Lesson 3 Geography and climate Landforms 1. Mountains 2. Mountain Ranges 3. Plateaus 4. Valleys 5.

Plains Mountain made up of rocks, soil, and minerals Usually formed by the pressure of the movement of Earths crustal plates

Mountain Ranges Orogeny mountain formations Derived from a Greek word which means rise of the mountains

Mountain ranges highest landforms Rows of mountains formed from the folded layers of Earths crust Serve as boundaries of many countries Their height and location affect climatic and weather conditions Great sources of minerals

e.g. Alaska Range where Mt. McKinley is found Appalachian Mountains found in northern United States Comparable to the Himalayas located in the boundaries of India and Tibet and to the Hindu Kush in Central Asia - formed more than 500 million years ago

Andes Mountain Range found in the boundaries of South America and Pacific Ocean One of the longest in the world

Plateau raised landform characterized with a flat top surface Its peak is ideal for farming and animal raising

Plateau in Tibet found in northern China Deccan Plateau found in India Pamir Knot or Bam I Dunya means roof of the world One of the highest plateaus in the world

Has an average height of approximately 4 100 to 4 600 m above sea level and covers around 93 000 sq km Found in Central Asia, China, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

Volcano an opening in Earths crust through which molten, gaseous, and solid material is ejected Others even reach heights where snow and ice form at the summit like Mt. Fuji in Japan and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa. There are also volcanos which have low elevations like the Taal Volcano in the Philippines Can be active, dormant, or extinct

Active Volcanos exhibit some volcanic activity and may erupt any time soon Dormant or Asleep had not shown any activity during historic times May suddenly erupt like Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines or Mt. St. Helen in the United states

Pyroclastic flows a rush of superheated volcanic ash produced when sudden volcanic eruptions occur Extinct volcanos those which have no more volcanic activity Characterized by slow erosion of the mountain-like structure

Eruption of a Volcano may cause a change in its height or cause a collapse of its form or structure as in the case of Mt. Bulusan in Sorsogon which formerly had a perfect cone Prairies treeless grass-covered plains found in North America Located in temperate areas in the northern and central United States

Deserts characterized by a very dry climate with little rainfall Cover 1/5 of Earths land surface Can be sandy like parts of the Sahara Desert in North Africa Others can be rocky like the Arizona desrt in the United States

Sahara Desert worlds largest desert Few plants thrive in the desrts while some have no vegetation at all

Ergs vast sandy regions or seas Oasis areas where water emerges to the surface as springs Tropical deserts usually hot and found in the low latitude e.g. Sahara in North Africa and Atacama in South America

Gobi Desert in Mongolia, Utah Desert in the United States, and Patagonia in Argentina the climate is extremely cold especially at night Valley a landform commonly found in between two mountains or mountain ranges Its fertile soil makes it ideal for farming, animal-raising, and human habitation A river runs through it Ideal for human habitation Earliest civilizations in Asia and Africa developed in the valleys near rivers such as Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, Indus in India, Huang He in China, and the Nile in Egypt

Delta deposition of sediments at the mouth of a river Its shape depends on the amount of deposited sediments, water currents, and tides as well as the earths crustal movements So-called delta because of its triangular shape resembling the Greek letter Delta Characterized with a highly fertile soil

Famous Deltas Nile Delta Egypt Delta of Ganges Brahmaputra in India Delta in the Mississippi River in the United States

Basins usually surrounded by higher lands Can be circular or oval in shape Rain, snow, and sediment may collect in these and form lakes or marshes

Well-known Basins: Great Artesian Basin in Australia (composed of the Carpentaria Bsain, the Eromanga Basin, and the Surat Basin) Witwatersrand basin in South Africa (being mined for gold) Death Valley Basin in Eastern California

Peninsula a narrow land that extends from a larger body of land and is almost surrounded by water Europe a vast peninsula comprised of many other peninsulas such as Italy and the Iberian Peninsula which is composed of Spain and Portugal Balkan Peninsula composed of Albania, Greece, Romania, and Bulgaria Sinai Peninsula links Asia and Africa

