8.
When you come, come early =Nigbati He is very late On pp ju. Do it instantly = e e lojukamia.
You
are often disobedient
ba wa,
9.
10.
Always Once again

o se
e.
speak the truth

I tell
you
= Nigbakugba e nse aigbpran. = So 6tp nigbagbogbo. to do it = Lpkan si mo sp fun 9

li
ki
11.
Do Do
it
daily,
not weekly
=e e lojojump, ki
ni
se
ise Ipspsp.
12. 13.
It is
ever the
same ==69
ima
in.
not do SO
again=Ma
bp mp, or
Ma
tun. se bf.
2.
(a)
ADVERBS OF PLACE.
nibi.
Here = nihiii, or
Everywhere = nibikibi. Near = nitosi.
There=nibp. Yonder = Iphun. Far = jina, or lokere.

Elsewhere = nibo miran.
By
the side=l<?ba.
Backward =sehin.
Forward=siwaju.
Upward=soke.
Downward =sisale.
(b)
1.
2.
3.
Here it is, come and get it=Nihin li o wa, wa It was there yesterday=Nibe li o wa I'ana.
mu
gbe
u.
Everywhere
li
go
it is
the
same= Nibikibi
jina
ti
mo
lp,
bakanna
ri.
4.
5. 6.
7.
It is
very far from
town=O
pupp
si ilu.
He
is
near by,
call
him=O wa
nitosi,
pe
e.
wa leba odo. by the side of the river Elsewhere things are not so=Nibo miran, nkan ko
It is
=O
ri
bf.
8.
He
Lift
is
going
backwards=O npada
sphin.
9.
Go on
10. 11.
We
in front of me=Ma lp siwaju mi. your eyes upward = Gbe oju nyin soke. were going downwards =Awa ti nip sisal e.
3.
(ft)
ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
Much^ pupp Enough -to. Too p 9! u
.
Only
kiki. nikanfjioijo, pere, oôdr.
p<J>.
Almost^ f?rv.
Altogether = pat apata.
So=b?;
Quickly
Iattle
bayi.
As-=bi.
y a ray ara, kiakia.

diedie.
Gently
First
JvJv.
lev,
pelep?le.
= die,
<'kini.
(6)
1.
On
nikansjo.o
li
He
only
is
there
w&
nilx,-.
2.
Only gold and

oini yio
silver will I receive--
Kiki wnra
ati
fadakn
ni
til>a.
!
3.
4.
have seen enough
= Mo
ti ri
to
He was
Do
So
it
altogether lost =
On
ti
391111
patapata.
si
6.
6. 7.
8.
I too shall be
SO,
there=Emi pelu
will please
and
it
me^=
yio wa nibe. e bayi, yio fj>e
dim mp
rni.
it is
always
69
li
ri
nigbagbogbo.
9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
As it was in the beginning =Bi o ti wa li atetekpê. Come quickly Kiakia ni ki o \va. Walk gently, the road is rough= Rln p^l^p^lf ijma na ?e pnlapala
The
grown a little=Ohun 9gbin ti dagba di?. cocoanuts only do I see=Agb9n meji pere ni mo ri. Only trouble do I meet with=Ogede wahala ni mo b&. The first born and the first fruits are God's = Ak9"bi ati akp'so
plant has
Two
ti
Ol9run To je (or bi Ql9run
ni).
4.
ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION, NEGATION AND

DOUBT.
!
(a)
Yes=b^ni, en
Certainly
No=b^ko, ndao, agbed9.

Verily
I
= dajudaju.
T .,
Indeed
Perhaps = bpya.
Undoubtedly = laiijiyemej i.
Not=ki, or k6.
(b)
1.
Yes, I shall be there
2.
3.
Did you do
It is
this P
not so
Yes Hr-kn li o
= Be"ni, emi = Iw9

!
li
yio wa nibe. o $e eyi ?
Jjln
ri.
Did you take it ? No Did you steal the money

<>.
= Iw9
?
li
No
o mu = Iw9
u
o
li
ji
Ndao owo bi
Agbed9
(emphatic). Indeed, I shall not go = Lot 9, emi ko ni

Verily I say unto
19.
7.
you=L6t9, mo
\vi
fun nyin.
H. 0.
He
certainly
is
is
guilty
= On
jebi dajudaju.
Hi. 11.
12.
no doubt about it=K6 si iyemeji rara. Undoubtedly it was he = Laisiyemeji, on ni. It was not he, but I = Ki ise on, sugb9n emi ni.
There
He cannot go
5.
but I will = On ko
le 19,
sugb9n emi yio
19.
INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS.
Wherefore
?
Where
= nibo ?
?
= ese ti
How? = bawo 9iia wo How many? = melo ? When ? = nigbawo ?

(b)
1.
How much?=elo ? Why ?=ni tori kini ?
2.
;?.
Where is it? = Nibo li o wa ? Wherefore do you go? = Ese ti iw9 fi 19 How do you do it? = Bawo li o ti se e ?
li
4.
").
(>.
7.
How much is it ?= filo li o je ? How many are there ?=Melo o wa nibe ? Why do you speak so ? = Nitori kini iw9 %e 39 When will he come ? = Nigbawo o le wa ?
li
bayi
or,
Nigbawo
li
on yio de
NOTES ON ADVERBS.
much
1.
There are distinctive adverbs which take the place of " very " in English and almost every verb has its own peculiar adverb
(<?</) Igi
ga
yi
fiofio
= tree
is
very high.
2.
li.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
flies very high. p$n rokiroki=this cloth is very yellow. Oelodo pupa roro = flower is very red. Kiniun nke ramuramu = lion is roaring loudly. gb$ sakasaka=he hears perfectly. dun mi J9Jp=it pains me greatly. duro sinsin=he stands firmly.
lj!ry e
6 tiantian=bird
Asp
9.
QniQ SQ r 9 botibdti- child talks pratingly.
10.
11.
A?9
ja fut$fute
cloth tears easily.
gbadura tpkantpkan
yi
he prays earnestly.
is
12. 13.
A$9
11$
dudu perepere = this cloth yo bambam=-it is very full.
very black.
14. 15.
$u biribiri=it is very dark. Aiya mi nja fuk$fuke = my heart
is
beating furiously.
N.B.
Almost every reduplicated word which follows a verb be regarded as an adverb.
may
SECTION
5.
PREPOSITIONS.
In=H, or
iii.
To=si, fun.
Into=sinu.
Unto=s9d9.
On = lori.
From=lati,
ti.
With = pelu, ba, Within =m'nu. Without = lode. Above =loke. Under =nisale.
Beneath = lab^.
After =1 chin.
ti.
By=nipa,
nipase.
1119,
Against=si,
Beside =leba,
Until =titi.
Among=larin.
Before=niwaju, siwaju. For = ni tori, fun, de.
Of=niti,
ti.
Around =yika.
leti.
Except =bikose.
NOTES ON THE PREPOSITIONS.

Ti=from, involves the idea
Li, or
of departure from.
Si=to, involves the idea of motion towards. ni=in, indicates

rest in.
A FEW
Fun
(v.
)
VERBS ARE USED AS PREPOSITIONS.

;
to give
fun, prep.,
;
= to.
spoke to me.
the door against them.
us.
M9
Ba
(v.) to (v.) to
adhere
m$,
prep.,
meet;
)
ba, prep.,
= against. = with.
wpn = he shut
went with
(e.g.
wi fun
ba
mi=he
1119
se ilekun
wa
lp
= he
.59
NOTES ON A FEW PECULIAR PREPOSITIONS.

Pelu=with
(e.g.
)
Ayp
pelu inudidun li a we did it, or did it.

it is
fi
se
e=Joy
with gladness
With joy and gladness we

is
Lpdp = with
(e.g.)
Qmp
Nwpn
na wa Ipdp iya r$ = The child

sprp
ti
with
its
mother.
Si= against
Ti
(e.g.
si
pba wpn = They spoke against their
king.
= against
(e.g. (e.g.
duio
Nitori=for
Nitori r$ ni
De = for
(e.g.
the expense, or For his sake I spent the money. Duro de mi=Wait for me.
mi=He stood against (by) me. mo se inawo = For him I incurred
DuTO de oluwa
re
= Wait for
your master.
NOTES ON
" " " "
"
LI
"
AND
"
NI."
and ni are used, both as verbs and prepositions. For Li sake of euphony the consonants are interchangeable. In ordinary conversation both forms are used indiscriminately ; but it will be helpful to remember the following rule " That li changes into ni ,' both as a verb and a preposition " before the vowel i.'
the
: '
'
'
'
1.
(</) Emi
li
esin=I have a
horse.
2.
Emi ni isu=I have some yam. wa li Qgba=He is in the garden. wa ni ile=He is in the house.
to this rule are few
The exceptions
and
may
be disregarded.
SECTION
6.
CONJUNCTIONS.
And=ati, on, and
(e.g.
)
"
si,"
(used only before a verb)
si
lp si
pja
= and
he went to market.
But=sugb9n.
If=bi, followed by ba,
"
bi o ba."
Ot=tabi,
Also
)
'abi.
Still=sibe, sibesibe.
Moreover
[=pelupelu.
)
Because = nitoriti.
Therefore= nitorina.
60
Although = That=ki, ti,

Unless
ati.
"
bi o tileJ9pe
"
(a phrase), bi
ti
je pe.
pe.
Then=nje.
INTERJECTIONS.
= o pain or surprise. A = of surprise. W6 = behold. Kai = cf wonder. $ip = of ridicule. Dak? = silence. $pa = of astonishment. Oro =
Ye
! ! ! ! !
!
Igi da
its.
Ko
s$
= Wonderful.
!
T6 = Satisfaction. Ago = Make way
Pasidari !==
And many
others.
SECTION
7.
TRANSLATION. (FOR CORRECTION SEE SECTION

1.
8.)
Nko
Bi o
ri
enik^ni
ile.
1'
9na,
mo
si
1.
Mase
reti
pada wa
2.
ti
wi fun mi lana, beiii sugb9n on ko gb<? rara. 3. Afi bi iya r^ ba de, iw9 ki yio 19 si ile nyin nitoripe \wa r^ ko dim m$ mi. 4. T9 mi wa l9la, ki a le J9 89 oran 9m9birin na b9ya mo le gba a S9d9. 5. Tay9tay9 ni ngo 19 bi o ba
mo
na, nitoripe r^ 19W9".

12.
iran^wp on ko le ran ara
se,
^sin k6 je koriko rara, o dabi 9nipe, o saisan. 13. Aw9n agbalagba li o 1119 bi
aiye
ti
ri,
nitoripe,
nw9n
ti
ngb aiye li 9dun pup9. 14. Ni ijeJ9 nw9n ti ina b9

nigbati awa awa jade 19
15.
si ri
hit
i
ile,
i,
lojukanna,
a.
ran mi.
C.
pa
?
9r9 kan, o fi is mi sile, nitorina ng ko ni san owo kan fun u. 7. Mu iwe yi 19 fun eyibo (oyinbo), ki o si duro de
Liii-.i
Nigbawo na ya per^pere
1'ori,
ni kiniun fa
agutan
16.
17.
Tani yio fi ade de 9ba na 9k9nrin ni, tabi obirin ? si i. agbado, yka baba, own,
I
idahun (or
8.
esi)
ati ere oniruru
as9 ib6ra kan fun alaisan yi ti o nki'i 19. 9. Emi ko mo bi o de ihin, tabi
1'
Fun mi
oko,
18.
ti
li
li o jasi eso ere 19P919P9 ninu.
Nw9n wa
ri
agutan
1'osi
i.
ti
nil,
I'viia
9tun, ati
9r<;>
bi
ko de,
si i.^
linn
mo
to,
sugb9n
si
ba a
ni
nw9n k6
19.
ita.
Mase gba
buburu
10.
Bi omi ba tutu
a tete pa
ongbe.
enikeni gb<J, sugb9n ranti pe n\\ on le 89 In; si 9.
01
20. Ijafara
je,
li
le
ba
ise
fi
nitorina
ma
^pra, ki o si
oju
21.
si ise re.
Suru yio fun wa iii is^guii lori ohun ti o soro se, 16t9,
yio bori
Oni iwa tutu li o le tu enia ninu 1'9J9 ibanuje, onror6 enia ko le se e. 23. A ko le sai 16 sum, li ede
22.
kik(?,
k<;>
nitoriti
ohun gbogbo.
o soro ju
lati
ede miran.
SECTION
8.
KEY
1.
TO SECTION
14.
fire
7.
I did not see
'2.
way, and I As you told me yesterday, so I did, but he did not listen at
all.
anyone by the returned home.
Eight days ago,

to (a) house,
it
(kill it)
they set
saw
to
15.
and when we instantly we went out

put
it
out.
At what time
lion
?
Unless your mother should come, you will not go homa, because your conduct does not please me. 4. Come to me to-morrow that we may discuss the question of that girl, perhaps I may take her. 5. I will go joyfully if you send me. 6. Without saying a word he left my work, therefore I will not pay him any money.
3.
1.
(or
when) did
sheep
to
the
16.
tear
the
pieces
Who
Yam,
will
crown the king, a
man
17.
or a
woman
corn,
guinea-corn, cotton and beans, of many kinds, are the fruit of the farm which are very profitable.
18.
They searched for the lost sheep by the right road and left, but did not see it.
19.
Do
not believe bad words
Take this letter to (the) white man, and wait for an

