1 Icacm Abs Book

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st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE SECCIN NORESTE DE MXICO, A. C.
Editor: Konstantin Sobolev and Academic Group on Concrete Technology Biblioteca Universitaria Ral Rangel Fras Monterrey, NL, Mxico December 3-6, 2006
1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials
STEERING COMMITTEE
President: Jos Antonio Gonzlez Trevio (UANL) General Secretary: Jess Ancer Rodrguez (UANL) Academic Secretary: Ubaldo Ortz Mndez (UANL) Principal, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil: Oscar Moreira Flores (UANL)
CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION
Chairman: Konstantin Sobolev (UANL) Secretaries: Iliana M. Garza and Jessica Saucedo Flores (UANL) Treasurer: Carlos Arizpe (UANL)
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Pierre - Claude Atcin (University of Sherbrooke) John E. Bolander (University of California - Davis) Theodore W. Bremner (University of New Brunswick) Domingo Carreira (Illinois Institute of Technology) Ignasi Casanova (Technical University of Catalonia) Pedro Castro (CINVESTAV) Kamal H. Khayat (University of Sherbrooke) Richard E. Klingner (The University of Texas at Austin) Paulo Helene (Universidade de Sao Paulo) V. M. Malhotra (CANMET) Barzin Mobasher (Arizona State University) Tarun R. Naik (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) Claus Germann Petersen (Germann Instruments) Jan P. Skalny (Materials Service Life) R. N. Swamy (University of Sheffield)
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Leticia M. Torres Guerra (UANL) Konstantin Sobolev (UANL) Oscar Moreira-Flores (UANL) Alejandro Duran Herrera (UANL) Pedro Valdez Tamez (UANL) Cesar Juarez Alvarado (UANL) Gerardo Fajardo (UANL) Jess Montemayor Villela (UANL)
1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

In the tradition of earlier Symposiums on Hybridized Materials with Super-Functions (HMSF), the Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len (UANL) and Nagaoka University of Technology organize the 3rd Japan-Mexico HMSF symposium from 3rd to 6th of December 2006. In conjunction with this symposium, the 1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials (ICACM) is host by the Civil Engineering Faculty of UANL, the Academic Group on Concrete Technology and ACI Northeast Mexico Chapter. The conference will continue the tradition established by Raymundo Riveras international conferences and symposiums on concrete technology held at Monterrey, Mexico since 1971. ICACM will cover a broad range of the subjects related to a design of advanced construction materials with focus on high-strength and high-performance materials, durability, and corrosion protection, materials with smart properties, application of chemical admixtures and fibers, eco-materials and waste utilization, application of nanomaterials. This bilingual (English and Spanish) conference will provide a platform for enhancing intellectual interactions among the researchers from academic institutions and industry; therefore it will be relevant to any person from academia, research establishments or industry with interest on latest developments in construction materials. Topics of interest: High-strength and high-performance materials Application of nano-materials Smart materials Chemical admixtures Fiber-reinforced composites Durability and corrosion Sustainability and eco-materials
SPONSORS
Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len http://www.uanl.mx Nagaoka University of Technology http://www.nagaokaut.ac.jp Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, UANL http://www.fic.uanl.mx Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica http://www.fime.uanl.mx Universidad de Guanajuato http://www.ugto.mx Universidad Michoacana San Nicols Hidalgo http://www.umich.mx CONACYT http://www.conacyt.mx AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE http://www.concrete.org CEMEX Mxico http://www.cemexmexico.com ANALITEK, S.A. de C.V. http://www.analitek.com Bruker Mexicana http://www.bruker.com.mx JEOL de Mxico, S.A. de C.V. http://www.jeol.com.mx 3
ADVANCED AND SMART CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS

DESIGN OF WATER-RESISTANT GYPSUM BINDERS
Jean Pera, Caroline Angulski da Luz and Jean Ambroise Unit de Recherche en Gnie Civil Institut National des Sciences Appliques de Lyon Domaine Scientifique de la Doua, 12, Avenue des Arts Btiment Joseph Tuset, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, FRANCE E-mail: Jean.Pera@insa-lyon.fr Gypsum is a cheap binder but its utilization remains limited due to its bad water resistance. The solutions usually proposed to improve this water resistance consist in adding water repelling agents like organo-polysiloxanes to the mixing water. This paper shows that another solution is to mix calcium sulfoaluminate clinker and gypsum. When hydrating, such mixture becomes water-resistant and gypsum is converted into a hydraulic binder. Therefore, it is possible to develop low cost housing materials, mainly based on gypsum. The experimental results show that the quantity of calcium sulfoaluminate clinker necessary to stabilize gypsum is in the range of 20 to 30%. In such case, resistance to wetting-drying cycles is very good. Building materials like concrete blocks, renders, and screeds were developed and behaved very well under natural weathering for more than 3 years. This can be a solution to valorize large amounts of gypsum by-products and develop low cost housing materials. Keywords: building materials, calcium sulfoaluminate cement, ettringite, hydration, phosphogypsum, water-resistance
AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR AN INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Richard E. Klingner Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, USA E-mail: klingner@mail.utexas.edu Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, concrete-like material with many useful structural and architectural characteristics. It is strong enough for structural applications; it weighs about as much as wood; and its internal structure of closed voids gives it very favorable thermal and acoustical behavior. It can be shaped with hand tools, and can be made with a high percentage of recycled materials. These qualities combine to make it very intriguing for architectural and structural design. In this article, 4

the basic physical behavior of AAC is described; current applications are discussed; and structural engineers are invited to explore different possibilities for its use. Keywords: autoclaved, aerated, concrete, AAC, lightweight, structural, thermal and acoustical behavior
FIBER OPTIC SENSING OF THE INTERNAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR IMPROVED CONCRETE PERFORMANCE
Richard A. Livingston*, Jeremiah Slade**, John Player**, Susan B. Kristoff***, Stephen J. Kokkins*** and Richard Lusignea**** *Office of Infrastructure R&D, Federal Highway Administration, USA **Infoscitex Inc., USA ***Foster-Miller Inc., USA ****Fulcrum Solutions Inc., USA E-mail: Dick.Livingston@fhwa.dot.gov The internal relative humidity (RH) of concrete is an important variable for several reasons. It is an indicator of the progress of the main hydration reaction that determines the concrete macroscopic properties. It can also provide warning of various conditions that can affect the performance of the concrete including self-desiccation, alkali-silica reaction or delayed ettringite formation. Despite its importance, internal RH has not been explicitly measured on an operational basis, because of the difficulties of working with conventional electronic sensors. Sensors based on fiber optics offer several advantages including ruggedness, immunity to electromagnetic interference, compactness and the capability of multiplexing a large number of sensors on a single fiber. A commercial fiber optic sensor for internal RH is being developed under a Phase II Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grant from the U.S. Federal Highway Administration. This is based on a fiber Bragg grating strain sensor combined with a hygroscopic polymer which swells in response to changes in RH. A second Bragg grating is included in the sensor for temperature compensation. Tradeoffs being investigated include sensitivity, response time, size and protection against the high pH pore water solution. Field testing of the sensors will include installation in a bridge on Interstate I-10 in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Keywords: internal relative humidity, Bragg grating, fiber optics, hygroscopic
DRYING SHRINKAGE IN RECYCLED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE

