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INDEX

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ISDN OVERVIEW MOTIVATION AND HISTORY INTRODUCTION ISDN CHANNELS ISDN SERVICES DESIGNING ISDN INTERNETWORKING ISDN DEVICES ISDN SPECIFICATIONS BROADBAND ISDN NARROWBAND ISDN SIGNALLING AND SWITCHING HOUSE NETWORKING THE FUTURE OF NETWORKING

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ISDN OVERVIEW
MOTIVATION AND HISTORY Long time ago, the entire telephone network was analog. This was bad because as a voice went further down the line and through more switches, the quality became worse and worse as noise crept in. and there was no way to eliminate the noise ,no way to know what the signal was supposed to be . Digital encoding promised a way to encode the audio such that youd know what the signal was supposed to be. As noise crept in, you could eliminate it through the phone network, assuming it wasnt worse then the variation between different digital encoding levels With the transistor revolution, this theory became possible, and the phone companies began converting their networks over to digital. Today you have to search pretty hard to find a phone company switch that isnt digital. They called their network the Integrated Digital Network, IDN. This solved many of the phone companys problems. However for a variety reasons, it has been attractive to make the phone network completely digital from end to end. For computer users, this is ideal because we can eliminate those clumsy modems and will hopefully benefit from higher speed. For telephone companies, they can eliminate the last of the noise and loss from the audio data. And, for the dreamers this will enable a wide variety of different services to be delivered to the customer over a single interface.

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INTRODUCTION:
ISDN is a type of digital phone/data and internet service that preceded ADSL (asynchronous digital subscriber line) and has for the most part been superceded by it. Normal telephone lines carry analog signals that must be amplified and converted to digital signals by the phone company. This process introduces not a slight lag time, but also distortion in the signal. Dial-Modems and telephone are examples of equipments that use analog signals.ISDN makes use of digital signals running along existing copper lines to increase the data throughout, reduce line noise and enhance signal quality. In the mid 1990s, ADSL was very expensive not widely available. Companies and individuals wanted a faster way to connect to the internet; but the technology behind dialup modems had reached its threshold. ISDN became a viable alternative to provide speeds of up to 128 kilobits per second, versus the standard connection of 30-53 kbps with a dial-up modem. The most common type of ISDN service for internet connection is the Basic Rate Interface, ISDN BRI. This technology creates two B-channels on the existing copper lines of 64 kbps each, along with a single 16 kbps D-channel for the phone line. This separates data channel from the voice channel, allowing telephone or fax use while online. While ISDN is inexpensive and about twice as fast as dial-up service. It has been largely replaced by affordable DSL service. An inexpensive ADSL service offers speeds up to 384 kbps, while more expensive versions are improving in speed all the time. As of fall 2005, standard ADSL speeds range between 1.5

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and 3.0 mbps, or 1536-3072 kbps. Although isdn may not be the best choice for packet-switching networks like the internet, it is still likely used for professional audio and broadcast applications where digital clarity with integrated services is specifically required. Small businesses that often used two voice lines, such as phone and fax, and only require limited internet connectivity, say, an hour or less per day , may prefer an isdn . Isdn might also be a better choice of high-speed connections to intranets for video conferencing, or to remote networks other than the internet.

ISDN CHANNEL:
Isdn is based on a number of fundamental building blocks. First, there are two types of isdn channels or communication paths: B-channel The bearer (B) channel is a 64 kbps channel which can be used for voice, video, data, or multimedia calls .bchannels can be aggregated together for even higher bandwidth application. D-channel The delta (D) channel can be either a 16 kbps or 64 kbps channel used primarily for communication (or signaling ) between switching equipment in the isdn network and the ISDN equipment at your site . These isdn channels are delivered to the user in one of the two predefined configurations: Basic rate interface (BRI) primary Rte interface (PRI)

