ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrolyte Molten Lead bromide (PbBr2) Ion Present PbBr2 Pb2+ + 2BrIon Present :Pb2+ (CATion) Br-

- (ANion) Anode Ion present : Pb2+ Discharge : Pb2+ + 2e Pb Observation : grey solid deposit on electrode. Product : Lead solid Ion present : Na+ , H+ Discharge : 2H+ + 2e H2 Observation : colourless gas is liberated at cathode Product : Hydrogen gas Ion present : Na+ , H+ Discharge : 2H+ + 2e H2 Observation : colourless gas is liberated at cathode Product : Hydrogen gas Ion present : Cu2+ , H+ Discharge : Cu2+ + 2e Cu Observation : Brown solid deposit on cathode Product : Copper solid Ion present : Cu2+ , H+ Discharge : Cu2+ + 2e Cu Observation : Brown solid deposit on cathode // Electrode become thicker // mass of electrode increase Product : Copper solid Cathode Ion present : BrDischarge: 2Br- Br2 + 2e Observation : Pungent brown gas is liberated Product : Bromine gas Ion present : Cl- , OHDischarge: 4OH-2H2O + O2+4e Observation : colourless gas is liberated at cathode Product : Oxygen gas Ion present : Cl- , OHDischarge: 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e Observation : Pungent yellowish gas is liberated at anode Product : Chlorine gas Ion present : SO42-, OHDischarge: 4OH-2H2O + O2+4e Observation : colourless gas is liberated at cathode Product : Oxygen gas Ion present : SO42-, OHIonization : Cu Cu2+ 2e Observation : Electrode become thinner // mass of electrode decrease Product : Cu2+ ion Note In molten only 2 ions are present, so no problem to determine which ions are goin to be discharge on respective electrode. KCl, CaCl2 will yeild same product as NaCl in this case, because K+, Na+ and Ca2+ will not choose to bes discharge at cathode. ( refer to E.C.S) ** Anode- solute will discharge when solution is concentrated, if diluted refer to ECS, the lowest ion will choose to be discharge. Either concentrated or diluted Cu2+ is choose to discharge at cathode ( refer to E.C.S) ** extra observation : Intensity of blue colour decrease Reason : concentration Cu2+ ion decrease Reactive electrode are used. So at anode, discharge process does not occur. Electrode will dissolves in electrolyte to produce ion. ** extra observation : Intensity of blue colour remains unchange

Diluted Sodium chloride (NaCl) solution / aquoeus

NaCl Na+ + ClH2O H+ + OHIon Present : Na+ , H+ (CATion) Cl- , OH- (ANion) NaCl Na+ + ClH2O H+ + OHIon Present : Na+ , H+ (CATion) Cl- , OH- (ANion) CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42H2O H+ + OHIon Present : Cu2+ , H+ (CATion) SO42-, OH- (ANion)

Concentrated Sodium chloride (NaCl) solution / aqueous

Concentrated / Diluted Copper(II)sulphate aqueous ( using carbon / graphite / platinum electrode)

Concentrated / Diluted Copper(II)sulphate aqueous ( using copper electrode)

CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42H2O H+ + OHIon Present : Cu2+ , H+ (CATion) SO42-, OH- (ANion)

Easy to discharge (more electronegativity)

Easy to discharge

CATion

ANion

FSO42NO3ClBrIOH-

K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+

**K+, Na+, Ca2+ from cation, F-, SO42- andNO3- from anion : THESE ARE STABLE IONS. THEY DO NOT DISCHARGE IN WHATEVER CONDITION. THEY HAVE A STRONGER TENDENCY TO EXIST AS IONS THAN ATOMS OR MOLECULE.

DIAGRAM ELECTROLYSIS USING MOLTEN ELECTROLYTE

GAS CONFIRMATORY TEST Gas Properties Chemical test 1. Bring glowing wooden splinter near to the mouth of test tube. 2. Glowing wooden splinter relight. 3. Oxygen gas is released. 1. Bring lighted splinter near to the mouth of test tube 2. Fire extinguish, produce pop sound. 3. Hydrogen gas is released. 1. Put a moist blue litmus paper in the test tube. 2. Blue litmus change to red and bleach out (white). 3. Chlorine gas is released. 1. Put a moist blue litmus paper in the test tube. 2. Blue litmus change to red. 3. Bromine gas is released.

Oxygen

Colourless gas

Hydrogen ELECTROLYSIS USING SOLUTION / AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE

Colourless gas

Chlorine

Pungent yellowish gas

ELECTROLYSIS COPPER (ii) SULPHATE AS ELECTROLYTE (Carbon Electrode)

Bromine

Pungent brown gas

ELECTROPLATING AND PURIFYING OF METAL

Energy change : Chemical energy Electrical Energy Anode ( negative terminal) Definition: Anode is a terminal where substance releases electrons and the oxidation process takes place. Zinc is more electropositive than copper. (Zinc stated above than copper in electrochemical series). Zinc atom will released electrons to form zinc ion. ** the position of two metals is in Electrochemical series determine the cell voltage. ** the further the distance between two metal in Electrochamical series, he bigger the cell voltage will be. Cathode ( positive terminal) Definition: Cathode is a terminal where the substance accepts electrons and the reduction process takes place Electrons flow from zins strip to copper strip through the external circuit. Electrons are accepted by Cu2+ ions. Cu2+ ions are discharged because its position is lower than Zn2+ ion and H+ ion in ECS.

Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Zinc strip : becomes the negative terminal. Electron flow from zinc strip to copper strip. Observation at Anode: Zinc strip become thinner. (because it dissolves, refer to half equation above) Salt Bridge : contains inert ions or salt that does not react with the electrolyte, example sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid. **Function: To complete the circuit by allows the flow of ions. To prevent the two electrolyte from mixing. ** Porous pot also functioned like a salt bridge. Porous pot has fine pores to allow ions to flow through but prevent the two electrolyte from mixing

Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Copper strip : becomes the positive terminal.

Observation at Anode: Brown solid deposit on the copper strip. Intensity of blue colour decrease (because the concentration of Cu2+ is decreases.)