G. Moriconi and V. Corinaldesi Department of Materials and Environment Engineering and Physics Marche Polytechnical University via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy E-mail: g.moriconi@univpm.it, dirfimet@univpm.it Recycled-aggregate concrete, in particular when containing high volume fly ash, is an example of construction material whereby sustainable construction development is feasible with satisfactory performance, in terms of both safety and serviceability of structures, at lower costs and with environmental advantages over ordinary concrete. However, recycled-aggregate concrete is well-known for its higher tendency to shrink with respect to concrete prepared with ordinary aggregate. It could be a problem even if, due to its higher deformability, the tensile stress induced on it by shrinkage strain is certainly lower. Trying to make recycled-aggregate concrete less sensitive to shrinkage phenomena, different concrete mixtures were prepared with the same water to cement ratio by varying the kind of aggregate, either an ordinary crushed aggregate or a recycled aggregate coming from a recycling plant in which rubble from building demolition are suitably treated. Moreover, two kinds of superplasticizer were tested: the first was based on polycarboxylate polymers, the second was based again on polycarboxylate polymers but incorporating a shrinkage reducing group. Both superplasticizing and multi-function admixtures were added at a dosage of 1% and 2% by weight of cement respectively. Compression tests were carried out at different curing time as well as free-drying shrinkage was measured up to 180 days after casting. Encouraging results were obtained in terms of recycled-aggregate concrete shrinkage reduction. Keywords: recycled, aggregate, concrete, fly ash, superplasticizer, shrinkage reducing, free-drying shrinkage
COMPUTATIONAL DURABILITY MECHANICS OF CEMENT COMPOSITES

John Bolander Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Davis One Shields ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail: jebolander@ucdavis.edu Model-based simulation can be viewed as an effective tool for concrete materials development and structural design, particularly when the spatial and/or temporal scales of the problem extend beyond the practical limits of

physical testing. Model-based simulation provides a virtual laboratory for studying the relationships between material structure and the various thermal, chemical, and mechanical processes apparent at those different scales. The bridging of spatial and temporal scales is especially important when studying the life-cycle performance of structural components and systems subjected to severe environments. The presentation concerns the development of a general framework for simulating the performance of concrete materials under environmental loadings. The framework is based on the use of three-dimensional, irregular lattice models of elasticity, moisture movement, and damage in concrete materials, along with the interactions of various types of reinforcement. The sequence of model construction, computer solution, and results interpretation is streamlined to enable model revision and re-analysis within short periods of time. Such an approach facilitates material and structural design within large variable spaces, which may be affected by uncertainty in the design parameters. Keywords: model simulation, concrete, virtual laboratory, structure, life-cycle performance
INNOVATIONS IN CONCRETE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Paulo Helene Escola Politcnica da Universidade de So Paulo Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto IBRACON, So Paulo, Brazil E-mail: paulo.helene@poli.usp.br The goal of that article is to show that the concrete technology as the last but one the most significance construction contribution to human history and evolution. Also is to present the idea that the greats changes in construction practices and design of structures during last 50 centuries must be paid to discover of new materials. New materials are the guide and way for great changes and evolution. United States and Canada, two major economies and developed societies, through ACBM in USA and Bton Canada, have been considered concrete structures as one of the most significance science and technology to contribute for the quality of life for the citizens and defend the national industry. They understand that the knowledge in concrete have the mission to position the national construction industry at the leading edge of concrete technology in order to enhance its competitiveness. Consequently the National Science Foundation in both nations include that knowledge as strategic for the intelligence of country as side as knowledge in natural resources and environment; health, human development and biotechnology; advanced technologies and manufacturing. The good consequence was a large concrete development in the last 15 years. Scientific America, have published 232 documents about research & developments in concrete in the last 10 years. Science News on

line have been published innovations in concrete technology frequently and also Popular Science Magazine recognized conductive concrete as one of 1996's most innovative ideas in product development in the world. During last year the National Building Museum, in Washington, USA, has presented the New Architecture in Concrete called liquid stone with 30 news innovations in concrete technology. When the Egyptian society recognized the physician Imhotep as the first Architect in world, was because he proposed, designed and builds the first Pyramid using blocs of rocks. The Egyptians architects discovered the methods to use properly the rocks to built, instead clay and wood very wellknown at this time. In that manner they could build the most impressive and durable engineered structures representing the power and development of Egyptian civilization, the pyramids. After that Greeks, Persians, Romans and the great architects in Medium age have used the blocs of rocks to built durable and significance structures. Colony and Notre Dame Cathedral perhaps could be the most developed structures using rocks and finding 50m as maximum span. Consequently wood, clay and rocks was determined the way of structures: arches to win spans, structural masonries walls and limited high buildings (4 levels). The great change occurred in XIX Century when the new steel industry allow to Gustave Eiffel design and built her Eiffel Tower, in 1889, with 312m high, surpassing the highest structure in world until that time, the great Pyramid of Queops with 146m high, in Egypt after 44 centuries (4400 years!). When the first Standard for Design Concrete Structures in the world, published in Switzerland, in 1903, the steel construction was much more developed and in 1931 the American engineers astonish the world with Empire State Building, with 383m high. No more structural walls, no more arches to win spans. The construction design had changed for columns, beams and slabs, and the walls were only for hedge off. But concrete have developed so much during last century and now is the most important construction in world, surpassing steel. Many companies have adopted and optimized new technologies based on expertise developed through collaborative efforts with researches in developed centers like ACBM, Bton Canada, Monterrey Concrete group, and innumerable others in the world. Concrete now, much more than others construction materials, response to a real world need. Much of the way we live depends on concrete. Our houses, roads, cities and underground support systems are all structured from this. We must keep that in mind and take the advantage of this spectacular and vital construction material, improving his performance and using it with environmental and sustainability point of view. Treat of a material in transformation, in evolution which can improve much more the construction technologies options in the future. Keywords: construction materials, concrete structures, construction history, construction innovation
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-DENSITY, HIGH-STRENGTH, CEMENTITIOUS GROUT USING NANO-PARTICLES