Other Peninsulas: Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia Korean Peninsula in East Asia Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico

Island a piece of land completely surrounded by water Kinds of Islands 1. Continental Island land previously connected to a continent 2. Island Arc which has separated from the coastline of different continents 3. Oceanic Island formed by the force of nature underneath the ocean Continental Islands found near the coast of North Atlantic but were previously parts of North America Long Island Marthas Vineyard Nantucket

Continental Islands in Europe Sardinia Corsica Novaya Zemlya Ireland England

Island of Madagascar once part of the African continent Sri Lanka, New guinea, Borneo, and Sumatra once connected to the Asian continent Island of Tasmania previously part of Australia Worlds Largest Archipelagos Island arcs Indonesia Japan Aleutians Philippines Antilles

Coral Island considered an oceanic island formed through time by remains of ancient coral polyps and other marine organisms Archipelago chain of group of islands Comes from the Italian words for chief sea

Archipelagos in Southeast Asia Philippines Indonesia

Riau in Indonesia another example of an archipelago Rich in bauxite and tin

Developed as a tourist destination

Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines has 900 islands Very rich in vegetation where principal crops such as coconuts, fruits, and rice are grown

Bodies of Water Classified Into 2: 1. Fresh water rivers and lakes 2. Salt water seas and oceans Rivers originate from water coming from the mountains which can either be rainwater or thawing ice Longest Rivers in the World Nile Africa Amazon South America Yangtze Asia Mississippi-Missouri-Red Rock North America Yenisey Asia

Lake body of water surrounded by land -Some are small while others are as big as sees -Benefits fishery and commercial sectors and has become a major tourist attraction -Some are salty because they dont have an outlet A strait, small rivers, or canals connect lakes which are rich in iron ore, coal, and petroleum

Lake Superior largest freshwater lake in the world -Bounded on the west by Minnesota -On the north and east by Ontario, Canada -On the south by Michigan and Wisconsin Salty Lakes Great Salt Lake in Utah Dead Sea on the border of Israel and Jordan

Strait a narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies of water Dardanelles an example of a strait measuring almost 60 km in length and 1.6-6.4 km in width -Connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea -Derived from Dardanus, an ancient Greek city -Once served as a trade route because of its strategic location Gulf formed when an ocean or sea is partly surrounded by land -Usually larger than a bay Gulf of Mexico one of the worlds most famous gulfs Persian Gulf located off the Arabian Peninsula and Iran is also world-famous Bay a small body of water that is set off from a larger body of water -Similar to, but usually considered to be smaller than, a gulf -Water is often smooth and far from rough currents making it an ideal port of call for ships and other types of sea vessels Manila Bay famous for its magnificent sunset Bengal Bay connects India, Western Myanmar, and Thailand serves as a commercial route Sea a body of salt water that covers a large portion of Earths surface -Smaller than an ocean Mediterranean Sea worlds largest inland sea -Lies in the boundaries of Europe, Asia, and Africa Black Sea found between Europe and Asia -Comprised of two layers of saline water of different densities -Its fish-rich surface is not so salty -Underneath this layer is the saltier part containing hydrogen sulfide -Said that no marine life can thrive in this layer

Oceans largest body of water Major Oceans in the World Pacific Ocean worlds largest and deepest body of water

-Has an area of 181 300 000 sq km and depth of 4 270 m -A major travel route from east to west -A leading fishing ground that accounts for 60% of the worlds total fish catch -Oil, gas, minerals, sand, and gravel are found here Atlantic Ocean second largest ocean in the world

-Located between Europe, Asia, and North America near the North Pole -Divided into 2 nominal sections: North Atlantic (northern part of the equator) and South Atlantic (southern part of the equator)

Indian Ocean third largest ocean

-Located between Africa, Asia, and Australia -A major travel route that connects Southeast Asia, Africa, and East Asia including Europe and America -A source of petroleum products that accounts for 40% of the worlds total oil production -Major source of shrimp and tuna among the neighboring countries Arctic Ocean smallest of the five oceans