Give
answer.
8.
against anyone, but remember that they may speak so against you.
(evil report)
me
a covering cloth for
20. Slackness
may
spoil
much
this sick person, who is dying. 9. I do not know if he came
work, therefore, watch, and put your eye to your work (be
attentive ).
21. Patience
will give us the victory over difficult things,
(it)
here or not, but I met him in the street. 10. If water is cold enough it
soon quenches thirst. Do not expect help from that child, because he is unable to help himself. 12. (The) horse cannot eat any grass, it is as if it were sick.
11.
verily,
will
overcome
all
things.
22.
The meek-one -can comfort people in the "day of sorrow, but the fierce (austere ) person
cannot do it. We cannot
13.
The aged know what the

is
23.
do
without
earth
years.
like,
because
it
they
have been living on
many
patience, in learning languages, because it is very difficult to learn another language.
62
PART
SECTION
VI.
1.
EXTENDED LIST OF SIMPLE VERBS OF THE SECOND

CLASS, WITH
2.)
(KEY, SEE SECTION

1.
Gan
i"
sew
coarsely.
(Gan asp
yi fun mi.)
2.
.'{.
4.
5.
6.
Han = to be unfruitful. (Igi orombo yi Han = to scream. (Ompde yi ban goro. Kan = to drip. (Epo ti o nru ni nkan. devolve upon. Kan (Qran na kan Ran = to spread (as fire or disease).
(Ina, tabi
I
ban.)
)
iiyin.
arun na kd ran).
si
>.
Ran=
(
to spin. , to sew.
) r
)
(Obirm ni nran owu, o

fitila
,,
nran
aao.)
8.
Tin = to
9.
10. 11. 12.
(Tan iyara mi.) (Osupa ni ntan imyle 1'oru. Tan (preceded by ba) = to be related to. (Emi k6 ba 9 tun.) Tan=to run aground. (Ok$> tan leti odd.)
)
light or shine.
ni
13.
14.
1").
(Mo ti yan 9 I'^r?.) (Ki o din 9g<?d<=> agbagba fun mi.) Gbin = to breath with difficulty. (Ok9nrin na ngbin, Pin = to terminate. (Ko si <J>na mc^, o pin.)
fry.
Yan=to Din=to
choose.
\'u
>
ai
ku.
Ifi.
17.
18.
10.
= to = to Sin = to Yin = to Yin = to

Sin
string as beads.
(Qm9
oku r$
li
ni nsin ileke.)
ti
Sin
accompany.
bury.
attract.
(Mo
sin
sin alejo
o
)
wa
ki mi.)
(Nw9n
1'oni.
lay eggs.
to beat
(T6lot616
ym
1(
eyin mewa.)
)
(As9 na yin mi
(
loju.
20
21.
Gun=
'
Nwon "S"11
(Old
li
isu
?Ja.)
)
-{
{to pierce.
22.
2:5.
o gun u l'obe.
Kun = to fill. (O to, ma fi si m<J, apo kun.) Kun = to set on fire. (Aw9n pt4 r$ kun ile r^.) Run = to emit an odour. (Aw9 W9nyi li o nrun.)
Sun = to
Sun
roast.
24.
(Ki o (ma) sun pran
1'oni.
25.
2(i.
t" accuse.
(O
fi
mi sun niwaju
pba.
li
P^n = to carry (on the back).
(lya 9019
o p<?n
'1119.)
03
27.
28. 29. 30.
Dun = to grieve or give pain. (Oran na dun mi Dun = to be sweet, or pleasing. (O dim nip mi.) Dun = to sound, (llu dun 1'ode, nwpn iiki nyin.
Wpn = to
be dear or scarce.
(Isu w<j>n 1'pdun yi.
)
)
pupp.
SECTION
2.
KEY
1.
TO ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES IN SECTION

this cloth for
i.
Sew
me.
2. 3. 4. 5.
(>.
This orange tree is barren (unfruitful). This child screams loudly.
The palm oil you are carrying is dripping. The question devolves upon you.
Fire, or disease (the) did
not spread.
7.
The woman The moon

is
is
spinning the cotton and sewing the cloth.
8.
Light the lamp in
my
room.
9.
10. 11. 12.

13.
shining (light) by night. I am not related to you. The ship or boat is aground in the river.
I
have chosen you as
my
friend.
(That you) fry plantains for me. The man breathes with difficulty, and will
die.
14. 15.
16.
There
is
no way
is
(again),
it
ends.
The
I
child
stringing beads.
to salute
17.
accompanied the stranger who came They buried his dead (corpse) to-day.
me.
18. 19.
The turkey laid ten eggs. That cloth attracts my eyes.
20.
21. 22.
23.
They are beating (pounding) yam in the market. The thief pierced (stabbed) him with a knife. It is enough, don't put more (again), the sack is full.
His enemies set his house on
fire.
These skins smell.
24.
25.
That you roast the meat to-day.
He
accused
me
26.
27. 28.
The mother
before the king. of the child carries the child (on her back).
Yams
are scarce this year.
That question grieves

It pleases
me much.
29. 30.
me
(lit.,
sweetness knows mi).
Drums sound
outside, they are saluting you.
SECTION
3.
AUXILIARY VERBS.
and prefixes the present imperfect tense of the verb.
1.
(''.</.)
The consonant
"n"
"
in
"
are used
denote
e=to do;
nge-=d<iini:.
lie
is
nse e Ipwp"
doing
it.
mbp
2.
lpna = he
is
coming on the road.

:
Ti
is
(e.g.
the sign of the complete tenses Mo ti $e i?$ mi tan = I have done my work completely.
Mo
3.
(e.g.
)
ti
nip
sib?
=I
have been going

:
tlu-iv.
" " are O, and yio
signs of the future tense

will go.
Nwpn
yio lp
lp
Awa
Euphony governs
4.
= they = we will
go.
the change of form.
"
Ma
is
"
)
is
almost equivalent to may.
(e.g.
Ma
? ma lp = you may go. a negative, and emphatic " not."

)
(e.g.
or ma ti lp = don't = do not go. lp Ma?ai lp = don't fail to go.
nia lo
go, or don't
g<>
ye;.
Mase
Ma
5.
is
also used as
)
(e.g.
Iwp ma
an adverb " very." ?eun jpjp=you are very kind indeed.

is
Ama
denotes what
customary.
Ip
si ile
(e.g.)
Qmpde ama
^k<J
(school)
childn-ii
are
acciustomed to go to school.
6.
Aba and
(e.g.)
iba imply duty or obligation. ti aba $e = things that we ought to do. Awa iba ti lp = we should have gone.
Ohun
is also used for would and should. Proverb illustrating the use of " ama " and " iba " " iba Ql9gb<^n ama wipe, talakA ko gb<^n
;
"
Iba "
ul>vn,
iba lowo."
"
The wise man

not wise
;
is
if
accustomed to say, the poor anthey were wise, they would have
money."
7.
"
"
1.
is
prefixed to verbs to indicate

is
What
customary
(e.g.)
Bayi ni
nwpn
ir4
sothey
usually buy.
(Ifi
2.
"
"
is
used after
)
"
kd "=not
ide
(e.g.
3.
Nwpn ko
= they
to give emphasis have not arrived.
"
"
is
)
(e.g.
8.
sometimes used for the sake of euphony Eyi ki i?e temi = this is not mine.
:
Tile gives emphasis to propositions, thus
Emi
9.
tile
ri
i=I have indeed seen

" "
it.
It
is
equivalent to the English may," placed before verbs, thus: (e.g. )

is
Le
can " and " might."
Mo
It
is
le
e e
le lp
Nwpn
also
= I can do = they can

ma
kpja
it.
go.
sai
used with the negative participle "
"
(e.y.
)
ko
le
?ai
nibe=We must
(cannot do
other than) pass there.
SECTION
4.
TENSES OF THE VERB.

Present.
Emi
ri
=1
)
see.
Emi
nti
= I am
seeing.
Emi
le ri
Mo
le ri
= 1 may
j
or can see.
Ki ng ri Ki emi ri Ki emi ki o
Bi
^=Let me
see.
?
see.
riJ
mo
ba ri=If I
Emi ri bi?=Do Awpn ri mi =

I
I see
A ri mi Kiawpntip
Ki a
ri
They
see me.
p
ri
=T hatthevseethee.
Bi a ba
Emi
li
mi=If they see me. ri=Me it is they see.

|
Iwp ri Ki iwp
ri ri
Iwp
ma
^=See
j
thou.
Bi a ba
ti ri
mi= Though they should have seen me.
(Present Perfect. )
06
Post,
Emi
ti ti
ri
Mo
n
ti
=1
saw.
Emi
ti
nn = I have been
seeing.
Emi ko
'ri
=I
]
have not seen.
ti
ri
mi
Awpn ti li mi Emi li a ti ri
Emi
til? ri
=They have
'
seen me.
=I
have seen (emphatic).
Future.
Emi yio ri Emi o ri Ng o ri Emi yio ti
=1
ri ri
shall see.
=I
mi
shall
I
have seen.
will see
Awpn yio A o n mi
Emi Emi
X.B.
yio yio
t
i
= I hey
me.
ma ri = I shall be seeing. ti ma ri = I shall have been

full table of
seeing.
<>f
this
kind
Verbs is not deemed necessary in a book but for the sake of those who wish it, see Part
SECTION
5.
NOTES ON THE VERB

1.
"
FI."
"
Fi
"
when
)
followed
by "fun"
fi-fun,
becomes the
to me.
vcrl>
and " fun " becomes a

(e.g.
preposition.
Fi iwe put,
na fun mi=give that book

is
2.
"Fi" = to
(e.g.
)
very common.
Mo Mo
n
ft i
sil$
=I
put
it
down.
(to)
se
ppa = I put
it
make
(a)
walking
-i i<-k.
3.
"
Fi
"
is
used as a particle, which has no equivalent

:
in Kniilixli.
and follows such phrases as

(e.g.
)
fise
ti
ft
lo?
o
ft
= why
Kini
ti
did you go? duroP = what made you stay
Duro
4.
titi
fl
d6 = wait until he comes.

syllable in
Then
it is
)
used as the
first
many compound
words.
(e.g.
Fia?^fun = to empower. Fiarahan = to show oneself.
07
NOTES ON THE WORD
"
RI."
We
have seen
Reduplicated
adverb.
(e.g.
)
use as a verb, ri=to see, and ri = to drown. and following wa = to tremble, it becomes an
its
wa
it
riri
= he
trembled exceedingly.
cloth
is
In
this
form
(e.g.
)
also indicates a condition of filth.
A0
is
na
riri
= that
dirty.
it
is
But there " " = never ri

(e.g.
)
another use to which

ri
put as an adverb,
before.
Awa ko
nkan b?
ri
= we
KO
have not seen such a
thing before.
NOTES ON THE WORDS

"
"
"
AND
"
KI."
K6
"
is
the simple form of the negative.