Brian H. Green Concrete and Materials Branch, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, USA 39180-6199 E-mail: Brian.H.Green@erdc.usace.army.mil This paper describes the development of a high-strength, high-density cementitious grout mixture. This portland cement-based grout incorporated silica nano-particles or nano-silica in the form of an ultra-fine amorphous colloidal silica admixture along with hematite fine aggregate, silica fine aggregate, silica fume, water, and other chemical admixtures to match as closely as possible the given in-situ high-strength rock properties. The grout was then placed in the field with over 200 individual batches to fill the annular space surrounding instrumentation packages previously placed in drilled boreholes. The resultant mechanical properties of the field-placed rock-matching grout (RMG) included unconfined compressive strengths of 91.2 MPa, hardened densities of 2680 kg/m3, and ultrasonic pulse velocities of 4.40 km/sec. The nano-silica used in this field work was a key component in the successful completion of this project. Keywords: high-strength, high-density cementitious grout, cement, nanoparticles, nano-silica, ultrasonic pulse velocity
CALCIUM SULFOALUMINATE CEMENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES AS AN ADVANCED MATERIAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Waltter Lopez-Gonzalez*, Patricia Lopez-Armendariz** and Carlos Castillo-Linton** *Cemex-USA Technical Center, E-mail: waltter.lopez@cemexusa.com **Cemex-Mexico, E-mail: patricia.lopez@cemex.com, carlos.castillol@cemex.com The high cost of conventional fuels, has been driven the cement industry to experiment with alternative fuels and raw materials, some of them with very high sulfur content. Since the last decade, the cement industry has been innovating its processes and products to handle higher concentrations of sulfur and minimizing process issues related with the use of high sulfur concentrations in the kilns, like buildups and plugs in the preheater [1]. One approach has been to develop a new type of clinker capable to fix sulfur in a hydraulic active mineral phase as calcium sulfoaluminate (C4A3S). Besides the value of fixing large quantities of sulfur in the clinker, the sulfoaluminate phase brings new properties to the cement, such as: higher

early strength development [2], and shorter setting times than ordinary Portland cements, that has been used with success for fast repairs of concrete in terms of hours, and also, a high resistance to sulfate attack by eliminating the risk of having tricalcium aluminate (C3A) as part the cement composition [3]. In the other hand, one of the current challenges for using the sulfoaluminate cements more extensively is the difficulty to use traditional concrete technology to pour concrete friendly. The innovation on this arena would trigger the use of sulfoaluminate another new fastsetting cements and binders in the construction industry of the XXI century. Keywords: sulfoaluminate, cement, sulfur, high-strength, short-setting, sulfate-attack
[1] US Patent number 6,599,123: Method to produce cement clinker using high sulfur content fuel. Homero Ramirez-Tobias, Alberto Lazaro-Franco, Juan Carlos MartinezBurckhardt and Waltter Lopez-Gonzalez. [2] US Patent number 6,149,724: Hydraulic cement with accelerated high strength development. Ramon Poo-Ulibarri, Waltter Lopez-Gonzalez and Jose Sacramento Villafaa-Torres. [3] US Patent number 20050126444: Clinker and white portland cement with high sulfur content derived from a high sulfur content pet-coke used as fuel. Waltter LopezGonzalez, Carlos Enrique Castillo-Linton and Graciela Eguia-Marquez.
EFFECT OF CRACK CONTROL ON DURABILITY

Claudia P. Ostertag Civil Engineering Department, University of California 721 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA. 94720-1710, USA E-mail: ostertag@ce.berkeley.edu The talk will focus on a novel micro and macro-mechanical approach to mitigate damage associated with corrosion and alkali silica reaction. The approach utilizes a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HyFRC) composite that consists of both micro and macrofibers to control cracking from the micro-to the macrolevel. The microfibers control microcracking at onset in close vicinity to the reaction sites and synergy between the micro-and macrofibers provides deflection hardening which delays macrocrack formation up to more than three times the load levels compared to plain concrete specimens. Designed initially as a mechanical approach for retarding macrocrack formation it proved, based on preliminary results, to have the potential of producing very significant gains in concrete durability by delaying damage initiation and minimizing damage propagation. Preliminary results on mitigating damage due to expansive deterioration processes such as corrosion and alkali silica reaction through crack control will be presented. Electrochemical measurements reveal that HyFRC composites exhibit far lower corrosion rates compared to control specimens after being exposed to a corrosive environment. Deterioration reduction through crack control from the micro-to the macrolevel not only resisted
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crack propagation and expansion due to alkali silica reaction, but also reduced the reaction rate and reactivity of the reactive aggregate as will be discussed. Keywords: corrosion, alkali silica reaction, micro-and macrofibers, concrete, HyFRC, composite, crack propagation, expansion
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGREGATES ON AUTOGENOUS AND DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE

Tarun R. Naik, Rudolph N. Kraus, and Yoon-moon Chun Center for By-Products Utilization, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee P. O. Box 784, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA E-mail: tarun@uwm.edu This paper summarizes recent research completed by the UWM Center for By-Products Utilization on the effects of different types of coarse aggregate in concrete on the shrinkage properties of concrete. Three types of coarse aggregate were used in the concrete mixtures: crushed quartzite stone, semi-crushed river gravel, and crushed dolomitic limestone. Concrete mixtures were made with and without a shrinkage-reducing admixture. Both autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage were evaluated for each concrete mixture. Concrete mixtures made with semi-crushed river gravel and crushed dolomite showed a significantly lower autogenous shrinkage than the concrete made with crushed quartzite. Use of dolomitic limestone appears to be useful in reducing early-age autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage of concrete compared with using river gravel or quartzite as coarse aggregate. Use of crushed dolomitic limestone in concrete led to the lowest early-age drying shrinkage, followed by semi-crushed river gravel, and crushed quartzite stone. However, at later ages, the drying shrinkage became similar for most aggregates. River gravel often had the highest drying shrinkage at later ages. As a whole, the effect of the source of coarse aggregate on drying shrinkage appears to be noticeable but small. Keywords: aggregate, concrete, autogenous, shrinkage, quartzite, river gravel, dolomitic limestone, drying
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EFFECT OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONS ON COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF CONCRETE

Tarun R. Naik, Yoon-moon Chun, and Rudolph N. Kraus Center for By-Products Utilization, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee P. O. Box 784, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA E-mail: tarun@uwm.edu This paper summarizes recent research conducted by the UWM Center for By-Products Utilization on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete. A standard concrete mixture specified by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation was used as the basis for all other concrete mixtures. Coarse aggregates obtained from 15 different sources were investigated. They were glacial gravel from six sources, dolomite from five sources, quartzite, granite, diabase, and basalt. From the types of coarse aggregates tested, the concrete made with quartzite had the highest CTE, 12.2 microstrain/C (6.8 microstrain/F). The concrete mixtures made with diabase, basalt, and granite showed the lowest CTE, ranging from 9.3 to 9.5 microstrain/C (5.2 to 5.3 microstrain/F). The CTE of concrete made with glacial gravel from the six sources ranged from 9.7 to 10.7 microstrain/C (5.4 to 5.9 microstrain/F). The CTE of concrete mixtures made with dolomite from the five sources was approximately the same, ranging from 10.4 to 10.8 microstrain/C (5.8 to 6.0 microstrain/F). Keywords: thermal expansion, concrete, aggregates, quartzite, granite, diabase, dolomite, basalt
GEOPOLYMERS: PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