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Bearer Services The options of CSV, CSD and PSD are broad categories of bearer services that the phone companies can provide. different bearer services provide different types of guarantees about the reliability and synchronization of the data .there are currently ten different bearer service for circuit mode , and three services for packet mode . These bearer services are defined in terms of a number of attributes ,which include mode (circuit or packet ), structure (bit-stream or octet-stream ), transfer rate (e.g. 6kbps), transfer capability (basically the contents for instance speech , 7KHz audio, video, or unrestricted ), and several other attributes that specify protocols to use and other things. The emergence of ISDN represents an effort to standardize subscriber services, user/network interfaces, and network and internet working capabilities. ISDN applications include high-speed image applications (such as Group IV facsimile), additional telephone lines in homes to serve the telecommuting industry, high-speed file transfer, and videoconferencing. Voice service is also an application for ISDN. This chapter summarizes the underlying technologies and services associated with ISDN. The D channel signaling protocol comprises Layers 1 through 3 of the OSI reference model. BRI also provides for framing control and other overhead, bringing its total bit rate to 192 kbps.this works by providing additional end-to-end data guarantees that cant be relied upon from the speech bearer service.

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ISDN SERVICES
There are two types of services associated with ISDN: BRI PRI

ISDN BRI services

The ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) service offers two B channels and one D channel (2B+D). BRI Bchannel service operates at 64 kbps and is meant to carry user data; BRI D-channel service operates at 16 kbps and is meant to carry control and signaling information, although it can support user data transmission under certain circumstances. The D channel signaling protocol comprises Layers 1 through 3 of the OSI reference model. BRI also provides for framing control and other overhead, bringing its total bit rate to 192 kbps. The BRI physical layer specification is International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standards Section (ITU-T) (formerly the Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone [CCITT]) I.430.

ISDN PRI service:

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) service offers 23 B channels and 1 D channel in North America and Japan, yielding a total bit rate of 1.544 Mbps (the PRI D channel runs at 64 kbps). ISDN PRI in Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world provides 30 B channels plus one 64-kbps D channel and a total interface rate of 2.048 Mbps. The PRI physical layer specification is ITU-T I.431.

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Two of these devices are ISDN-compatible, so they can be attached through an S reference point to NT2 devices. The third device (a standard, non-ISDN telephone) attaches through the reference point to a TA. Any of these devices also could attach to an NT1/2 device, which would replace both the NT1 and the NT2. In addition, although they are not shown, similar user stations are attached to the far-right ISDN switch.

DESIGN ISDN INTERNETWORKING

The public telephone network (PSTN) has been transformed into an integrated system digital network (isdn) .implementing of signaling system 7 (s7)in the PSTN backbone has made possible such widespread services as caller-id and dialednumber delivery, 800 directory number lookup ,calling card services ,and digital data service . Using BRI and PRI services, isdn call switching can be extended to customer premises equipment (CPE ) and provide end-to-end digital paths . Previous to isdn available, data connectivity over the public switched telephone network (PSTN) was via plain old telephone services (pots) using analog modems. Connectivity over isdn offers the internetworking designers increased bandwidth, reduced call. Beyond the TE1 and TE2 devices, the next connection point in the ISDN network is the network termination type 1 (NT1) or network termination type 2 (NT2) devices. These are network-termination devices that connect the four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop. In North America, the NT1 is customer premises equipment (CPE) device. In most other parts of the world, the NT1 is part of the network provided by the carrier. The NT2 is a more complicated device that

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typically is found in digital private branch exchanges (PBXs) and that performs Layer 2 and 3 protocol functions and concentration services. An NT1/2 device also exists as a single device that combines the functions of an NT1 and an NT2.

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Application of isdn in internetworking

ISDN has much application in internetworking. The Cisco IOS has long been building dial-ondemand routing a dial backup solutions of remote office/branch office connectivity. Recently, isdn has seen incredible growth in the support of mass small office /home office (SOHO) dial-up connectivity. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is comprised of digital telephony and data-transport services offered by regional telephone carriers. ISDN involves the digitization of the telephone network, which permits voice, data, text, graphics, music, video, and other source material to be transmitted over existing telephone wires. The emergence of ISDN represents an effort to standardize subscriber services, user/network interfaces, and network and internet work capabilities. ISDN applications include high-speed image applications (such as Group IV facsimile), additional telephone lines in homes to serve the telecommuting industry, high-speed file transfer, and videoconferencing. Voice service is also an isdn. Dial-on-demand routing Dial backup SOHO connectivity Modem aggregation