)
(e.g.
K6 si=not
Baba ko
"
e
lives.
id6
= father
"
has not arrived.

or denial
is
?
"
K6
"
changes into
(e.g.
)
kp
when doubt
intended.
"
Ko
eyi? = did you not do this Emi kp = not I. " " " " ki before the vowel i." changes into = not him. (e.g. ) Ki i6 on
Iwo ko
"
Ki
"
Emi ki ie egb$ r$ = I am not his companion. " " " that in order that." used also as a conjunction, = In order that father Ki baba ki le fun mi 16wo (e.g.
is
;
may
Ki awa
"
give
me money.
ki-to
ki a le lp to,"
Ki " followed by "

(e.g.
)
Mo
sun ki on to
an.
= In order that we may go. = before a certain time. d6 = I slept before he arrived.
may
"
or shall.
?
"
Ki
"
is
used also as
auxiliary verb,
I go
(e.g.)
Ki nlp?=shall
NOTES ON THE WORD

1.
BI."
bi
Its first use, other

is
than in the form of a verb,

of a conjunction.
= to
beget,
and so on,
in the
form
Bi = as.
(e.g.
)
Bi baba
"
ti
wi,
li
As father
2.
said,
awa yio se. we will do.

ni Ip.
Bi, followed
(e.g.
)
by
ba," bi-ba=if.
r<j>
Bi ojo ba
emi ko
If it rains, I shall
not go.
:t.
Bi ito a,k.
Mi,
followed by
('.'/.)
lere,
"bi-lere" = to ask a question.

lere.
bi
mi
--he asked me.
Bi aburo re
Ask your younger (brother or

4.
is
sister)
a question.
Bi,
coming at the end

(<'.</.)
of a sentence, indicates that a question

':
asked.
Iw9
ti
Have you taken
tpju adie hi care of the fowls
':
SECTION
6.
SALUTATIONS.
" Salutations with the prefix " oku form a distinctive feature " " of the Yoruba language ; others begin with odi and some " " are formed by adding nk9 at the end of a phrase.
;
The most useful of these ars given here but. the prefix oku can be used with almost any verb. The full form, the con/m< </ form in brackets, and the meaning of each salutation is here set
:
"
/>
forth.
1.
2.
'$.
4.
~>.
<>.
1. 8.
ft-
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
16. 17.
18
19.
20. 21. 22.
Oku ile (Ku 'le o) = At home to you. Oku di ile (Oku di 'le) = For a person's absence. " Oku ab$ (K' ab$ or K' abo)=Used for " Welcome Oku atiJQ (K' atijp) = After long absence. Oku lailai Oku irin (Oku 'tin O) = Walking or travelling. Oku pkg = On canoe, ship, train, motor, or carriage. Oku $i?e o (Oku '?e o) = Working. Oku lala = Strenuous toil. Oku jokd = Sitting, or waiting. Oku isimi = Resting. Oku aj6 = Anxiety or solicitude. Oku daro = Sympathy. Oku owurp 6rg arp (K' ar9) = (Good) morning. Oku al$ o (K' al? o) (Good) evening. Oku 9san (K' asan) (Good) day. Oku O ;=(! am) goinp. Oku na owo (Oku na 'wo)^= Spending money. Oku tita (Oku 'ta) = Selling things. Oku alejo (Oku~alejo) = Visitors or strangers. Oku pf9 = (For those) bereaved. Oku Superior, or elder to inferior or younger.
;
09
2:5.
'24. 2.). 2<>.
Odi OWUTQ ; orp ; arp ; (Od' arp) Until Odi pla ; (Od' pla) = Until to -morrow.
moriiin;j;.
Odi igba kan ; (Odi 'gba kan) = Until a time. Odi igba miran ; (Odi 'gba mi) = Until another time,
27.
2S. 29. 30.
Odi abp ; (Od' abp = Until (you or I) come. Odi igbose ; (Odi 'gbose) = Until another time, or good-bye. He nkQ ? = (How is your house ? )
)
Ompde nkp? = (How
are the children?)
X.B.
may be used about almost any person, animal or thing. There are yet other forms of salutations, a few of which are
This form of enquiry
31. 32.
here quoted. n wa o = To persons going for a walk. Ago le o = On entering a house.

ri il?
;
33.
34.
3-">.
Ma wo ^ r 9r *
(Ma wo
sympathy
I
'le)
= Look
first
to the ground.
= Be
careful.
P?l? o = Of
P$l$pele
or at
meeting a person.
36.
37. 38. 39.
= Gently,
gently.
.-
40. 41. 42.

43. 44.
Ara re ko le bi ? = Is your body not well ? Ara 'o le bi? Ara pmpde ko le bi? = Are the children not well ? K' a si nkan 'le o? = Is anything wrong at home K'a soro bi? = Is anything difficult? Ki sun re o. = That you sleep well.
Alafia k'o
wa bi?=Have you
o.= (That you)
of
peace
Ki
X.B.
ki
'le
The name
any
salute your house. " ki o ki." person may follow
SECTION
7.
APPROPRIATE ANSWERS TO SALUTATIONS.

Those numbered
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21,
!
22, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36,
may
all
be acknowledged by saying
Those numbered 4, 5, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, answered by repetition of the salutation addressed to you.
(e.g.
)
O or Ho may all be
!
5.
Be mb$
or
ile
Oku lailai repeat, Oku lailai wa = House is (all is well).

!
37,
Omode wa = Children are (well). Ago ya 0=A11 is ready (come). 38. Ara mi le, or Ara mi ko da, (or
well.
le)
= I am
well, or I
am not
70
'<!'.
Ara wpn
are
I
le, <>r Hit
Ara wpn k6 da
(or le)
= They
It
are well, or
They
well.
!
40.
41.
4
4:*.
K6 K6
!
si
nkan
Nothing wrong!
SOro di$ = Not diflicult. <r often followed by Oluwa $$
is
?oro, or
little diflicult.
or
Ho
!
wa
Lord uateh
us.
Alafla
= Peace!
SECTION
44.
Repent the salutation.

8.
TRANSLATION, YORUBA-ENGLISH. SECTION 9. Bi mo ti nriii 1'pna, mo kiyeei 9k9nrin kan

Eisin
;
SEE KEY,
leba esin ati kyke.
na nf& eru k^k^ pelu irpriin esin na yo, o si 1'agbara. Xwon ntpju r tob<j> ti o fi ye keke pba. Mo bi pkpnrin na lere, j><-. In " o si ni, T'emi ni." O si tun wipe, " ni^bati tir$ li esin na je mo ses^ ra a, o burujii, ki if^ sis^ rara, sugbpn emi ko ji; na a, enyin si ri bi o ti ri nisisiyi." 0r9 yi wii mi J9J9, mo si iif<> ki a\v9n timailu esin W9n, ki o 019 pe, nipa iseun a le 39 esin buburu di rere. ^sin gbcpri ju aw9ii eran iyoku 19, nw9ii si le ranti iwa ti a hit si W9ii.
;
ibase rere, tabi buburu. Pelupelu kiyesi, bi N\v9ii si nlo agbara W9ii fun isin enia, lai gba
nw9n ti l'ajzl>ara to owo 19W9 oluwa wpn.

:
%
le
tp ki a se iranti esin lakoko onje tabi omi mimu nitoripe on ko " Bi owe Yoruba ti mvi bere nkankan lywQ wa. l^lesin li <> di eru esin," eyi ni pe l'9san 1'oru a ko le sai ma t9Ju r( >.
SECTION
9.
KEY
8.
He also said, I bought and he said It is mine." was bad, and did not want to work, but I would not flog it, and you see what it is like now." This word pleased me much. and I am wishing those who beat their horses, to know that by kindness we can change a bad horse into a good one. The horse is wiser than other animals and they can remember the way we treat And them, whether well or ill. Also notice how strong they are they are using their strength in the service of men, without taking money from their masters. It is right that we remember the horse at the time of eating and drinking because it cannot ask us " The owner of the for anything. As the Yoruba proverb says horse is the horse's slave," that is by day and night he must not
was
it,
As I was walking on the road, I noticed a man by the side of s horse and cart. The horse was drawing the load with ease, and the horse was fat, and strong. They were caring for it so well that I asked the man if the horse it was fit for the king's carriage. " " when
his
:
it
fail
to care for
it.
71
PART
SECTION
VII.
1.
COMPOUND VERBS.
1.
These verbs are formed by the addition of a noun to a verb (e.g. B$ = to request; $b$ = a request; give the compound verb b$b$ = to supplicate.
)
Ba = to meet
to fear.
^ru = fear
give the verb
b?ru =
:
The following list contains the most Bade = to arrive with.
useful of these verbs
Bile = to light upon (as a bird). Bal? = to touch the ground. Bar$ = to agree with. Bere = to ask a question.
B?WO = to Binu=to
visit.
vex.
B6ju=to veil the face. Bole=to thatch (a house).
Bomi=to
take or dip water.
Bora = to cover the body. Bori=to cover the head.
Bpju = to wash the face
(face only).
floor).
Bpl9 = to beat the floor (earthen Bosi = to enter. Bpwa = to come.
Bpw$=to Bpw9=to
Bula = to
shake hands.
honour.
dilute.
Bul?=to patch. Bupa = to vaccinate. Busi=to add to.
Bue = to
be nearly
finished.
to.
Buyin = to give praise
Daba = to suppose,
to propose a motion.
Dagba=to grow.
72
Dahun
Dako
to
answer.
farm.
Dajp = to judge.
to
make a
faint.
Daku=to
to
make a
fire.
to mix.
Dari = to turn or steer.
Dar6 = to think or sympathise. Da wo = to contribute money.
Daw$ = to
stay the hand.
Dena = to block the way. D$ru=to tie a load (or pack). D$ru = to scare.
Dija = to quarrel, (or cause a quarrel).
Diju=to shut the

Dip6 = to succeed,
eyes.
(or
become a
substitute).
Domi=to become
Dopin = to come
watery. to an end.
Dup$ = to give thanks. Duro = to stand still.

Fagi = to plane wood. Fan = to shave the head.
F$ju = to be blind. o break into a house.
= to
Gbe?
wash clothes
fast.
(clothes or vessels).
Gbaw$ = to
t" incur guilt.

fire.
Obina=to catch
Gb^ro = to reckon or consider.
Hun$Q, or wun?Q = to weave cloth. Jagun = to fight (as in battle). Jaiya=to be startled.
J^ = to deliver a message.
Jlya=to
suffer.
J6na=to burn.
Jpba = to reign.
Kaw6 = to
read.
Kede = to proclaim. KOI in = to sing.

Ladi = to explain. Laja = to settle a dispute.
Lala = to dream.
Lana = to make a road.
Loyun = to
conceive.
Lul$ = to strike the ground. Mpju = to be tame (lit. to know the face
1119
and
oju).
Mple or kple=to build a house. Pag$ = to pitch or erect a tent. Pania=to murder.
Pa$? = to command.
P6jp = to assemble. P?ja = to
fish
(lit.
to
kill
fish).
P6we = to speak a
proverb. Ran?$ = to send on an errand.
Ranti = to remember.
R?le=to
plaster a house.
Riran = to see a vision.
Rpbi = to
travail.
rain.
Rpjo = to
Rufm = to break
the law.
Rulu = to stir up the town. San wo = to pay money. Sar6 or sur6=to run.
Sinku = to bury the dead. miss the way.
work (from
be friendly.
rebel.
= to
do
if=work).
print.
break up the ground. Wadi = to search out the cause.

1
to
>
wash the hands.
= to put on clothes. Wple = to enter a house. Yanu = to wonder at(from ya = to open Y$na = to clear a path of weeds. Ypju = to show the face.
$nu = mouth ).
74
SECTION
2.
COMPOUND VERBS.
2.
second class
is
formed by the union
of a verb,
and a noun.
preposition being inserted between

(e.g.
)
them
Bilere=to question, from bi = to ask; li = in regard to gre = a question. Dalebi = to condemn, from da=-to make
;
li
= in
= on
regard to
ile
ebi
Kpsile = to forsake,
si
;
= guilt. from kp = to
(lit.
)
refuse;
= ground
to leave
on the ground.
COMPOUND VERBS.
3.
third class
is
formed by the union of a verb, a noun, and
a second verb
(e.g.)
Maraduio
to endure, from mil = to cause; ara duro (compound verb) = to stand (lit.) to body; maintain one's position.
;
Mutiy6 = to be drunk, from mu = to drink pti^ yo = to be fu]l = to be full of liquor. liquor

;
Daraya = to be lively, from da = to make ya= lively. body

;
ara=the
N.B.
It
is not necessary to multiply instances, but the study of derivation will prove both fascinating and profitable.
SECTION
3.
THE COMPOUND VERBS.
(FOR
CORRECTION OF
4.)
SENTENCES IN THIS LESSON SEE SECTION

4.
The objects
(e.g.)
of the fourth class of
compound verbs
are placed
in the
middle of the word
Mu-wa=(W<.) take
bring.
1.
2. 3.
4.
money. (O ba. 9019 mi j$. ) Ba-j$ = to spoil. = to startle. (O ba. esin mi leru.) Ba-l$rtl (O bd $r^ mi 19.) Ba-lp = to accompany. Ba-rin = to walk with. (Wd ba mi rm 19 sode. )
Mu owo wa= bring
75
5.
').
7.
8.
visit. (Awpn <;>r^ nyin b$ nyin. wo.) Da-lohun = to answer. (0*1119! da mi lohun. Da-nil = to throw away. (Wa, da omi nu. Da-sil$ = to release, (Ol9pa, da onde sil^.
)
B$-w6 = to
9.
Da-Sil$ = to
spill.
(O da wara
i
sil?.)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
hold. mu sinsin.) (Di = o rescue. (O gba 91119 kekero l^wcj) r^. Gba-l<j>WQ Gba-gb$ = to believe. (Mo gba Qlprun Olodumare gb<J. Gbe-kuro = to take from. (Gbe okuta kuro loju pna. Le-kuro = to drive away. (Le aw9n agutan kuro !<;>gba. Mu-binu = to provoke. (Mase mu baba binu.
t
)
) ) )
Di-mu = to
16. 17. 18.