Dan S Perera ANSTO, Sydney, Australia E-mail: dsp@ansto.gou.au The durability of ancient Roman cements led to the study of these in the Ukraine in the 1950s and development of slag-alkaline cements. Buildings constructed using these cements in the 1960s are still in existence. They were termed geopolymers by Davidovits in the late 1970s. They are made by mixing reactive aluminosilicate precursors with concentrated alkali silicate solutions to make a stiff paste, which subsequently polymerises on curing at 20-90oC to form a solid. Their physical behaviour is similar to that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and they have been considered as a possible improvement on OPC in many aspects. Geopolymer concrete gave the same or better values than OPC concrete under the same tests recommended for the latter. It is estimated that to produce 1 tonne of OPC, ~ 1 tonne of CO2 is produced,
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whereas only ~ 0.14 tonne of CO2 is produced for the production of the alkali precursor required for geopolymers. This is considered as an important driving force to develop geopolymers to replace some of the applications where OPC is used. The energy required to produce geopolymers is estimated at about 1/3rd that required to produce OPC. The understanding of the chemistry to develop current and future applications such as hazardous and radioactive waste immobilisation, biomaterials, joining of materials, glasses and glass ceramics will be discussed. Key aspects of geopolymer research undertaken in understanding the structure, kinetics, mechanical properties, microstructure and curing will be discussed. Keywords: concrete, environmental, nanoporous, low-energy.
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF NANO-SIO2 ON THE SETTING TIME OF CEMENT HYDRATION

Luciano Senff*, Wellington L. Repette*, Phillipe Gleize*, Marilena V. Folgueras**, Dachamir Hotza* *Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina UFSC, Florianpolis, SC, Brazil **Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Joinville, SC, Brazil E-mail: dhotza@gmail.com In the last years several researchers have studied the use the nanoparticles in cement materials. In general, when the nanoparticles are added in mortar or concrete the properties have improved compared to the conventional materials. The high reactivity of the nanoparticles is the main reason to be considered. Immediately after mixing cement with water, the formation of the concentrated suspension of ions occurs, which progressively forms a rigid structure. Mineral additives can modify the reaction kinetics. In this paper, the effect of nanosilica (nanoSiO2) addition was studied in relation to the setting time of the cement paste. Samples were produced with different amounts from nano-SiO2 in the cement paste (0, 1, 2 and 5% nano-SiO2). The standard consistence paste was maintened by adding different amounts of superplasticizer. CP V ARI - RS cement was used and the setting times were measured with the Vicat needle. In general, it was observed that the addition of nano-SiO2 in the Portland cement paste influenced the whole process of setting. Keywords: nanosilica, portland cement, setting time, Vicat needle.
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FILTRATION RATE VS. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Jos Juan Flores, Bernardo Martnez, Roberto Uribe, Rosa Elba Rodrguez, Homero Montao Centro de Tecnologa Cemento y Concreto, CEMEX Concretos E-mail: homerojesus.montano@cemex.com There is an increasing interest in the use of pervious concrete, mainly because it represents a technological option for sustainable development; as it is well known, in addition to its filtration properties, this kind of concrete has the capability to reduce the noise generated by the vehicles circulating over these types of surfaces. Its main function consists in the water permeation, in order to destine it to diverse uses according to the particular needs of each project. Its filtering capability can be maximized using integral systems designed in accordance to local conditions of pluvial precipitation, subsoil permeability, as well as other environmental factors. In the present project, a characterization of different mixture designs based on this technology is made, using a proposed test which measures the filtering capabilities and analyzes its behavior, in relation to the mechanical properties of compressive and flexural strengths that are achieved under different mixture designs. Furthermore, the tests analyze the individual and accumulated influence of different factors that take part in the filterable concrete design, such as cement consumption, the addition of different percentages of sand, or the use of additives that modify the fresh-state properties, in order to obtain an appropriate range of designs for different service and exposure conditions. Keywords: pervious concrete, filtration, mixture design.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTIC FIBER SENSOR TO DETECT THE FORMATION OF FISSURES IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
K. Rodrguez Carmona, J. M. Lugo Cuevas, A. Mrquez Lucero Centro de Investigacin en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo industrial Chihuhua. Chihuahua, Mxico CP 31109 E-mail: alfredo.marquez@cimav.edu.mx, jair.lugo@cimav.edu.mx When a large fissure is produced in a concrete structures often it is very late to be required because the fissures han been spread. Due to this problem in the present work, we develop a sensor based on optical fiber, to detect fissures from their origin. The aim of this sensor is monitoring the formation of fissures, at their initial stages propagation, in the order to avoid the failure of a structure. The functionality of this sensor was demonstrated since it was achieved to detect the formation of fissures early, in laboratory
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samples. This distributed sensor employs a single optical fiber, with out another arrangement. This sensor can be used also to obtain some information about deformation of the structures, previous to a calibration. Keywords: monitoring, fissure, optical fiber, concrete, structures
EFFECT OF HIGH ENERGY MILLING (HEM) AND ADDITION OF FLUX DURING PREPARATION OF CLINKER FOR ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)
O. Chimal Valencia*, M. S. Corral Garca*, A. de Ita de la Torre** y S. Daz de la Torre*. *Centro de Investigacin e Innovacin Tecnolgica (CIITEC-IPN) Cerrada de Cecati S/N. Colonia Santa Catarina. Delegacin Azcapotzalco. C. P. 02250. Mxico, D. F., Mxico **Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco Divisin de Ciencias Bsicas e Ingeniera av. San Pablo No. 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Delegacin Azcapotzalco. C. P. 02200. Mxico D. F., Mxico E-mail: ochimalv@ipn.mx The theoretical energy consumption during formation of industrial clinker at 1450C is about 1605 J/g of clinker [1]. Nowadays, the prime aim of energy saving regulations is the reduction of CO2 emission so as to prevent global warming, which causes environmental problems on the planet [2]. The reduction of costs via energy saving could be the first purpose instead. In this work, simultaneous influence of particle size reduction of raw material and the effect of a flux rich in sodium, aluminium and flour addition during the preparation of clinker for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) were investigated. Clinker prepared under our conditions was characterized, the results shown that is possible to decrease the reaction temperature below 1450C. Burnability of raw material was related with free lime quantity. Phases C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF were analyzed by Rietveld method. OPC Cement type was prepared using clinker obtained at low temperature and its compressive strength was compared versus commercial OPC. Keywords: high energy milling, flux, clinker, cement
[1] [2] My. Y. Bernarchid, A. Diouri, A. Boukhari, J. Aride, J. Rogez and R. Castanet. Cement and Concrete Research 34 (2004) 1873. Y. Mizuta. Management of Environmental Quality; An International Journal. Vol. 14 No.2. 2003.
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STRUCTURE, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANICALLY MODIFIED CEMENT