1. Dial-On-Demand Routing S Full-time connectivity across the isdn is spoofed by CISCOS IOS routers using DDR. when qualified packets arrive at a dialer interface ,connectivity is established over the isdn .after configured period of activity ,the isdn connection is

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disconnected.additional isdn B channels can be added and removed from the multilink ppp bundle using configurable threshold . 2. dial backup ISDN can be used as backup device for a leasedline connection between the remote and central offices. If the primary connectivity goes down an ISDN. The emergence of ISDN represents an effort to standardize subscriber services, user/network interfaces, and network and internet work capabilities ISDN devices include terminals, terminal adapters (TAs), network-termination devices, line-termination equipment, and exchange-termination equipment. ISDN terminals come in two types. Specialized ISDN terminals are referred to as terminal equipment type 1 (TE1). 3. SOHO connectivity Small office and home office sites can be now be economically supported with isdn BRI services .this offers to the casual or the fulltime SOHO sites These are network-termination devices that connect the four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop. In North America, the NT1 is customer premises equipment (CPE) device. In most other parts of the world, the NT1 is part of the network provided by the carrier. The NT2 is a more complicated device that typically is found in digital private branch exchanges (PBXs) and that performs Layer 2 and 3 protocol functions and concentration services. An NT1/2 device also exists as a single device that combines the functions of an NT1 and an NT2.

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ISDN DEVICES:
ISDN devices include terminals, terminal adapters (TAs), network-termination devices, linetermination equipment, and exchange-termination equipment. ISDN terminals come in two types. Specialized ISDN terminals are referred to as terminal equipment type 1 (TE1). Non-ISDN terminals, such as DTE, that predate the ISDN standards are referred to as terminal equipment type 2 (TE2). TE1s connect to the ISDN network through a fourwire, twisted-pair digital link. TE2s connect to the ISDN network through a TA. The ISDN TA can be either a standalone device or a board inside the TE2. If the TE2 is implemented as a standalone device, it connects to the TA via a standard physical-layer interface. Examples include EIA/TIA-232-C (formerly RS-232-C), V.24, and V.35. Beyond the TE1 and TE2 devices, the next connection point in the ISDN network is the network termination type 1 (NT1) or network termination type 2 (NT2) device. These are network-termination devices that connect the four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop. In North America, the NT1 is a customer premises equipment (CPE) device. In most other parts of the world, the NT1 is part of the network provided by the carrier. The NT2 is a more complicated device that typically is found in digital private branch exchanges (PBXs) and that performs Layer 2 and 3 protocol functions and concentration services. An NT1/2 device also exists as a single device that combines the functions of an NT1 and an NT2.

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ISDN specifies a number of reference points that define logical interfaces between functional groups, such as TAs and NT1s. ISDN reference points include the following: RThe reference point between non-ISDN equipment and a TA. SThe reference point between user terminals and the NT2. TThe reference point between NT1 and NT2 devices. UThe reference point between NT1 devices and linetermination equipment in the carrier network. The U reference point is relevant only in North America, where the NT1 function is not provided by the carrier network. Figure 12-1 illustrates a sample ISDN configuration and shows three devices attached to an ISDN switch at the central office. Two of these devices are ISDN-compatible, so they can be attached through an S reference point to NT2 devices. The third device (a standard, non-ISDN telephone) attaches through the reference point to a TA. Any of these devices also could attach to an NT1/2 device, which would replace both the NT1 and the NT2. In addition, although they are not shown, similar user stations are attached to the farright ISDN switch.

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Figure 12-1 Sample ISDN Configuration Illustrates Relationships Between Devices and Reference Points

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ISDN SPECIFICATIONS
This section describes the various ISDN specifications for Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3.

