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Introduction
This module introduces you to the 7 layers of OSI model and explains how data is encapsulated for data transmission. After reading this module, you will be able to: Identify reasons why the networking industry uses a layered network model. Name the layers of the OSI model and give their relative position in the stack. Identify the functions of each layer of the OSI reference model. Characteriz e the differences between data communicated by the lower layers and by the upper layers. Define and explain the steps of data encapsulation and decapsulation.
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Rajeev in Atlanta tells Nidhi in Toronto that he is going to send her a package through the OSI Courier Service. Nidhi in Toronto responds, "Great - I'll be looking for it."
Bill prepares the weigh bill for the courier service and calls for pickup.
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The OSI Courier Service picks up the package from Bill's Atlanta office and takes off in a truck.
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The airplane arrives in Toronto where it is offloaded, sorted and placed on a truck bound for Nidhi's office.
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There are a variety of networked models currently being implemented. However, in this section, the focus will be on the OSI model, while also referencing the TCP/IP model periodically. What are some advantages in using a network model? (check all that apply)
Increases complexity Facilitates modulariz ation Provides compatibility Complicates learning Correct Answer(s): 2, 3
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There are 7 layers in the OSI model. Each layer is responsible for a particular aspect of data communication. For example, one layer may be responsible for establishing connections between devices, while another layer may be responsible for error checking during transfer. The layers of the OSI model are divided into two groups: the upper layer and lower layer . The upper layers focus on user applications and how files are represented on the computers prior to transport. For the most part, network engineers are more concerned with the lower layers. It's the lower layers that concentrate on how the communication across a network actually occurs.
The term open in OSI was used because the intent of the model was to provide a way for networks to be interconnected without regard to the underlying hardware, as long as the communications software adhered to the standards. The term has since come to imply modularity as well.
Modularity
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Modularity refers to the exchange of protocols at a particular level without interfering with or damaging the relationship or tasks of another level. Within a layer, protocols can be exchanged, allowing communications to still take place seamlessly. These exchanges may need to occur based on hardware from different vendors or for a variety of different reasons.
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Consider the courier example. Modularity at the transportation level implies that it really doesn't matter how the package gets to the airplane.
It could travel from the sender by truck to the plane or by boat. Either way, the sender still sends the package and expects it to get to Toronto. The plane still flies the package to Toronto regardless of how it was delivered to the pane.
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The term "open" in OSI was used because the intent of the model was to provide a way for networks to be interconnected without regard to the underlying hardware, as long as the communications software adhered to the standards. True False Correct Answer: 1
The OSI model organiz es communication protocols into how many layers?
4 16 7 12 Correct Answer: 3
When data is being transferred and shared over a network, it must pass through each of the 7 layers in one machine, from the application layer down, before z ipping across a network and working its way up the layers in the receiving machine.
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Ap p licat io n Layer: Provides network services to user applications. It is responsible for exchanging information between programs running on the machine, such as an e- mail program, and other services running on a network, such as a print server or another computers' application.
Present at io n Layer: Concerned with how data is converted and formatted for data transfer. Examples of format conversions include ASCII text for documents and .gif and JPG for images. This layer performs code conversion, data translation, compression and encryption.
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Session Layer: Determines how two devices establish, maintain and manage a connection - how they talk to each other. These connections are called sessions.
Transport Layer: Responsible for breaking the data into segments, establishing an end- to- end logical connection between machines, and providing for error handling.
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Net work Layer: Responsible for determining addressing on the network, determining the routes that information will take on its journey, and managing network traffic congestion. Data at this level is packaged into packets.
Dat a Link Layer: Provides the link for how data, packaged into frames is communicated through hardware to be transported across a medium. It communicates with network cards, manages physical layer communications between connecting systems and handles error notification.
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Physical Layer: Specifies how data is processed into bits and physically transferred over medium, such as cables. It's responsible for activating and maintaining the physical link between systems.
Applications Presenation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Correct Answer: 4
Segment Data
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Applications Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Correct Answer: 2
Which of layers provides the electrical and mechanical connections between systems? Applications Presenation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Correct Answer: 7
Data Encapsulation
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Data Encapsulation
If we refer back to the example of the courier service, each layer required a separate process to ensure reliable delivery and transport of the package from Atlanta to Toronto. In order for this to happen, the package needed to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Have a destination address and tracking number attached Be sorted with the other package pickups for Toronto Placed on a truck bound for a specific plane carrying the packages to Toronto Picked up by a truck and taken to be soted by Toronto destination, and Delivered to the Toronto office.
Along the way, the original destination address served as a reference, however, other information was attached as well, such as the identification numbers for which truck or which plane. These additions did not change the package contents or the destination address information, they merely provided additional routing information needed at the time. Therefore, this analogy shows how the OSI model is modular, permiting modifications or replacement of each individual layer without affecting the integrity of the data or modifications that may be made to other layers in the OSI layer stack.
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St ep 1. When you send an e- mail, the information in the message is converted to usable data in the top three layers (Application, Presentation, Session) and passed to the Transport Layer.
St ep 2. At the Transport Layer, protocol information is attached as a header to the data, ensuring that the computer at the other end will be able to communicate. The data and header is then packaged into a segment.
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St ep 3. The segment is transferred to the Network Layer where an additional header containing source and destination logical address is attached. The segment and header is packaged into a packet and transferred to the Data Link Layer.
St ep 4 . At the Data Link Layer, both a header and trailer with additional information is attached and packaged as a frame. The frame provides information that allows connection to the next network device on the link.
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St ep 5. The frame is converted into a series of 0's and 1's (bits) for transmission across the network medium at the Physical Layer.
As information structures descend the OSI model layers, they become nested in the information structures below. What is this called? Segmentation Fragmentation Encapsulation Multiplexing Correct Answer: 3
Summary
In Summary...
After reading through the OSI Reference Model Module, you should have a better understanding of the background of layered models, why they exist, and what purpose they serve. In review, see if you are able to answer the following:
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Identify reasons why the networking industry uses a layered network model. Name the layers of the OSI model and give their relative position in the stack. Identify the functions of each layer of the OSI reference model. Characteriz e the differences between data communicated by the lower layers and by the upper layers. Define and explain the steps of data encapsulation and decapsulation.
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