Francisco J. Jimnez-Alvarez, Luca Tllez-Jurado, Heberto Balmori-Ramrez Depto. Ing. en Metalurgia y Materiales, ESIQIE-IPN, Zacatenco, 07738, Mxico D. F., Mxico E-mail: francisco712004@todito.com The materials based on Portland cement display some disadvantages such as slowed down hardening, shrinking, low chemical resistance, low resistance to the tension, etc. In order to diminish these disadvantages, in the present work we focused in the introduction of organic component into the Portland cement matrix in order to improve its mechanical properties. The organic component (OC) was obtained from High Density polyethylene (HDPE) by a depolymerization reaction and it was characterized by means of GC-MS and FT-IR. The OC and hydration water was added at the same moment into the cement matrix. The weight ratio of cement/(water hydration + OC) was constant and OC amount (% weight) were varied as follows: 0, 0.74, 1.47, 2.21 and 2.94. The final materials (cement-modified) were characterized by means of XDR, FT-IR, SEM and OM. The results show that the compression strength, and Youngs module were improved and the porosity and the morphology of modified cement were dependent on the OC amount used. Keywords: cement, compressive strength, depolymerization, polyethylene.
THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX ADMIXTURES ON PROPERTIES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CEMENT

R. Hermosillo, A. Alvarez-Mndez, and K. Sobolev Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon AP #17 Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico 66450 E-mail: jz6831@yahoo.com Chemical admixtures can be used to modify the cement grinding process and induce changes in the structure of cement minerals due to mechanochemical activation. A reactive silica-based complex admixture was developed for the modification of cement grinding. This paper examines the effect of grinding on the strength of modified cement produced with different types of complex admixture. According to the test results, mortars based on the modified cement possess a 28-day compressive strength of 106115 MPa, a 25-35% increase over the reference. At the same time, the fluidity of such mortars increases by 18-90%. It is proposed that developed cements can find their application in high-performance concrete. Keywords: chemical admixtures, reactive silica, cement, grinding, mechanochemical activation, strength, high-performance cement. 16
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MORTARS BASED ON PORTLAND CEMENT PROCESSED BY HIGH-ENERGY MILLING
J.C. Arteaga A., O. A. Chimal V., S. Daz de la T. Centro de investigacin e Innovacin Tecnolgica (CIITEC) Instituto Politcnico Nacional CECATI s/n Col. Santa Catarina, Azcapotzalco, Mxico D.F., 02250, Mxico E-mail: jcarteaga_mx@yahoo.com.mx, obedchimal@yahoo.com.mx, sediazt@ipn.mx In agreement with literature there are different techniques that allow increase values of compressive strength in mortars or concretes fabricated using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). One of these techniques is the addition of ultrafine pozzolanic materials [1, 2]; another technique consists in the particle size reduction of cement until some microns [3]. In this work, High Energy Milling (HEM) process is used to reduce particle size of CPC 30R Portland cement. After HEM process average of Particle Size Distribution (PSD) is about 5 m in milled cement. Mortars prepared using this cement showed compressive strength values over 75 MPa. Laboratory studies to determine HEM effect over crystallographic structure and mechanical behavior of mortars include quantification and identification of main crystallographic phases through Rietveld method, heat of hydration, setting time, flow, workability and compressive strength under normal and cryogenic conditions to determine material behavior in freeze environment. Keywords: portland cement, high energy milling, ultrafine powders, compressive strength
[1] S. L. Sarkara, J. Wheelerb. Important properties of an ultrafine cementPart I. Cem. and Conc. Res. 31 (2001) 119 123. [2] Niu. Q. Feng, Yang. J. Effect of superfine slag powder on cement properties. Cem. and Conc. Res. 32 (2002) 615621. [3] De la Garza. G. H. Cemento Prtland Ultrafino de alta resistencia. Tesis de Maestra. CIMAV, Mxico. (2003).
EFFECT OF NANO-SIO2 ON PROPERTIES OF CEMENT BASED MATERIALS

I. Flores, L.L. Garza-Tovar, L.M. Torres-Martnez, and K. Sobolev Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon AP #17 Cd Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mxico 66450 E-mail: ismaelfv1975@yahoo.com.mx Nanotechnology has changed our vision, expectations and abilities to control the material world. The developments in nano-science will have a great impact on the field of construction materials. Portland cement, one of the
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largest commodities consumed by mankind, is obviously the product with great, but not completely explored potential. Better understanding and engineering of complex structure of cement based materials at the nanolevel will apparently result in a new generation of concrete, stronger and more durable, with desired stress-strain behavior and possibly possessing the range of newly introduced smart properties. The research work examined the workability and mechanical properties of high-performance superplasticized mortars with nano-SiO2. Experimental results demonstrated an increase in compressive strength of mortars containing nano-particles. It was found that at constant W/C the application of nano-SiO2 admixture provided 15-20% increase in the compressive strength. The mortars with compressive strength of up to 144.8 MPa were obtained using this approach. Keywords: nano-SiO2, superplasticizer, compressive strength, mortar, highperformance, cement
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FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE
ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES
Victor C. Li Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA E-mail: vcli@umich.edu This paper overviews Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) as an emerging construction material. Emphasis is placed on the accumulated knowledge on durability, safety, and sustainability of reinforced ECC (R/ECC) structures, recognizing that the concrete of the future must meet these characteristics. In light of recent and future full-scale field applications of ECC, the limited studies on long-term performance of ECC are also summarized. Keywords: composite, fiber, ductility, durability, sustainability, safety, design, infrastructure.
CASOS PRCTICOS EN MXICO DE ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO REFORZADAS CON COMPUESTOS FRP

H. Cuadros Abad, H. Orozco Recillas Sika Mexicana S.A. de C.V., km 8.5 Carret. Libre a Celaya, Corregidora, Quertaro E-mail: cuadros.hugo@mx.sika.com El presente artculo describe brevemente algunos casos prcticos en Mxico, en donde se utiliz la tecnologa de los compuestos polmricos reforzados con fibras de carbono (CFRP), externamente adheridos a los elementos de concreto, para restituir su capacidad original o para ser incrementada. Palabras clave: compuestos polmricos reforzados, fibras de carbono, CFRP, concreto
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RESISTENCIA A LA COMPRESIN DE CONCRETO REFORZADO CON FIBRAS