-Located between Europe, Asia, and North America near the North Pole -Rich in petroleum, natural gas, fish, and sea mammals International Hydrographic Organization waters within the Antarctic Convergence as the South Ocean South Ocean located between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica -4 000 to 5 000 deep over most of its expanse - Fifth ocean -Have large deposits of oil and gas fields, manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water in the form of icebergs, squid, whale, seals, krill, and fish

Climate condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time

-Influenced by latitude, altitude, terrain, and proximity to land and water (climatic controls) Latitudes parallel lines north and south of the equator -The higher from the equator, the cooler the climates will be Divisions Tropical Zone Temperate Zone Polar Zone

Tropical Zone experience warm climate all year round Temperate Zone generally cooler than the tropics Polar Zone experience polar climates and are bitterly cold Tilting of the Earth on its axis reason for varying temperature from the equator to the poles Altitude refers to elevation above the mean sea level -Controls climate in two ways: elevation increases as temperature decreases and orographic effect Orographic effect means that rainfall varies from one side of a mountain to the other Rainfalls abundant on the windward side of the mountain, producing lush grasslands, and forests. The other side or the leeward side remains dry, producing deserts and semiarid conditions of the land. The Koppen Climate Classification System Koppen Classification best-known and most used system for decades Wladimir Koppen a Russian-born German climatologist -The distribution of natural vegetion was an excellent expression of the totality of climate 5 Groups of Climates Humid Tropical Dry Humid Middle-Latitude (mild winters) Humid Middle Latitude (severe winters) Polar

Humid Tropical Climate -Countries near the equator experience this

-Humid air and high temperature more than 18 degree Celsius 2 Classifications: 1. Rainy and the temperature is high all throughout the year - Plants thrive under this condition -Rainfall is plenty -Warm climate -Big rivers owing to the water that overflows from high landforms 2. Temperature is high but there are times when it is rainy and sunny -Riverbanks overflow during rainy months -Swamps dry up during the dry months Humid Middle-Latitude Climate (Mild Winter) -Temperature is high all year round in regions with subtropical climate -Warm and sunny in the cold months -Rainy the rest of the year -Summer months are interspersed with intermittent rain -Ideal to grow vegetables and fruit trees in this climate

2 Classifications: 1. Humid but rainy all throughout the year 2. Dry during the warm months Dry summers or Mediterranean Climate experience in California, southern France, Italy, and Greece Dry Climate -Very little rainfall in these areas -Sometimes it does not rain at all the whole year -High temperature though there are frequent changes in the weather -Humid and mild temperatures during the night -Sunny in semiarid places and rainy months are short Sudan, Africa has an arid climate Great Plains from North Mexico to Canada where dry climate prevails Humid Middle-Latitude Climate 3 Kinds of Climate

1. Humid Oceanic places near the sea -Higher temperature compare to that in the same latitude -Humid air and waves coming from the ocean bring rain and cause mild temperatures -Northwestern Europe and Pacific Northwest in the United States 2. Humid Continental rainfall is moderate throughout the year -Colder winters and warmer summers compared to a humid oceanic climate -Ideal for growing wheat 3. Sub-arctic prevails in places located in the northern hemisphere -Arctic Circle in Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia -Long winters -Short and cool summers -Rainfall is moderate and ideal for evergreen forests Polar Climate 2 Types 1. Cool Summer Polar Climate prevails in the polar region where large bodies of water are found - Often it snows on land but snow melts at the onset of sunny months thus forming swamps -There is a permanently frozen layer one meter below the surface (permafrost) -Short summers -Trees and plants are unable to thrive Greenland and Antarctica almost covered in ice throughout the year -Year-round polar climate -Difficult for humans to live here except for scientists conducting experiments -Penguins (but not in Greenland), seals, and walruses can be found Highland Climate -Climate in the mountains - The location in latitude and not the elevation brings about cool moderate climatic conditions at the foot of the mountains and cold climate near the cap -Different species of plants grow in zones where mountains are located -There are evergreens near mountain peaks -No trees are found at the highest points

-Year-round polar climate prevails in the higher parts of mountains such as in Nepal, Tibet, and the Andean regions of South America -Only a handful of people can live in this type of climate