19.
Nu-kuro = to wipe
Pa-m<J = to keep. Pa-da
)
off.
(Nil eri
9W9
r^ kuro.)
ibi.
)
(Pa enu re m9 kuro ninu /Pa iwa re da. \ y =to change. I , T \Yi ara r9 pada. Yi-pada)
. '
20.
21.
22. 23.
24.
25.
26.
Ra-pada = to buy back. (Mo ra 9ru kan pada.) R$-sil$ = to humiliate. (R9 ara r^ sil9 niwaju Qlprun. T$-bomi = to immerse. (L9 tq 9ran bomi. T$-mpl$ = to trample upon. (Ma t^ mi m9l9 atel^s? (Aja ama t9 oluwa r9 l^hin. T^-l$hin = to follow. (IjJlîn, 19, tii 93111 sil^. Tu-sil^ = to set free. Ya-kur6 = to separate. (Ya 91119 ^raii kuro l9d9 iya r^.
)
li
r9.
N.B.
The examples given of the use composition and translation.
of these verbs will assist in
SECTION
4.
KEY
1.
TO SECTION
11.
3.
2.
.
He spoilt It startled
my child. my horse. He accompanied my friend.

Come, walk out with me.
friends visited you.
He
rescued
(the)
little
child
from him.
12
I
: believe in
God Almighty.
4. 5.
(i.
13
!
Take stone awa y from the

Drive
Your
14.
Child answer me.
away
(the)
sheep
from
(the)
!
(the) garden.
7.
Come
-
throw
away
15
16.
Do
not prov oke father.

the
dirt
water
8.
Constable,
release
Wipe
from your
evil.
(the)
prisoner.
9.
He
17
18.
spilt (the) milk.

it
10.
Hold
th mout h from Change thy conduct.
firmly.
70
19.
20. I 21.
Turn your body round. redeemed a slave.
24. 25.
(The) dog follows IIH mii>t-r.
Horseman
go,
s,-t
Un-
Humble your body

<
(self)
horse free.
26.
before God.
_:.'.
!<>
23.
Do
immerse the animal. not trample me under

feet.
from
Separate (the) youM- animal its mother.
your
SECTION
5.
COMPOUND VERBS.
A fifth class is formed by the union of two vt-rlis, lu-tween which the object is placed, and the second verb is followed by ;i noun which becomes part of the new verb
.").
(e.g.
ft
mi
$l$ya=ne
;
.
ridicules
me, from o = he be;
fl
makes; mi = me
possessive prefix )
6.
$e
= to
eleya (noun with
A
;
verb
formed in the following order of words a second verb a noun another verb, and lastly a noun
sixth class
is
:
(e.g.)
egbedegbeyp = to interpret, from $e = to do = to hear to hear fede = language gb<J

;
;
gb$ =
$yp =
a turning over.
7. A seventh class is formed by the union of a verb a noun and a compound verb separated into two parts by its object Ronupiwada = to repent, from tO = to think; inu = (e.g.
;
;
mind;
pa-da = to change;
iwa = conduct.
An eighth class 8. compound verb

(f,.g.)
is
formed by adding a noun to each part of

fl
.
Foiibal0 = to worship, from
= to
put;
ori
= head
ba = to meet
9.
il$
= ground
to
A ninth class is formed by a simple verb, followed by a noun, which a preposition and another noun are added Daniloju = to be certain, from da = to flash; $ni = (e.g. a person; li = in OJU = eye (lit. ) to flash in the
)
;
eye.
X.B.
These instances
words.
will suffice to
show how words
and afford material help
in arriving at the
are built up, meanings of
77
SECTION
6.
EXTENDED LIST OF COMPOUND VERBS AND

SENTENCES. CORRECTION SEE SECTION (FOR
ILLUSTRATIVE
1.
7.)
-. 3.
4.
5.
t>.
Ba-dar6 = to sympathise. (Mo ba nyin daro. ) Ba-gbe = to abide. (Wa, ba mi gbe, ale fere 19 tan.) Ba-ja = to fight with. (Nwpn ba ara W9n ja. ) Ba-l6 = to advise. (Tal'o ba 9 ro 9ran na. )
(Mo f^ ba alufa 8919.) Ba-Sprp = to speak with. Ba-wi=to rebuke. (Mase ba 91119 re wi tobiji. )
Ba-wijp = to judge.
(Ql9run yio ba gbogbo aiye wiJ9Ba-yQ = to rejoice with. (Ba mi y<|>, mo ri 91119 mi.) B$-lori = to behead. (Iw9 b^ ewure lori. ) B6-mQle = to cover up. (Nw9n bo oku m9le.
) )
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Bu-je = to
bite.
(Aja r$
li
o bu
91119
mi
je.)
12.
Da-lebi = to condemn.
13.
14. 15. 16.
17.
Dd-loju = to be sure. Dd-loro = to torture.
D&-lamu = to
upset.
D&-S9 = to mention. De-lade = to crown.
(A da 9k9iirin lebi.) (Ohun na da mi loju. ) (Mase da enikeni loro. (Ihin na da mi lamu. ) (O da 9r9 na so-)
18.
19.
De-lewpn
to chain.
D^-lara = to soothe.
(Nw9n de ak^bi r^ lade.) (A de aw9n old Iew9n.) (O d$ mi lara.

)
20. 21.
22.
Fa-gun = to spin
out.
(Mase fa
^9
re gun.)
fi Fi-han = to show. (J(j>, 9na 9Ja han mi.) = to put down. (Fi em re feile l9d9 mi.) Fi-sil$
23. 24. 25. 20. 27. 28. 29.
(Emi k6 f^ gbe agb^n mi kale.) Gbe-kal? = to set down. Gbe-dide = to raise up. (Ol9run yio gbe enikan dide. )
Je-niya=to punish.
K<Jl-sile
(O je 9ni9 buburu niya. )

(Je ki enia buburu
kip <)na
= to = to = to
forsake.
r^
sile.
La-ja = to pass through. (Nw9n la odo ja.) (Le eran 19 kiakia. ) Le-lp to drive off.
Ni-lata
annoy.
(Qran na, ni mi lara.)

)
30.
31. 32.
(Ngo pe 9k9nrin na leJ9. Ran-lpw^ = to help. (Qr^ mi li o ran mi l9w9". ) R6-k9Ja=to pass over. (Emi yio re nyin k9Ja.
Pe-lejp
summons.
33.
34.
3;i.
= to become. (O T$-bomi = to immerse.

Sp-di
39
wa
di 91119 r$.
(A t$ Jesu b9mi
(Oiije
1'oclo
)
Jordan.)
T^-lprun = to satisfy.
na
mi
Iprun.
78
SECTION
7.
KEY
1.
TO ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES IN SECTION

is
6.
sympathise with you.

almost
spent.
2.
3.
4.
;">.
I.
Come, abide with me, the evening They fought amongst themselves. Who advised you in that matter. I want to speak with the minister. Do not rebuke your child so much.
(Jod will judge all the world. Rejoice with me, I have found
7.
8.
my
child.
9.
You beheaded a
His dog bit
goat.
10.
1
1
.
They covered up the dead
(body).
my
child.
12. 13.
14.
The man was condemned.

Of that thing I am certain. not torture anyone. The news upset me. He mentioned that word. They crowned his firstborn. The thieves were chained. It soothes me. Do not lengthen out your words (speech).
Do
15. 16.
1
7.
18. 19.
20.
21. 22. 23.

24.
Please,
show me the way
to the market.
25.
26. 27.
Leave your load with me. I do not want to set my basket down. God will raise someone up. He punished the naughty child. Let the wicked man forsake his way.
They
Drive
28.
29. 30. 31.
crossed (or passed through) the river. off the animal quickly.
That question annoys me. I will summon that man.
My
friend helped (or helps) me.
32. 33. 34. 35.
over you. us (to become) his children. Jesus was baptized in the river Jordan. That food satisfies me.
I will pass
He made
SECTION
8.
TRANSLATION, YORUBA-ENGLISH.
KEY, SECTION
9.
LAB AL ABA.
Iyin kekcre kan ti k6 ju ori (pin) lo, li o ndi labalaba. Nighati eyin yi ba f6, kokoro kekere kan ama jade nibe. Bi kokoro no. ti O nfi ese wonyi kere to, o l^se merindilogun, o si 16 ju mejila.
79
oju wpnyi riran. Lojukanna ti o jade ninu eyin o b^re igbagbogbo ni ima fi j euii, nitorina o tete dagba. Ewekewe li o nje fuu on.J9 r$. Awp r^ ko si dagba bi ara r$, a si ma b<p awy r bi ejo ti ma b<j> awp tir$. Nigbati o ba se e, o b$re si ta okun bi olowu yi ara r$ ka, ati ninu okun yi, a yi ara r$ pada patapata. A di I;>9r9ku, ko si li ori, ko si li 939, sugboii a dabi oku. Lakoko diq si, a b9 of9 ikehin, a si mura jade bi labalaba. Nigbana ama hu apa k9l9k9l9, a si ma b^r9 si f6 soke, a si ma ba sori itana kiri lati " ma mu oyin r$. Bi owe Yoruba kail ti wipe Tinu, tehin, ni
si nfi
;
rin,
si
j
9un
labalaba
fi
ifi
iyin fun Qlprun."
SECTION
9.
KEY
A
8.
THE BUTTERFLY.
small egg not larger than a pin's head becomes a butterfly. the egg breaks a small grub comes out thence. As small as the grub is, it has sixteen feet and twelve eyes. It walks with these feet and sees with these eyes. At once when it comes out from the egg it begins to eat, it is always eating therefore it soon grows. Any kind of leaf it eats as food. Its skin does not grow as its body, and it sheds its skin as the snake sheds its skin. In time it begins to spin cotton round its body like a spinner, and in this cotton it changes altogether its form. It soon becomes dead, and has no head, and no feet, but is as if dead. In a little time it sheds its skin for the last time, and prepares to come out as a butterfly. Then it grows wings gently, and begins to fly up and settle on the As the Yoruba proverb flowers round about to gather their honey. " Within, without, the butterfly gives praise to God." says
When
80
PART
SECTION
VIII.
NOUNS.
1.
NOUNS FORMED BY VOWEL PREFIXES ATTACHED

TO A ROOT VERB.
(e.g.
)
K6=to
Bfi
cut.
Akeân
E;mi-
axe.
= to abuse. Mi = to breathe. Wa = to be. J6 = to drip.

D$ = to hunt. Ba=to meet.
Gb6 = to
i
fibu= abuse.
spirit.
lwa= existence.
C)jo=rain.
Qd? = a hunter.
Iba = a meeting.
perish.
fault.
Egb6 = perdition.
ES $ = fault-finding.
L?inu
F$ = to find
= to
Ro = to R6 = to
open. cause pain.

narrate.
= an
opening.
Or6 = pain.
0rp==word.
!??
*^ = to
work.
is
= work.
*ise
the present form of the verb.
By adding different vowels to the same root different words are formed
(e.g.)
W6 = to
Owe = a
fold.
Ew6=leaf. Iwe = book.

proverb.
SECTION
2.
NOUNS FORMED BY SYLLABIC PREFIXES.