Gonzalo Martnez-Barrera, Mnica Oln-Ramrez, Gerardo Man-Barroso Laboratorio de Investigacin y Desarrollo de Materiales Avanzados (LIDMA), Facultad de Qumica, Universidad Autnoma del Estado de Mxico, Toluca Mxico, CP 50000 MEXICO E-mail: gonzomartinez02@yahoo.com.mx La bsqueda de novedosos materiales de construccin, as como el mejoramiento de los ya existentes, han sido determinantes para el desarrollo tecnolgico de los pases desarrollados. Los materiales fibroreforzados han satisfecho requerimientos econmicos, cientficos y tecnolgicos, en diversas aplicaciones, en donde han sido requeridos. Uno de los factores predominantes es la seleccin adecuada de los componentes que se utilicen para su elaboracin, primordialmente el de las fibras sintticas, de las cuales se deben conocer sus propiedades fsicas y qumicas. Tradicionalmente se han modificado las fibras sintticas mediante tratamiento trmico, ataque qumico, entre otras. Dichas modificaciones requieren de preparar el material o bien tener los disolventes adecuados; a este respecto existe la posibilidad de la modificacin estructural de las fibras mediante energa ionizante: radiacin gamma. En el presente trabajo, se estudian los efectos de dicha radiacin en concretos elaborados con mrmol, arena slice y fibras polimricas; se vara la dosis de radiacin hasta alcanzar 150 kGy y se evala la propiedad mecnica de compresin de los concretos, as como la caracterizacin estructural de las fibras mediante espectroscopia Raman. Palabras clave: resistencia a la compresin, concreto, fibras, radiacin gamma
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SUSTAINABILITY, ECO-MATERIALS, RECYCLING AND WASTE UTILIZATION

HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE: FIELD EXPERIENCE
Mohan Malhotra CANMET, Canada E-mail: vmalhotr@NRCan.gc.ca As a major part of the world economy, the concrete industry must play an active role in reducing the rate of greenhouse gas emissions, which is essential for sustainable development. Because there are few new technologies that can reduce CO2 emissions from the manufacturing of portland cement, the answer lies in minimizing the output of cement clinker. The discussion in this article advocates the use of fly ash, other supplementary cementitious materials, and high-range water-reducing admixtures to help reduce cement production. Keywords: concrete, greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable development, cement, fly ash, supplementary cementitious materials, high-range waterreducing admixture
ROLE OF A MEXICAN ASTM CLASS F FLY ASH IN ENHANCING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

Rosa Elba Rodrguez Camacho, Bernardo Martnez Snchez, Jos Juan Flores Martnez, Roberto Uribe Afif, Homero Jess Montao Romn Centro de Tecnologa Cemento y Concreto, CEMEX Concretos E-mail: homerojesus.montano@cemex.com The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a Class fly ash on mechanical and durability properties of concrete. The fly ash used in this study, from a Mexican source, was characterized by chemical and mineralogical analysis, and by its pozzolanic activity. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 20, 25 and 30 % fly ash by mass of total cementitious material. Concrete specimens were cast and tested to determine the durability of fly ash concrete; the tests used included water, rapid chloride permeability tests (RCPT), migration test, acid resistance and abrasion resistance tests. Also the compressive strength was determined. Mortar specimens were used to evaluate sulfate resistance and alkali-silica reaction. The results of this study confirmed that the Mexican Class F fly ash was suitable in improving the durability characteristics of concrete when used as 25% or higher dosage of cement replacement. Keywords: fly ash, concrete, pozzolanic activity, cementitious material. 21
BLEEDING RATE AND CAPACITY OF CONCRETE

R. Sri Ravindrarajah Centre for Built Infrastructure Research, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia E-mail: ravir@eng.uts.edu.au Pre-hardening cracking of concrete is a common occurrence in concrete and these secondary cracks reduces the durability of the concrete structures. Cracks developed in concrete while it is in the plastic state between 3 to 7 hours after concrete placing is known as plastic settlement and plastic shrinkage cracks. These cracks are closely related to the bleeding process in concrete, which is a natural time-dependent process in a freshly placed concrete. In this process, a portion of the mixing water together with very fine materials, both cementitious and fine fractions of the sand, finds its way to the concrete surface. The bleeding rate in concrete slows down with the time after placing. However, the bleeding process may continue to occur for a period up to 2 hours. When the concrete is placed by pumping it is become necessary to have control over the bleeding capacity to achieve stable concrete mixes under pressure. In addition, pre-hardening concrete cracking is a major concern in hot weather concreting around the world. Both the bleeding rate and bleeding capacity of concrete are affected by the amount of very fine materials in concrete as well as the mix compositions. This paper reports the results of an extensive study on the effects of binder materials and the mix compositions on the bleeding rate and the bleeding capacity of fresh concrete. The parameters used in this study were the water content, superplasticiser dosage, granulated blast-furnace slag as fine aggregate replacement, fly ash for cement replacement, and fly ash as an addition material. The results indicated a direct correlation between the bleeding capacity of the concrete and the initial bleeding rate. The empirical expression is presented is useful to predict the bleeding capacity based on the initial bleeding rate. Keywords: bleeding, fly ash, blast-furnace slag, superplasticiser, water content, fine aggregate
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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS COMPOSED OF WOOD AND CONCRETE

Walter von Roth* Maria de los Angeles Rechy** * Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University Neubrandenburg, Germany ** Faculty of Forest Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Linares, N.L., Mexico E-mail: mrechy_40@hotmail.com This paper discusses the advantages of structural elements composed of wood and pre-cast concrete panels. Both components are relatively light, which decreases the erection time. Related construction work does not require use of water, progress fast and need a minimum usage of scaffolding. Structural connections based on polyurethane or lag bolts are easy to realize, rigid, and safe. Keywords: composite, wood, concrete, pre-cast, polyurethane
EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH FOR COST OPTIMIZATION OF MODIFIED MULTI-COMPONENT BINDERS