Layer 1
ISDN physical layer (Layer 1) frame formats differ depending on whether the frame is outbound (from terminal to network) or inbound (from network to terminal). Both physical layer interfaces are shown in Figure 12-2. The frames are 48 bits long, of which 36 bits represent data. The bits of an ISDN physical layer frame are used as follows: FProvides synchronization LAdjusts the average bit value EEnsures contention resolution when several terminals on a passive bus contend for a channel AActivates devices SIs unassigned B1, B2, and DHandle user data

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Figure 12-2 ISDN Physical Layer Frame Formats Differ Depending on Their Direction

Multiple ISDN user devices can be physically attached to one circuit. In this configuration, collisions can result if two terminals transmit simultaneously. Therefore, ISDN provides features to determine link contention. When

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an NT receives a D bit from the TE, it echoes back the bit in the next E-bit position. The TE expects the next E bit to be the same as its last transmitted D bit. Terminals cannot transmit into the D channel unless they first detect a specific number of ones (indicating "no signal") corresponding to a pre-established priority. If the TE detects a bit in the echo (E) channel that is different from its D bits, it must stop transmitting immediately. This simple technique ensures that only one terminal can transmit its D message at one time. After successful D-message transmission, the terminal has its priority reduced by requiring it to detect more continuous ones before transmitting. Terminals cannot raise their priority until all other devices on the same line have had an opportunity to send a D message. Telephone connections have higher priority than all other services, and signaling information has a higher priority than nonsignaling information. Layer 2 Layer 2 of the ISDN signaling protocol is Link Access Procedure, D channel (LAPD). LAPD is similar to High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) (see Chapter 16, "Synchronous Data Link Control and Derivatives," and Chapter 17, "X.25," for more information on these protocols). As the expansion of the LAPD acronym indicates, this layer is used across the D channel to ensure that control and signaling information flows and is received properly. The LAPD frame format (see Figure 12-3) is very similar to that of HDLC; like HDLC, LAPD uses supervisory, information, and unnumbered frames. The LAPD protocol is formally specified in ITU-T Q.920 and ITU-T Q.921.

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Figure 12-3 LAPD Frame Format Is Similar to That of HDLC and LAPB

The LAPD Flag and Control fields are identical to those of HDLC. The LAPD Address field can be either 1 or 2 bytes long. If the extended address bit of the first byte is set, the address is 1 byte; if it is not set, the address is 2 bytes. The first Address-field byte contains the service access point identifier (SAPI), which identifies the portal at which LAPD services are provided to Layer 3. The C/R bit indicates whether the frame contains a command or a response. The Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI) field

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identifies either a single terminal or multiple terminals. A TEI of all ones indicates a broadcast.

Layer 3
Two Layer 3 specifications are used for ISDN signaling: ITUT (formerly CCITT) I.450 (also known as ITU-T Q.930) and ITU-T I.451 (also known as ITU-T Q.931). Together, these protocols support user-to-user, circuit-switched, and packetswitched connections. A variety of call-establishment, calltermination, information, and miscellaneous messages are specified, including SETUP, CONNECT, RELEASE, USER INFORMATION, CANCEL, STATUS, and DISCONNECT. These messages are functionally similar to those provided by the X.25 protocol (see Chapter 17 for more information). Figure 12-4, from ITU-T I.451, shows the typical stages of an ISDN circuit-switched call.

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Figure 12-4 An ISDN Circuit-Switched Call Moves Through Various Stages to Its Destination

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Summary
ISDN is comprised of digital telephony and data-transport services offered by regional telephone carriers. ISDN involves the digitization of the telephone network to transmit voice, data, text, graphics, music, video, and other source material over existing telephone wires. ISDN devices include the following: Terminals Terminal adapters (TAs) Network-termination devices Line-termination equipment Exchange-termination equipment The ISDN specification references specific connection points that define logical interfaces between devices. ISDN uses the following two types of services: Basic Rate Interface (BRI, which offers two B channels and one D channel (2B+D) Primary Rate Interface (PRI), which offers 23 B channels and 1 D channel in North America and Japan, and 30 B channels and 1 D channel in Europe and Australia ISDN runs on the bottom three layers of the OSI reference model, and each layer uses a different specification to transmit data.

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CONCLUSION:
Multiple ISDN user devices can be physically attached to one circuit. In this configuration, collisions can result if two terminals transmit simultaneously. Therefore, ISDN provides features to determine link contention. ISDN is inexpensive and about twice as fast as dial-up service. ISDN is applied to eliminate the last of the noise and loss from the audio data.