1.
Aba = prefix
Abata, from ti = to sell=a market place
(lit.
\vc
meet
to sell).
Alabapade, from pade = to meet = a chance occurrence.
81
2.
Abi
(e.g.
)
Abil(?k9=from li=to married woman.)
have;
pkp=husband.
(A
Abiy?=from iy$= feathers. (A feathered creature.) Abiwo = from iwo = a horn. (A horned animal.)
3.
Abu
(e.g.
)
Abum$=from
AbuSQ = frorn
= against. = to speak. sp
mQ*
N.B.
4.
Abul6=from ile= house. The idea of adding to is conveyed by the
(An exaggeration.) (A falsehood.) (A farm village.)

prefix
:
Ada
(e.g.
)
Adaniduro=from 9ni= a person, and duro=to stand

still. (A detainer.) Adalu = from lu = to mix. (Adulteration.) Adap9 = from po=to mingle with. (Union,
or
fellowship.
5.
An
(e.g.)
Aipnahan=from
guide.)
pna=way,
ban = to
shew.
(A
6.
Ibu
<e.g.)
Ibujoko = from joko = to
sit.
Ibugb6 = from gbe = to

Ibuj?
live.
(A resting place.) (A habitation.)
= from J9 = to eat. (An eating place.) (A resting Ibusp = from sp = to set (a load) down.
place for carriers.)
On, prefixed consonants

7.
to
words which have
"
d,"
or
"
gb
"
as
(e.g.
Onde = from de = to bind or
shackle.
Ongb9=from gb? = to
thirst.
(Prisoner.) (Thirst or dryness. )
SECTION
To
of
3.
give an example of the changes that may be made in the form a word and to stimulate further study in this connection, take
the verbs 9$
= to
sin or offend
sin.
and
ri
= to
see.
(a)
$? = sin.
$=to
= to have sin. = sinner. = the act of having sin. = without sin. = freedom from sin.
one who
is
without
sin.
82
(6)
Ri
Ill
t<>
see.
= seeing. Ari = one who sees. Atiri = to be seen (a Biri = a being seen. Airi = unseen.
seeing).
Lairl=not having the sight (unseen).

Atimari = continued seeing.
SECTION
4.
PREFIXES DENOTING OWNERSHIP, OR POSSESSION.

Nouns beginning with a, e, e, i, o, 9 and u, are changed into nouns denoting ownership or possession by the use of distinctive
prefixes.
These prefixes are formed to correspond with the initial vowel of the word. One of the two vowels is silent and the contracted
form
1.
of the
noun
"
is
given in brackets in the following examples

has.
Prefix
;
ala
" = one who
from abd = defence (Alabd) = Defender. from ade= crowned (Alade) = Crowned one. Ala-adi? ; from adi$=fowl (Aladi$) = Poulterer. from aga = chair (Alaga) = Chairman. Ala-aga Ala-agbara ; from agbara= strength (Alagbara) = Strong one. " " = one who has. 2. Prefix ele
Ala-abo
Ala-ad e
;
;
Ele-elubp ; from elub9 = yam flour (Elelubp) = Yam flour seller. Ele-er6 ; from erfc = profit (Elere) = One who makes profit.
Ele-epo Ele-6s6
Ele-e?u
3.
from epO = palm oil (E3epo) = Palm oil vendor. from eso = fruit El ??6) = Possessing fruit. from e$u = demon (B3e?il) = Demoniac.
(
Prefix
"
$1$
"=one who
has.
Ele-^ja ; from ^ja=fish (5l9Ja) = Fishmonger. from 9mi= spirit (51^mi) = A living thing. ; from 95in = horse (51în) = Horseman, or owner of horse. $?in $mu ; from ^mu = palm wine (51^mu) = Palm wine seller, from ^ran=meat (^l9ran) = Meat seller. ^ran from 9rp= machinery (51$rp) = Engineer. ?rp ; = ?9^ ; from $$$ = sin (5199^) Sinner. 9WQU ; from ewpn= shackle (El9W9n) = Prisoner.
; ;
83
4.
Prefix
;
"
oni
" = one who
has.
from dundu = fried yam = Seller of fried yam. Oni dundu from igbagbp" = faith (Onigbagb$)= Believer. Oni igbagbp" from bata = shoe = Owner, or maker of shoes. Oni bata from bode = customs = Customs official. Oni bode from idajp = judgment (OnidaJQ)= Judge. Oni idajp from ile= house (Onile) = Householder. Oni ile from ilu = drum (Onilu) = Drummer. Oni ilu from iyp = salt (Oniyp) = Salt dealer. Oni iyp from iu = yam (Oni?u)=Yam seller. Oni iu from suru = patience = Patient one. Oni suru from iona = craft or trade (Oni?pna) = Craftsman. Oni i?ona
; ;
;
5.
Prefix
;
"olo" = one who
has.
Olo obi
Olo Olo Olo Olo Olo Olo Olo

6.
from obi = kola (01obi) = Kola nut dealer. obirin ; from obirin = woman (Olobirin) = A married man. from ohun = thing (Olohun) = Owner. ohun omi ; from omi= water (Olomi) = Water seller. orin ; from orin=song (Olorin) = Singer. = truth (016tp)= Truthful one. Otitp ; from otitp from owo = money (01owo) = A rich person. OWO oye ; from oye = understanding (01oye) = A wise person.
; ;
Prefix
;
"olo" = one who
has.
Olp pb^
from pb$ = soup (01^b$) = Soup maker. from pbp = monkey (Qlpbp) = Owner of monkey. Qlp pbp Qlp pgba ; from pgba = garden (Qlpgba) = Owner of garden, or
;
gardener.
Olp pkp Qlp

Qlp
Qlp
Qlp
Qlp
7.
from pkp = ship (Olpkp) = Shipowner. from pmp = child (Qlpmp) = One having child. from ppa = staff (Qlppa) = Staff bearer or constable. ppa from pp$ = palm tree (QlJp^) = Owner of palm trees. ppe from prp = wealth (Ql^rp) = Weal thy person. prp ; prun ; from prun = heaven (Qlp"run) = God.
;
pmp
Prefix
"
olu
"=one who
has, (the
power
to do, etc.)
Olu ibukun ; from ibukun= blessing (Olubukun)= Blessed one. from if $ = love (Oluf$) = Beloved. Olu if 9 Olu igbala ; from igbala= salvation (Olugbala) = Saviour.
;
Olu igbagbp ; same as Onigbagbp (both forms are used). Olu ikp*ni ; from ik$ni = teaching (01uk(Jni) = Teacher.
M
Old
ipil$$$
;
from
ipil^^ = beginning
(Olupil^) = Author,
or
beginner.
Olu iranlpwg"
Olu irapada Old itunu ;
from iranlpwp" -help (Oluranlpw^) = Helper. from irapada = redemption (Olurapada)= Redeemer. from itunu = comfort (Olutunu)= Comforter.
;
SECTION
5.
THE NEGATIVE PREFIX

"
1.
"
AI."
" is attached to verbs to form nouns of a negative and its use is so common that we give a few examples meaning Aim<j, from m$=to be clean =Uncleanness. = Ignorance. Ainip, from m$ = to know Aidara, from dara=to be good = Unpleasantness. Aidele, from d6 = to arrive =Non -arrival. Aidpgba, from dpgba=to be equal = Inequality. Aidim, from dim = to be sweet = Sourness. Aif, from f$ = to will = Unwillingness. = Unbrokenness. Aifp", from f$=to break Aijiya, from jiya = to suffer = Impunity. Aikii, from kfi=to die = Deathlessness. Ailera, from le=to be strong = 111 -health. Ainireti, from reti=to hope = Hopelessness. Airi, from ri = to see = Invisibility. Aie, from ê=to do = Inaction. = Crookedness. Aitp, from t^=to be straight from w$=to wash = Unwashed. Aiw$,
Ai
2.
The negative
"
prefix
alai
"
denoting non-possession.
from b$ru=to fear=a fearless person. = an unbeliever. ^, from gbagb$=to believe Alaim$, from m^ = to be clean = an unclean person. Alailprnp, from li=to have pmp=child = a childless person. Sri=filth=a spotless person. Alaileri, from li=to have ede= language = an illiterate person. Alaigbede, from gb^ = to hear
;
; :
Alailobirin,
Alai more,
from li=to have obirin = woman = a bachelor. from or e= goodness m^=to know = an ungrateful
;
person. Alainibaba, from ni

AlaigdtQ,
from
se
= to have baba=father=an orphan. = to do otitp = truth=an unfaithful person.

;
85
The having an
3.
" " ai is also used in the construction of prefix affirmative sense

)
words
(e.g.
ijlemele,
from $e = to do;
im$l$ = indolence = to be
(i.e.)
indolent.
Ai?emel$ = without indolence

iyemej!,'
.
industrious.
;
from e=to do; iye=mind meji=two= to be of two minds (i.e.) in doubt. Aiiyemeji = without doubt (i.e.) certainty.
SECTION
6.
NOUNS FORMED BY REDUPLICATION. = Fisherman. (e-9-) PeJap?ja From pa = to kill $ja = fish. Jagunj agun = Warrior. From ja = to fight ogun = war.
; ;
2.
(e-<7-)
Riri=A
thing seen.
From From
Lilp
ri
= to
see.
Jija=A
ja
fight.
= to fight.
going.
go.
=A
From lp=to
Rira = Something buyable. From ra = to buy.
N.B.
lilp
;
For euphony's sake the

;
first
vowel
is
" changed into
"
in
jija
and
rira.
3.
The words
(e.g.
)
de, iyi, ki or
li
are inserted in the reduplicated
word
Iran-de-iran
(Irandiran)
= From
generation
to
generation. From Iran a generation.
Ekuru-iyi = ekuru (Ekuruyekuru) = This very dust.
Qw$-de-pw<J (Qwp'dpwp' ) = Tradition. From pw^ = hand.
From ekuru = dust.

Eran-ki-^ran
From From
^r an
= animal
(Erank?ran)=Any animal.
.
Eni-ki-?ni
^ni
(Enik?ni)=Any
one.
= person.
(Qmplpmp) = The
child
of
Qmp-li-pmp
owner.
the
child
From pmp= child.
86
SECTION
7.
NOUNS FORMED BY COMPOSITION.

1-
(e.g.
From
Iyemeji=Two minds (doubt). iye = mind; meji = two.

;
?nikeji= Partner.
From $ni= person

2.
(e.g.
)
keji= second.
(lit.
)
Iyp-oyinbo = Sugar
white man's
salt.
oyinbo = white man. Erin-omi= Hippopotamus (lit. ) water elephant.
From
iyp
= salt
3.
(e.g.
= elephant omi = water. = A complete speech. Asptan From a = prefix SQ = to speak; tan = to
From
erin
; ;
finish.
Agb6soke=A lifting up. From a = prefix gW = to

;
lift
soke
ui..
4.
(e.g.)
Iyalero= Hostess.
ile = house ero = traveller. = A sower. Afpnrugbin From a = prefix iru = seed fpn = to scatter: gbin = to plant.
From iya= mother

;
SECTION
8.
VOCABULARY OF COMPOUND NOUNS.

Abaniku-pr=a
Abdni?e
a
faithful friend,
(lit.
one who dies with
us).
co-worker.
(lit.
Ab^nilori=an executioner,
one who cuts
off the head).
Abiamp=a young mother,
(a respectful
mode of addressing a mother).
Abojuto = superintendence. Abpii$a = an idolator.
Adampran
mp = to know; pran = question. who prohibits, from da-l?kun t" forbid. Adurotini = one who stands by (i.e. a supporter.
a counsellor, from
<>nr
Ad&nilekun
fiancee (applied to early betrothals). Agbagba= elders (applied to the older men of a
Ai^spna
community).
Agbawi= advocacy,
(lit.
to take
and speak
for).
87
Agbowode = a tax
ode = outside.
collector,
from gba = to receive
OWO = money
Aj umpe = co-operation.
Akp"bi
= first-born,
from kp"= first
bi
= to
beget.
Atinabple = an incendiary (lit. put fire to house). Atun$e = renovation (lit. to do again).
Ay anf= beloved, from yan = to choose

Ayidayida = changeableness. B$ruk(?ru=any kind of fear.
firekere
f^
= to
love.
= any
Ewekewe=any
kind of image. kind of leaf.