A. Amirjanov and K. Sobolev * Department of Computer Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC, Turkey ** Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon AP #17, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicols de los Garza N.L. 66450, Mexico E-mail: adil_amirjanov@yahoo.co.uk This paper describes the application of a genetic algorithm for the cost optimization of a modified multi-component binder (MMCB). An MMCB comprised of Portland cement (NPC), finely ground mineral additives (fly ash, ponded ash or granulated blast furnace slag), and a highly reactive powder component (usually silica fume, SF), was modified by a superplasticizer (SP). Strength models based on the experimental results were developed. The minimization of the MMCB cost for specific strength levels using changing range genetic algorithm (CRGA) is described. The developed CRGA is based on an approach that adaptively shifts and shrinks the size of the search space to the feasible region. The application of CRGA helps to minimize the cost of MMCB with a low resolution of the binary representation scheme and without additional computational efforts. Keywords: genetic algorithm, cost optimization, modified multi-component binder, fly ash, ponded ash, granulated blast furnace slag, reactive powder, silica fume, superplasticizer
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CONCRETOS PARA USO ESTRUCTURAL ECONMICOS, DURABLES Y SUSTENTABLES CON ALTO CONTENIDO DE CENIZA VOLANTE
Alejandro Durn Herrera y Jorge Maurilio Rivera Torres Departamento de Tecnologa del Concreto Facultad de Ingeniera Civil UANL AP #17, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicols de los Garza N.L. 66450, Mexico E-mail: jorivera@fic.uanl.mx Es posible fabricar concretos de alto comportamiento en un proceso holstico que considere un bajo consumo de cemento Prtland, que resulte econmico al incluir volmenes importantes de ceniza volante en una accin sustentable que origina alta durabilidad y al utilizar un aditivo superfluidificante se puede lograr alta trabajabilidad y mayor resistencia. El trabajo consisti en fabricar cinco series de concretos con un consumo bajo y constante de cemento Prtland de 150 kg/m3, variando el consumo de ceniza volante (CV) en adicin de 30%, 60%, 90%, 120%, y 150%. Adicionando aditivo superfluidificante (SF) se produjo un concreto muy fluido con consistencia de 55.0 cm. de fluidez DIN. Al ir aumentando el consumo de CV la resistencia a la compresin se increment en forma importante, con excepcin del caso de consumos de CV mayores al 120%. Para contenidos de CV mayores del 120% la resistencia a la compresin disminuye debido a que no alcanza a darse la reaccin puzolnica por la falta de agua, por lo que se present algo de dificultad para trabajar con el mismo consumo de cemento Prtland de 150 kg/m3. Con la mezcla de referencia se obtuvo una resistencia a la compresin de 75 kgf/cm2 y al agregar CV y aditivo SF se alcanz una resistencia a la compresin de 495 kgf/cm2 (660%) a la misma edad y al ao una resistencia a la compresin de 820 kgf/cm2 (1093%). Adems se observo que al ir incrementando el consumo de CV los concretos producidos eran menos permeables y con menores retracciones por secado. Logrando por lo tanto concretos con altas resistencias a la compresin con un bajo consumo de cemento Prtland, es decir ms econmico para las resistencias logradas al utilizar volmenes importantes de CV que hacen un concreto ms impermeable y por lo tanto ms durable a los ambientes agresivos, se disminuye el calor de hidratacin, y por lo tanto se minimizan los agrietamientos. Palabras clave: ceniza volante, trabajabilidad, superfuilidificante, compresin, durable, economa.
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INVESTIGATIONS ON NEW POZZOLANIC MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE INDUSTRY

Ibrahim M. Metwally and Hanan Anwar R.C. Department - Housing & Building Research Centre 87, Tahrir St., Dokki, Giza 11511, Egypt. E-mail: im2aa@yahoo.com This paper shows the possibility of using waste glass (that is produced from fluorescent lamps factories during industrialization and operating processes) as a supplementary cementing material. The aim of this research is to study the effect of very fine waste glass (FVWG) substitution on the characteristics of ordinary portland cement (OPC) paste and mortar. Microstructure observations of FVWG by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed. Different mixes of OPC and various proportions of FVWG were prepared and hydrated up to 90 days. The physico-mechanical properties of each mix were measured such as, water of consistency, setting times, soundness, and compressive strength. Also, the hydrated behavior (chemical properties) was followed by measuring the free lime content, combined water content, bulk density, and porosity. The results obtained from this research confirmed that VFWG has a remarkable pozzolanic activity. It can be used as a supplementary cementing material and will significantly improve some basic properties of cement. Keywords: waste glass, cement, microstructure, setting times, compressive strength, bulk density, porosity
MICROSTRUCTURE OF ECO-CEMENT WITH HIGH VOLUMES OF WASTE GLASS

P. Trker*, K. Sobolev**, P. Valdez** and G. Isciolu*** * Cement and Concrete Research Institute of TCMA, Turkey ** Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, UANL, Mexico *** BEM Cement, TRNC, Turkey E-mail: pelint@tcma.org.tr This report examines the effect of waste glass materials (window glass, black-and-white monitor glass, brown and green bottle glass) on the microstructure and strength of ECO-cement based materials. SEM investigations were used to observe the changes in C-S-H, CH and interface between the cement matrix and waste glass particles. The SEM observations detected a visible densification around the glass grains, due to partial hydration of glass grains and formation of an additional C-S-H. According to the SEM investigation, the main difference between the glass cement pastes and the reference portland cement, is related to the decrease in the size and the amount of CH, caused by the consumption of CH as a result of pozzolanic reaction involving glass grains. No sign of ASR was found in the 25

investigated samples of waste glass cement. According to the research results, the developed ECO-cement containing 50% of waste glass possessed flexural and compressive strength properties at a level similar to normal portland cement, in the range of 6.9- 7.3 and 44.5- 66.7 MPa, respectively. Best compressive strength values were demonstrated by the ECO-cement based on waste window and green bottle glass. Keywords: waste glass, microstructure, strength, ECO-cement, SEM, C-S-H, hydration, compressive strength
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ECO-CEMENT

Metin Arikan Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University Ankara 06531, Turkey E-mail: metar@metu.edu.tr The world production of cement has significantly increased in recent years. This trend is one of the most significant factors affecting the technological development of cement industry and updating the manufacturing facilities. However, existing portland cement technology has adverse ecological effects, such as consumption of large amounts energy and natural resources and emission of a number of pollutants. The production of blended cement using High - Performance Eco-Cement technology increases the compressive strength of ordinary cement and improves the durability of cement-based materials; this technology also allows the utilization of high volume of inexpensive mineral additives or industrial by-products. In this study, a feasibility analysis was carried out for Turkish cement manufacturers to demonstrate that it is profitable for the cement manufacturers to invest in high performance cement manufacturing. The effects of various parameters on the investment such as sale price, loan amount, interest rate, expected rate of return, etc. were also studied. Keywords: cement, manufacturing, ecological, economical, profitability, investment
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DURABILITY AND CORROSION