.
Fonif 6ni = neatness
Ibawi = reproof.
Ib6mpl$= concealment, from b6=to cover;

ground. Ibpsarin = mediation, from bp = to come
;
nip"
= against
il?
arin
= between.
;
ara = Ifanimpra = sociableness, from fa = to draw; rap" = against body. Kenukonu=akiss, from fl=to put ; nu=mouth; konu = on mouth. Ifojukoju = face to face (i.e. in the presence of).
If 9W(JSQW(J
= agreement
(lit.
to
put hand to hand).

le = upon. k$ = trust have ogun = possessions. to place on the neck).
; ;
;
Igb?k$le = trust, from gbe = to be;

I J0gun
= inheritance,
from
= to
Ikasil9ru.n= responsibility
(lit.
Imunibinu= provocation, from mu=to cause ibinu = anger. = = IranlpwQ" assistance, from ran to send pw$ = hand. lrobinuje= anguish, from lro= thought; ba-je = to spoil; inu=
;
mind. Jronupiwada = repentance, from lro = thought pada = to inu = mind iwa = conduct. lspdQino = adoption, from sp-di = to become omp = child.
;
turn
any kind
of work.
= satisfaction, = acceptance,
to receive.
from t$ = to press prun = neck. from t$ = to press pw^ = hand

;
gba =
;
= purification,
clean.
from w$ = to wash;
inu=mind
m^ =
food.
Jabajabd= jerked beef. Jadunjadun = an epicurean, from

Janijani
j^
= to
eat
adfln
= savoury
= whitlow.
.1
J?dijedi= piles. crow. Kanakana
38
Kantikanti
knat.
Labalaba
-a
ii
butterfly.
Mutimuti
drunkard, from
a spinner,
mu-to
drink; pti= liquor.

;
Ranwuranwu
N.B.
from ran = to spin

will
owu = cotton.
in
These examples
stimulate interest
studying
the
derivation of words.
SECTION
9.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

SECTION
1.
(KEY, SEE
10.)
;
si
mi emi
li
lye
fi
si
ih6
imu
r$
enia
si
di alaye okan.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
S9kal9 si egbe. Li 9run apadi li o gb6 oju r$ soke, o mb^ ninu 139 or6. Wasu (fry na ma se aisimi li akok6, ati laise akok6. Oniruru abiy^ li o wa ni igbo.
Leses^
Nw9n
to enia m(=>dogb9n
li
abu!6 wa.
9.
10.
11.
12. 13.
14.
15. 16.
Qk9nrin na k6 se, adaniduro li on. Qk9nrin na seun, o se af9nahan lai bere. Lab 9 ojiji igi W9nyi li a ri ibujoko daradara. Nitori ibi 6kunkun aiye W9nni li o kun fun ibugbe Ika. Ona J"181 ^ li ibus9 meji sibi. ^s^ 9niti nw9n fi S9k9S9k9 pa lara a de e ninu irin. Bi 9rimgb9 ba ngb9 9nik9ni, 9 J9 ki o wa S9d9 mi, ki o w4 mu. Alaliu li Ol9run, on yio si dabobo wa.
;
Qm9
alade
li
o pp
li
li
Qy9-
Aladi? nta adio

Igi eles6
Jjll^niu
17.
18.
19.
20. 21. 22. 23.

24.
li a fi bura pe, on k& bu omi la ^mu r$. Aw9n onibode k6 ni nkankan ise m9. Olomi nta omi, bi 9nipe on na li o da a. Ql9gba ko le sai ma J9 eso 9gba r$. Ki a ma w6 Jesu ti ise olupilese, ati olupari igbagb^ wa. Abraham k6 siyemeji si ileri Ol9run.
9Ja li ale. aye fun l9gba.
Lati aiyeraiye
si
aiyeraiye
(li
Iw9
j^
Q^run.
25.
Af9nrugbin kan
o) jade 19 fonrugbin.
89
SECTION
10.
KEY
1.
TO
SENTENCES IN SECTION
9.
And He
became
breathed into his nostrils the breath of

a living soul.
life;
and man
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
Step by step we descend to perdition. In hell he lifted up his eyes, being in pain. Preach the word 1)3 not restful in season, and out of season.
;
All kinds of feathered creatures are in (the) forest.
The people are about twenty-five at our village. That man is not good, a hinderer (he is). That man (was) kind, he became our guide without
(our)
9.
10.
asking (him). Under (the) shade of these trees, we found a good resting place. For the dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of
cruelty.
11. 12. 13.

14.
(The) way is as far as two resting places from here. Whose feet they hurt with fetters he was bound in If anyone thirst let him come unto me, and drink. God is our defender, and He will defend us.
;
iron.
15.
16.
17. 18.
(The) children of the crown (princes) are many in Oy?. (The) poulterer is selling fowls in the market in the evening.
We
give space to a fruit bearing tree in the garden. (The) palm wine seller swears that he does not dilute his wine.
officials
19.
The customs
(The) water
garden.
20. 21.
seller is selling
(Yoruba) have nothing to do now. water as if he himself made it.
(The) gardener cannot do other than eat (the) fruit of his
22. 23. 24. 25.
That we look to Jesus, the author and finisher of our Abraham wavered not at (the) promise of God.
faith.
From
everlasting to everlasting
Thou
art God.
sower went forth to sow.
'.'II
PART
SECTION
IX.
MISCELL ANEOUS.
1.
NUMERALS.
1
91
CHANGE OF PROCESS.
181 182 183
Qkanlel9g9san.
Ejilel9g9san.
184 185 186 187 188 189 190
Etalel9g9san. Erinlel9g9san. Arunlel9g9san. Erinladinigba (14 less 200) ]taladinigba. Ejiladinigba.
191 192 193
Esandinigba.
J9dinigba. Ejedinigba. Efadinigba.
Qkanladinigba. Ewadinigba.
194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Arundinigba.
Erindinigba. ^tadinigba. Ejidinigba.
Qkandinigba.
Igba.
FURTHER CHANGE OF PROCESS.

200
201
Igba.
321
(1
Qrindinu o di 9kan 400

less
210 220 221

225 226 230
231
Qkanlelugba ^walelugba.
Ogunlelugba.
plus 200).
(80
minus
1)
i.e.
minus
330
le
79.
Ogunlelugba o
(220 plus
(220 plus
1).
9kan
331
Ad9rindirinwo than 400).
(70
less
Ogunlelugba o
5).
le
marun
340 350 360 370 380 390
Ad9rindirinwo o di 9kan 400 less (70 minus 1)

i.e.
minus
69.
Qgb9nlelugba o di merin
(230 less
200).
4).
Qgb9nlelugba
(30
le
plus
Qtadinu( 60 less than 400). Ad9tadirinwo (50 less _ than 400). Ojidinu (40 less than 400).
Qgb9nlelugba o
(230 plus
1).
9kan
235
240 250 260 270 280 290
291 300 301
Qgb9nlelugba o
le
marun
Qgb9ndirinwo than 400). Ogundinu (20

400).
(30
less
less
than
than
(230 plus 5). Ojilugba (Ogojilugba). Ad9talelugba. Qtalugba (Qgotalugba). Ad9rinlelugba. Qrinlugba (Qg9rinlugba). Qdun o di ewa (300
Ewadirinwo (10
400).
less
400
Irinwo.
less 10).
N.B. Even numbers are abbreviated from 400 to 500 and the same process as from 200 to 300.
500 600 700 800 900 1000
Qdun
Qdun.
o
o
di
le
esan.
Qdun
plus
9kan
(300
Edegb?ta. ?gbeta. ^degberin.

^gberin.
1).
319 320
Qdun
le
m9kandilogun
_ (300 plus 19). Qrindinu (Qg9rindinirinwo) (80 less than 400).
^d9gberun. Egberun.
92
SECTION
2.
NOTES ON NUMERALS.
1.
The
syllables di=leas or minus,

will
4.
and le=add or
plus, inserted
in the
words from sixteen up,

(e.g.
)
explain the system of counting.
Ij!imdiJogun
= 20
etc.,
$rinlelogun = 20 + 4,
2.
etc.
To say
(e.g.
)
"
two men,"
the letter
"
m"
is
used as a prefix.
pkpnrin meji=two men.
= ten
3.
horses.
To say
the
"
third day," etc., the letter
"
k"
is
used as a
prefix.
(e.g.) ijp
4.
To
k?ta = third day. osu k$wa = tenth month. " two by two," etc., the word two say
)
is
reduplicated.
(e.g.
mejimeji=two by m$tam$ta = three by
two.
three.
5.
To say "once
(e.g.)
or twice," etc., the letter
"1"
is
used as a
prefix.
6.
Ifkan once. = twice. If meji To say " firstly or secondly

(e.g.) lfkini
"'
the prefixes
"
le
"
and " k
''
are used.
If keji
= firstly. = secondly.
FRACTIONAL PARTS.
r$.
NUMERALS.
One whole =gbogbo

i=idameji (idaji). i=idameta. l=idamerin. J=idamarun. i = idam ef a.
-
One-third = idaketa.
One-fourth=idakerin.
One-fifth=idakarun.
= iduinc
j,'.
One -sixth = idak efa. One -seventh = idakeje.

One-eighth = idakejp. One-ninth = idakesan.
4=idameJ9. = idamesan. A = idamewa.

i
One-tenth =idakewa.
93
COWRIE TABLE.
40 cowries
5 strings
10 10 4
= = bunches = = heads = bags
string, called
ogoji
igbio
1 1 1
1
bunch head bag
$gba
pk$
= = = =
}. s
of 3d. of 3d.
6d.
5s.
English money.
In speaking of English pounds sterling, it should be remembered that the native multiplies the number by four to get an idea of
their value.
50 = 50X4 = Igba pkp (200 bags of cowries). to thread forty shells on a string and to five of these together in one bunch.
It
was the custom
tie
SECTION
3.
YORUBA PROVERBS.
1.
is personified in the following proverb Abanigbele k6 mp oju eni. One who lives with us in the house not know the face of anyone. (i.e.) An inmate which cannot be tamed.
Fire
2.
Abaiyeje ki ise ifi To a world spoiler
idi
it is
pran han. not safe to reveal the reason or root
of the question, (i.e.)

3.
mischief
maker
self
is superficial.
A
4.
Abanije
o ba ara rp je. slanderer (it is) spoils his

li
own
(reputation).
Asp funfun on abawpn ki irp rara. A white cloth and a stain never agree.
5.
A play on the
ni ibp iku
words ab$b$ = a fan, and abpbp ni ibp pran

; ; ;
abb$ = an advocate
bi oru
ba
mu
ab^be ni
;
An advocate pleads against death

if
an advocate pleads a cause

it
(i.e.)
the heat be great, a fan pleads against less discomforting.

6.
make
it
7.
Ipa (pna) abpre li okun it$. The path of the needle it is the thread follows. Abetele ni ifp oju onidajp, nitori abetelp k6 le se idajp otp. A bribe blinds the eyes of a judge, for bribes cannot do justice.
Biotiwukori, a ki rerin alaisan, bpya ohun
1'pla. Whatever it be,
ti
8.
o se e 1'oni, a se
iwp
the thing that troubles
we should not laugh at a sick person, perhaps him to-day will trouble us to-morrow.
94
9.
lniti o ba
m$ 9ran He who knows a

(lit.
tel$,
on
matter
ni ibu abuja eke. beforehand confounds
liar.
ibu abuji = cuts short his story).
10.
Adanil6ju ki se
One who
11.
ifi ehin tl. disappoints, does not back trusted.
you up
(i.e.) is
not to be
Adarijini
li
One who
12.
o pari ija. forgives ends the dispute.

fila,
Oba ko
Afenu
ni
ade
li
on
ni.
The king has no

13.
cap, but a
crown he
it is
has.
ni
ti
Iyangb6.
is
To be blown away
14.
chaff
(i.e.
valueless.
J?lede
pa afp
tan, o
nw4
eni rere
is
ti
A
15.
pig having wallowed in mire, to rub against.

ni
yio fi ara yi. seeking some clean person

ni ibatan.
all trees.
Af6m< ko
The
16.
parasite has
gb6ngb6 no root
;
igi
;
gbogbo
it
claims relationship with
Agbari ko ni mudunmudim. A (mere) skull has no brains.
17.
Agbo meji
Two rams
18.
ki mu omi li akoto kan. cannot drink water from the same calabash.
le
Unli-.
Bi a
If
kit
ba
ag<
li
a tete pa.
will first pitch
we cannot build a house, we

ile
a tent.
19.
20.
k6 kan ile, nwpn ki ijo ajoran. If house not touch house, they do not easily catch Akamp ekun I'o ni iy9nu. To surround a leopard involves trouble.
Bi
fire.
21.
ama ba eni rere j$. Rags disgrace a good looking person.

Akisa
Aknlii ni
ti
22.
9leran.
The
born (of animals) is the owners. (It is customary for those who own stock to put them in care of herdsmen, hence this proverb.)
first
23.
Alafia
baba <>.
is
Peace
24.
father to friendship.
Tinu, tehin, ni labalaba fi ifi iyln fun Ql9run. It is with both the inner and outer parts of its body that the
butterfly praises God.
25.
Bi alagbara ba je 9 niya ki o fi erin si i. If a powerful man illtreat you, smile at him.
26.
Kd No
si alasa ti it& igboku, gbogbo \vnn ni ita oyin. snuff dealer sells poor snuff, they all sell honey.
95
27.
Am^ran
ti o counsellor
li
1119
owe
ni ilaja pran.
who knows
fi
proverbs, soon ends the dispute.
28.
Enu
With
aparo
only
li
its
mouth
a
fi
ipe pra, ani, kiki pra, kiki pra. the aparo proclaims its fatness, crying, only
fat,
fat.
29.
Diedie
Little
mp
it
apere.
is
by
little
we know (understand)
signs.
30.
Eniti o f^ arewa o f^ iypnu. He who loves (marries) a beauty, loves (marries) trouble. (To love a woman and to be much in her company is, according to native opinion, equivalent to marriage.)
31.
Asa ti o gbe mi li adie, k6 duro, nitori o mp ohun ti o ti se. The hawk which took my chicken, does not wait, for he knows what he has done.
Bale
ile
32.
kii ile di
ahoro.
33.
In the father's absence, the house goes to ruin. Agba ko si, ilu baje, bale ku, ile di ahoro. The elders being dead the town is spoilt, father being dead the house is desolate. Igbo
biribiri,
34.
okunkun
biribiri,
okunkun
is
yio sete igbo.
The
forest
is
very dark and the night
very dark,, but the

(i.e.)
darkness of the night will surpass that of the forest darkness covers everything.
35.
A
36.
Qta enia ni iba oruko rp je. man's enemy spoils his name. Bpla fun agba, awpn ni baba wa. Give honour to the elders, they are our
fathers.
37.
Kokoro li o di labalaba. The grub becomes a butterfly.

Eniti a se Tore
38.
He
39.
to
ko dupe, aba se e ni ibi ko ni dun u. kindness and (he) does not give thanks, should we illtreat him, he will not feel it.
ti
whom we show
Ehoro ni ti plpfa li o soro. The hare says, it is the archer's part that
is difficult (i.e.
It is
easy for the hare to avoid the archer, but archer to catch the hare.
40.
difficult for the
41.
Orukp ti a 39 9019, ni im9" 9m9 1'ara. The name we give a child becomes natural to it. Ekute kd li enu iba ologbo wiJ9. The rat has no voice to call the cat to account.
Elub9" se egbodo
ri,
42.
bfni eru se
soft
91119 ni ile
Yam
flour
was once
yam,
so a slave
baba r$ ri. was once a child
in
his father's house.
96
Eniti o ran ni nl se
43.
He who
him
44.
a ki b 91-11 eniti a ran 9 si. li a bijru sends us on an errand it is we fear, we do not fear
;
to
whom we
are sent.
lyan ni imu eni je eso igikigi. Famine compels one to eat fruit
of
any kind
of tree.
46.
Esinsin k6 mi? ikii, jije ni tir^. The fly heeds not death, to eat is all its own.
46.
Esu k6 ni Iwa, a kp ile r$ ni ita. The devil having no character, his house
(Devil -houses are
"
is built
in tin- street.
common
in the
si
in
the streets,
1
asked why they put them in the
street, I
and when have been asked

:
Who
je,
wants the devil

o re
ile
;
house
;
")
J9,
47.
Ewure
agutan je o
;
re ile
aiwa
ile li
o ba
elede
j$.
;
Goat eats and goes home sheep eats and goes home eating, and not coming home, spoils the (character) of the pig.
48.
If
Bi Olprun ba kf-l es$ si wa Iprun, a gbe\ God should charge sin upon us (on our neck) we perish.
li
49.
Didim
o dun,
li
mba
pr$ je
ef(j>,
ti ile
eni to ni ije.
50.
For pleasure, we eat vegetables with a friend, for we luivo enough at home. Bi eke otosi k6 ito 'de oke I'arp, ato l&le. If a poor man's rafter does not reach the top in the morning, it will be long enough in the evening (i.e.) he will devise
some way
of
making
it
serve his purpose.
SECTION
4.
EXAMPLE OF LITERAL TRANSLATION FROM YORUBA

TO ENGLISH.
PARABLE OF THE PRODIGAL

1.
SON.
Ok9iirin kan
li
omokpnrin meji
:
2.
1.
Man
eyi
this
one had son two
2.
1.
2.
1.
wi fun baba younger within them said unto father r$ pe, baba, fun mi ni iw<n ogiin " father give me have measure inheritance his say,
aburo
ninu
wpn
ti
tori
it
rni."
O
si
2.
1.
which
of
head mine."
2.
fun wpn. unto them.
K6
Ini r$ divide thing possession his to ijp melokan lehin

si
pin ohun
He and
Not and many day few
after
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1. 2.
1.
pmpkpnrin aburo ko uhuii son younger (gather) thing gbogbo ti o ni J9, o si mu 9na ajo all which he has (ed), he and took way journey r$ p^n 19 si ilu okere, nibe li o his carry go to town distance, there is he gbe na gbogbo ini r$ ni inakuna. spend all possessions his in (any kind of spending). Nigbati o si ba gbogbo r$ je tan When he and (sp) all his (oilt) finish, o si iyan nla wa imu ni ilu na famine great came take in town that he and
eyi,
eyi
this,
this
bre
si
idi
alaini.
(i.e.)
2.
1.
began to become (without having possession) O si 19, o da ara r^ pp m9 91^9 kan
in want.
2.
1.
He and
ni in
ilu
go,
;
he
si
(jo)
body
19
si
his
(in)
against
citizen
one
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
he and send him go to farm his Ay 9 ni iba fi je onje to watch pig. Joy is would put eat food ti aw9n ?lede nje li ajeyo enikeni which they pig are eating in plenty anyone ko si fifun u. Nigbati oju r$ wale, not and give him. When eyes his came to
;
na on town that
39
elede.
ran a
oko r$
lati
"
ni,
ground
2.
1.
he said,
Aw9n "
li
alagbase baba mi The labourers father

o
li
my
2.
1.
2.
J.
onje ajeyo, ati how much more is it have food plenty and " ajeti, emi si nku fun ebi oat and throw away, I and am dying of hunger." Emi o dide, emi o t<;> baba mi 19,
!
melomelo
2.
1.
I will arise,
emi o
I will
ti
si
2.
1.
wi fun u pe, Baba, emi and say unto him, say, '' Father,
I will to father "
my
go,
I
2.
1.
2.
1
.
des$ si 9run, ati niwaju re, have sinned against heaven, and before thoo, emi ko si ye ti a ba ma pe mi I not and fit that we may call me
li
9m9
2.
1.
is
r9 m9" : fi mi se bi child thy again put mi

:
9kan do as one
2.
1.
2.
ninu aw9n alagbase r$." within the labourers thy." O si dide, o si t<j> baba r^ 19. ugb9ii He and arise, he and to father his go.
But
M
1.
uiylxili
<>
li
xvii
li
okrrt.
baba
r<;
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
when ho was at distance. futhrr liis si sure, o rnmo ri aim ^ v, i, saw him, pity du him, he and rail, ho press nu ko o li 91111. 9 li pruii, o si fi him on neck, he and put mouth meet him <m mouth. " Qmp na si wi fun u pe, Baba, emi " Child that and said unto him say, Father, I ti des^ si 9run, ati iiiwaju 19, emi ko have sinned against heaven, and before thec, I nut si y9 ti a ba ma pe mi li <,>"",' n; and fit that we may call me is child thy 019"." ugb9n baba wi fun aw9n But father said unto they again."
<
9m9-9d9 r$
"
pe,
mu
2.
1
.
servant his say,
"You
ayo as9 igumva bring choice cloth
rnl
2.
1.
2.
1.
w&, ki 9 fi wo 9 ; 9 si fi oruka that you put clothe you and put ring HV V' al bata si 939 n; I'V v 9 si on liim hand, and shoe on feet his ; you and
,
Mm
I',
mu
9gb(j>r9
2.
1.
bring fatling
malu cow
al>npa wa, for kill
ki
,
si
that you and
pa a
kill
2.
1.
it
;
ariya
tiiii
9 ma J9, ki 9 si ma se that you may eat, that you and nitori ',>"",' mi yi ti ku, o si
ki
;
may do
2.
1.
merriment
for
ti
child
my
this
was dead, he and

see
ye;
o
;
2.
again live
mu, a si ri i. he was lost, we and
him.
Luke
15,
II--'
I.
SECTION
5.
TRANSLATION, ENGLISH- YOKUBA.

SECTION
6.
SEE KEY,
The hand, more than any other part of the body, is the organ of touch. It is one of the gateways by which the influence's of the
outer world enter into the soul.
In many respects the hand, as the organ of touch, is the most wonderful of the organs of the senses. The eye, the ear and the nostril simply stand open light, sound, and fragrance enter,
;
and we are compelled to see, to hear, and to smell. But the hand selects what it shall touch, and touches what it pleases unlike the eye which must often gaze at horrible sights from which it
;
99
cannot turn, and the

of discordant sounds,
ear, which cannot escape from the torture and the nostril, which cannot protect itself
from hateful odours.

Moreover, the hand cares not only for its own wants, but when the other organs of the senses are rendered useless, takes their duties The hand of the blind man goes with him as an eye upon it. through the streets, and safely threads for him all the devious way. It looks for him at the faces of his friends, and tells him whose It peruses books for him, kindly features are gazing on him. and quickens the long hours by its silent readings.
SECTION
6.
KEY
Ow<;> ni, ju
ifpkan.
5.
<pna
gbogbo apa ara m! lp li o je ohun kan nipa eyiti ohun ode aiye fi w$ pkan.
je enu
L'pna pup9 9w<j>, bi ohun ti a fi kan nkan, li o j^ ohun iyanu jul9 a fi mi? nkan. Oju, eti, ati imu li o si sile, ki im9le, iro, ati orim didun ki o le w 9 9, a si fi ipa mu wa riran, ki a gb<;>, ki a si gboruii. $ugb9ii 9w<p ama yan. ohun ti o kan, a si ma kan ohun ti o wu u ; oju li o yat<;> nipe, on ko le sai ma tejunup ohun ti o banil^ru, ti on ko si le yi ara r<? pada ; ati eti, ti ko le sa kuro l9d9 iro segesege ti ndiin ni ati iho imu, eyiti ko le pa ara r<j m9 kuro lorim buburu.
ti
-
Pelupelu 9W9 ni nt9Ju, ki si se kiki ami ara r, sugb9n nigbati ohun im9 iyoku ko le sise w9n m9", 9W9 ni nse ise W9n. Owe? ti af9"ju ama ba a 19 bi oju si ita, a si ma ja 9ixa fun u larin 9na wiwc?. Qw9 li on fi wo oju aw9n 9r^ r^, a si ma pe oju aw9n ti ntejum9 9 pelu inu rere fun u. Qwcji ni nka iwe fun u, a si ma mu ki wakati
gigun ki o yara k9Ja, bi on
ti
nka.
SECTION
7.
EXAMPLES OF IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION.

SEE KEY, Lu.
10. 38-42.
O si se bi nw9n ti ni'9na, Jesu fi W9 ileto kan ; obirin kan 1. oloruk9 Martha, To si gba a sile r$. O si laburo kan oloruk9 Mary, ugb9n Martha ni oleyi 16 joko l^se Jesu, o si fi eti gb(J 9r9 r^. " use aniyan ju lati ma salejo f'alejo, o si t9 Jesu wa, wipe, Oluwa, iwo k& nani pe, aburo mi I'o fi mi le, emi nikan, lati ma salejo fun 9 ? " Jesu si da a lohun, o wi fun Wi fun u, pe, ki o wa ran mi 19W9 u, Martha, Martha, iw9 nsajo, o si ns'aniyan 1'ohun pupp ; sugb9n ohun kansoso a kd le se alaini ; Mary To si yan ipa rere na, eyiti
!
a ko ni gba 19W9
r^.
10)
SBH KKV, ACTS

2.
28.
1-6.
li
Nigbati gbogbo won si yp tan, ni nwon wti m^> pe, M.-litu Ki .i se ore die I'IUVOH alaigbede na so fun wa ; erekusu im. wa 89019. nitori 6jo nitoriti n won daiu'i, n\von si gba. gbogbo r'i ati nitori otiitu inu ju. MI) in. Nigbati Paul ti ko idi igi di idant'i jn. ti o si gb ka ina, pamnli; kan t'inu ina jade,
|
Nigbati awon alaigbede ri ejo oloro na l9w<J ri), nw9n I9W9urn won so, wipe, ko siyemeji, apania I'9k9nrin yi, bi o til<; y<,> On si gbîi ejo 1'oknntan, sib9 ^san ko je k'o wa layo m9. na sina, kd si e e ni nkan. {ûgbpn nw9n nreti po, ara r<; yio wi'i, tabi on iba ûbu lule, a si ku l9gan sugb9n lehin igbati nw9ii ti wo o pe, ti nw9n si ri pe, nkan ko $e e, mv9ii yi inu <>yo w(,)n pnd:i, nw9n si wipe 9l9run kan 1'oluwa r^.
i
rn<|>
lui
SEE KEY, ACTS

"
26. 24-29.
Bi Paul ti ns9F9 f'ara 1-9, Festus kigbe 1'ohun rara, wipe, 3. Paul, ori r9 baJ9, 9k< akoju To ba 9 1'ori 39." ûgbpn on wipe, ori mi k6 baJ9, Festus 9l9lajul9 sugb9n 9^- 619, ati ti airekoja 1'emi ns9 jade. Nitori 9ba mfy nkan W9nyi, niwaju 9niti emi 113^9 nitori o da mi loju pe, a k6 fi nkan W9nyi pam9 1'oju l'aib$ru " nitori a k6 se nkan yi nik9k9. nyin Agrippa qh>\ Kabiyesi woli gb<J bi ? Emi m9 pe, iw9 sa gbagb9 " iw9 gba aw9n " Nigbana Agrippa wi fun Paul pe, iw9 f9r9 yi mi pada l'9kan " Paul si wipe, emi b9 Ql9run, ki si se fun ^nyin sigbagb9 Kristi. kansoso, ijugb9ii fun gbogbo aw9ii t'o gb<? $r9 mi 1'oni, pe, ki nwon f9re, ki nw9n si dabi emi na patapata, afi ew9n W9nyi."
;
:
101
PART
X.
RI
" CONJUGATION OF THE VERB ACTIVE VOICE.
"=TO
SEE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT AND PAST INDEFINITE TENSES (ONE FORM FOR BOTH).

Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
2.
3.
Emi ri=I see, or saw. IWQ ri = Thou seeat, or sawest. On ii = He sees, or saw.
Awa ri=We
Enyin
ri
see, or
saw.
2. 3.
Nwon
see,{or saw. ri=They see. or saw.
= Ye
PRESENT IMPERFECT TENSE.

Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
2. 3.
= I am seeing. IWQ nri = Thou art seeing. On nil = He is seeing.

Emi
nri
2.
3.
= We are seeing. Enyin nri = Ye are seeing. Nwpn nri = They are seeing.
Awa
nri
PRESENT AND PAST COMPLETE TENSES

(ONE FORM ONLY).
1.
Emi ti ri= I
IWQ
ti
have, or had seen.

hast, or hadst
1.
Awa
ti
ri
= We = Ye
have, or had have, or had

or
seen.
2.
ri= Thou
2.
Enyin
ti
ri
seen.
3.
seen.
has, or
On
ti ri
= He
had
seen.
3.
Nwpn
ti ri
= They have,
had
seen.
PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT OF CONTINUED ACTION

(ONE FORM ONLY).
1.
Emi
Iwo
ti
nri=I have, or had been

nri
seeing.
2. 3.
1.
2.
3.
= Thou hast, or hadst been seeing. On ti nri = He has, or had been seeing. Awa ti nri = We have, or had been seeing. nri = Ye have, or had been seeing. Enyin NwQn ti nri = They have, or had been seeing.
ti
ti
-Singular.
-Plural.
102
EMPHATIC PAST TENSE.

1.
'2.
Emi
Iwp
til?
ri
have (indeed) seen.
til? ri til? ri
3.
I.
On
Thou hast (indeed) seen. He has (indeed) seen.
Singular
Awa
Nwpn
til? ri
= We have
(indeed) seen.
-Plural.
-.
Enyin
til? ri til?
3.
= Ye have (indeed) seen. ri = They have (indeed) seen.
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE.

Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
2.
3.
= I shall see. Iwp yio ri = Thou wilt see. On yio ri = He will see.
Emi
yio
ri
2.
3.
ri=We shall see. Enyin yio ri = Ye will see. Nwpn yio ri = They will see.
yio
Awa
FUTURE COMPLETE TENSE.

1.
"2.
3.
1.
2.
= I shall have seen. = Thou wilt have seen. Iwp yio On yio ti ri = He will have seen. Awa yio ti ri = We shall have seen. Enyin yio ti ri = Ye will have seen.
Emi
yio
ti
ri
ti
ri
Singular.
-Plural.
3.
Nwpn
yio
ti
ri=They
will
have seen.
1.
Emi
Iwo
yio
yio
2. 3.
1.
FUTURE IMPERFECT TENSE. ma ri = I shall be seeing. ma ri = Thou wilt be seeing.
-Singular.
2. 3.
ma ri^He will be seeing. Awa yio ma ri = We shall be seeing. Enyin yio ma ri = Ye will be seeing. Nwpn yio ma ri = Thcy will be seeing.
On
yio
Plural.
j-
FUTURE PERFECT OF CONTINUED ACTION.

1.
2.
2.
3.
shall have been seeing. ma ri ma ri = Thou wilt have been seeing. Iwp On yio ti ma ri=Hc will have been seeing. Awa yio ti ma ri=-We shall have been seeing. Enyin yio ti ma ri Y will have been seeing. Nwpn yio ti ma ri They will have been seeing.
Emi
yio
ti
yio
ti
Singular.
Plural.
[
'
103
POTENTIAL MOOD.
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE.

Singular.
1.
Plural.
Mo
Iwp
le ri
=I
may,
or can see. or
see.
1.
Awa le ri = We may, or can see.

Einyin le
see.
-.
le
ri=Thou mayst,
2.
ri=Ye may,
or can or can
canst see.
'!.
On
le ri
= He
may, or can
3.
Nwpn
le ri
= They may,
see.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Here
\ve
have a great variety
of
forms with the same meaning

\
(e.g.)
Ri, or iwp ri. Ki o ri, or ki iwp ki o Ma ri, or iwp ma n.
ri.
See, or see thou.
Ki Ki Ki Ki Ki Ki Ki
ma
ri,
or ki iwp ki o
1
ma
ri.
'
ng ri. emi ri. emi ki o

o
ri.
[Let
ri.
'
I
me
see.
on ri. on ki o
Let him
j"
see.
ri.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Here each variation
Bi=if
;
is
made by
the use of particles

;
ki
= that
bi-tile
= though
1.
iba?epe
if
to say.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Bi
mo
ri=If
I see.
Bi
awa ri=If we
see.
2.
3.
Bi iwp ri=If thou see. Bi on ri = If he sees.

1st Pers. Sing.
2.
3.
Bi enyin ri=If ye see. Bi nwpn ri=K they see.
Ki emi Bi emi
ri
tile
=That
ri
I see. I see.
= Though
Bikoepe emi ri= Unless
I see.
104
INFINITIVE MOOD.
INDEFINITE TENSE.
PERFECT TENSE.
Atiri, or li a seen.
ti ri
A ri,
or
lati ri,
or lati
ma ri = To be
= To have been
l>\
seen.
X.B. Interrogative and Negative sentences an- forim-il use of particles

:
th-

1.
Emi
Iwp
ri bi ri bi
P=Do
I see,
or
Emi ha
ri bi ?
ri bi ?
2.
''.
?=Dost thou
see, or
Iwp ha
On
ri bi
= Does
he see, or
On ha
ri bi ?
etc.
NEGATIVE:
1.
PRESENT AND PAST COMPLETE TENSED.
2.
.'!.
Emi k6 ti iri=I have, or had not seen. Iwp k6 ti iri = Thou hast, or hadst not seen. On ko ti iri = He has, or has not seen, etc.
PASSIVE VOICE.
The following
Voice.
table supplies a near equivalent to the
Passive
"A"
(e.g.
)
is
the contracted form of

ri
"
awpn
" = thoy
mi = they
li
see me,
it is
(i.e.) I
am
seen by th.-m.
Emi
ti
ri
=Me
they have seen.
INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular.
1.
Plural.
1.
2.
3.
A A A
ri
mi=They
see me.
ri ri
9 = They see thee. i=They see him.
2.
3.
A ri wa = They see us. A ri nyin = They see you. A ri wpn = They see them.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1.
ti ri
mi = They have seen
1.
A ti ri wa = They hav.A
ti
>.-rn u-.
me.
-.
A ti ri p = They have seen thee. A ti ri = They

i
2.
ri nyin---T !> you.

ri
lia\.
I?.
have seen him.
3.
ti
wpn -They huve
seen
them.
105
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE.

1
2. 3.
A A A
ri
mi
9
i
ri ri
They will see me. They will see thee. Thoy will see him.
1.
2. 3.
A O ri wa = They will see us. A ri nyin They will see you. A ori won They will see them.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Ki a Ki a
ri ri
That they see thee. p nyin = That they see you.
(i.e.)
Be
thou, or you seen
by
them.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
Bi a
ri ri
ri
mi=If they
see me.
1.
Bi a
ri ri ri
2. 3.
Bi a Bi a
9 = If they see thee. i = If they see him.

:
wa = If they
see us.
2. 3.
Bi a Bi a
nyin = If they see you. W9n = If they see them.
Other forms
mi = That they see me. Bioba?epe a ri mi = Though they see me. Bikosepe a ri mi = Unless they see me.
Ki a
ri
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1.
Bi a ba
ti ti ti ti ti
ri ri ri
ri
mi=If they should have seen me
2. 3.
1.
Bi a ba Bi a ba Bi a ba Bi a ba
Bi a ba
9= If they should have seen thee

i= If they should have seen him
Singular.
2. 3.
ri
ti ri
\ wa= If they should have seen us nyin = If they should have seen you ^Plural. W9U =If they should have seen them j
N.B.
of verbs
The two forms may be used

:
to express the Passive Voice
ri
mi = They
see
me, or Emi
li
ri
= Me
it is
they see,
etc.
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N y0RU8A

LAGOS. SOCIETY'S BOOKSHOP.

intended to be practical and to

to supply the long-felt

service to the student,

conjugation of the verb appears in Part X.

Too much emphasis cannot be

The same may be

primary need in learning any language

arranged that the student

can give special attention to any group of nouns

Use has been made

and Wood's Notes.

to purchase the following

These can be obtained at any of the C.M.S.

Diphthongs Tones or Accent Elision of Vowels

Words beginning with

n," for pronunciation

Syllables, for pronunciation Interchange of letters

simple Verbs, Class

Verbs which express existence Number Gender Case

Translation, Yoruba-English to Translation in Section 7

GROUPED, CLASSIFIED, AND ALPHABETICAL ORDER.

Relating Relating Relating Relating Relating Relating Relating

Relating to Theological and

Sentences for daily

PART IV. PRONOUNS.

of Pronouns; Euphonic Concord

Demonstrative Interrogative Pronouns

Translation, Yoruba-English .. Kev to Translation in Section s

PART V. VARIOUS PARTS OF

" and " Ni

Conjunctions and Interjections Translation, Yoruba-English .. Kev to Translation in Section

of Simple Verbs, Class 2 Illustrative Sentences

Translation, Yoruba-English Key to Translation in Section 8

Translation, Yoruba-English Key to Translation in Section 7

Nouns formed by Vowel

Prefixes Syllabic Prefixes " "

Vocabulary of Compound Nouns Translation, Yoruba-English

Numerals, 1 1,000 Notes on the use of Numerals Yoruba Proverbs

Translation, English-Yoruba Key to Translation in Section 5 Examples of Idiomatic Translation

modified to meet the sounds of the

and z are omitted from, and the English alphabet.

has one sound only. a " as in father

has the sound of " e " in grey

Rafter = ek9. has the one sound as " ee " in

has the sound of

have the same sound as in English.

" always hard as in garden."

and " p "

has the same sound as

sound each lettejvthen unite them, preserving the sound

indicate tone, or accent.

The tones may be described

a, circumflex. a, raise the voice

and SuTU = patience,

vowels of the same sound come together, one of

= 1119 ara r^ = bo ara r$ thyself

pronounced m9 'ra rf. pronounced bo 'ra r$.

They are inserted at

this stage for practice in pronunciation only

necessary to remember that letters are frequently interchanged.

Not a few words