THE ROLE OF PRIMERS TO THE REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
Pedro Castro-Borges Centro de Investigacin y Estudios Avanzados del IPN - Unidad Mrida km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, 97310 Mrida, Yucatn, Mxico E-mail: pecasbor@gmail.com The decaying infrastructure of our countries needs a special attention in terms of developing and using techniques for controlling the deterioration processes. The selected technique will depend on several factors which include those of the environment and economics. In developing countries, the use of primers/coatings, as protection to the reinforcing steel, is very common as a repair and/or corrosion prevention method. However their application involves several pitfalls and misunderstandings that need to be addressed carefully. One of the most known cases is that of the Mexican Coasts, where millions of primer liters are used to protect or to repair the concrete constructions. There are successful cases but unsuccessful ones too. The objective of this paper is to describe the working mechanisms of the primers and to discuss several results of research of this topic in tropical marine environment. Some of the results helped to construct tables of efficiency for the primers and others indicated that the galvanic couple formed between the repaired and non-repaired zones last a few time only. Keywords: primers, reinforcing steel, concrete, repairs
PERFORMANCE OF A 40-YEAR OLD CONCRETE BRIDGE WITH EMBEDDED PRE-STRESSED GALVANIZED STRANDS
Paulo Helene*, M. F. Pereira**, P. Castro*** *Escola Politcnica da Universidade de So Paulo, Instituto Brasileiro do Concreto IBRACON, So Paulo, Brazil **University of Montevideo, Uruguay ***Centro de Investigacin y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mrida, km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, 97310 Mrida, Yucatn, Mxico E-mail: paulo.helene@poli.usp.br Despite recent literature prevent the use of pre-stressed galvanized steel in concrete, it was detected a bridge constructed with pre-stressed galvanized strands embedded in concrete that has been in service for more than 40 years showing adequate behavior. A detailed inspection of this Uruguayan National Monument was performed using electrochemical, mechanical, physical and chemical techniques on site and laboratory. Contrary to the
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expected, the results indicated that some strands have developed corrosion that produced ductile failures on only some wires and that deterioration has been mainly due to insufficient concrete cover that produced strand exposure to the atmosphere instead of stress corrosion or hydrogen embrittlement. Keywords: pre-stressed, galvanized, steel, concrete, electrochemical, mechanical, failure, strand, corrosion
CORROSION OF PRE-PAINTED GALVANIZED STEEL STRIP FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Armando Salinas Rodrguez CINVESTAV Unidad Saltillo, P.O. Box 663, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mxico 25000 E-mail: armando.salinasa@cinvestav.edu.mx Durability of paint coatings on galvanized steel strips depends on its (a) internal strength and (b) adhesion to the Zn substrate. In general, paint failure mechanisms involve mechanical damage due to erosion and impact which cause cracking and breaking of chemical bonds in the polymeric matrix of the paint system. This last mechanism is associated with the occurrence of hydrolysis and oxidation reactions, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun and exposure to water. Water exposure results directly from rain or snow or can be formed on the surface of the paint coating by condensation of ambient humidity due to temperature cycling. In the present work it is shown how light surface damage of the paint coating of pre-painted galvanized steel coils, produced during handling and storage, can cause catastrophic corrosion of the Zn coating and lead to paint delamination and extensive formation of blisters, even in apparently sound regions of the coating. Keywords: durability, paint coating, galvanized steel, delamination, corrosion, Zn coating
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STUDY OF THE CORROSION OF HIGH RESISTANCE RODS BY TEMPCORE PROCESS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SPECIMENS
Jorge Arellano*, Francisco Aguilar*, G. Fajardo**, D. I. Martnez* *Facultad de Ingeniera Mecnica y Elctrica-FIME, **Facultad de Ingeniera Civil-FIC Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len ave. Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicols de los G., NL, Mxico. E-mail: dorairma@gama.fime.uanl.mx The process known as Tempcore is used to produce high resistance rods by the formation of a surface layer of quenched and tempered martensite that surrounds a core made of ferrite and pearlite. Such a mixed structure is result of processing hot rolled rods through waters headers that reduce the temperature at the surface below that for the transformation into martensite. This structure is tempered by the heat flowing from the core of the rod, which transforms into ferrite and pearlite while the rod is in the cooling beds. Such processing produces a significant increase in yield and ultimate tensile strength, while maintaining adequate ductility. The economic advantages of this process are huge in comparison with those that require alloying elements or further metal working to improve mechanical properties. A series of experimental trials were carried out in a pilot plant in which parameters such as reheating temperature, water flow and processing time were varied to study their effect on the mechanical properties of carbon steel rods and on the structures formed in the bars. The study is being complemented by to determine the resistance to the corrosion of the rods of high resistance embedded in concrete exposed to chlorides through electrochemical techniques. Also, the characterization of the products of corrosion of the rods absorbed in concrete and service life prediction were carried out. The steels to study have the following chemical composition: a steel G40 within and without Tempcore process (0.26%C, 0.85%Mn, 0.146%Si, 0.023%P and 0.038%S) and a commercially steel R42 (0.36%C, 1.04%Mn, 0.18%Si, 0.013%P and 0.029%S). Keywords: Tempcore process; high resistance rods, corrosion; service life prediction; reinforced concrete.
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COMPARING THE CORROSION ACTIVITY OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE WITH NaCl AND CaCl2 ADDITIONS USING OPC CONCRETE
A.I. Crdenas*, J.M. Miranda**, F. Almeraya*, L. Narvez**, E. Martnez** *Centro de Investigacin en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mxico. **Instituto de Metalurgia, Universidad Autnoma de San Luis Potos, Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, Col. Lomas 2 Seccin 78210, San Luis Potos, Mxico E-mail: angelcardenasmtz@yahoo.com.mx The corrosion of reinforcing steels in concrete is the one main reason for the durability problems of Reinforced Concrete Structures (RCS). The useful service-life of the RCS is drastically reduced because of this phenomenon. This problem occurs mainly when the rebar in the concrete is exposed to the presence of chlorides, as result of the use of contaminated ingredients on the manufacture of the mix, from exhibition in marine atmospheres, for the use of de-icing salts (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) a necessary practice in cold climates, or from accelerating admixtures. In this work a comparative of the corrosion rates was carried out and corrosion products of samples of armed concrete is made so much prepared with addition of NaCl, as of CaCl2, adding in both cases 3% (for cement weight). For the two cases Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC40R) was used with a water/cement ratio (w/c) of 0.45 and 0.65. In each one of the samples 2 steel bars were embedded. The experimentation was during 365 days, maintaining a bigger relative humidity to 90%. The corrosion rates was evaluated by means of the Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) and the likelihood of corrosion was measured with Halfcell potential (Ecorr). The samples with NaCl showed a light change in the corrosion rates from 120 days of experimentation, being smaller in the samples with a relacion w/c of 0.65, however, in the samples with CaCl2 similar corrosion rates were observed during the measurements. Keywords: concrete, chlorides, corrosion rate, corrosion products
MORTEROS CON PUZOLANAS NATURALES MEXICANAS: EFECTOS SOBRE LA CORROSIN DEL ACERO INDUCIDO POR CLORUROS
G. Fajardo, P. Valdez, J. Pacheco, J.G. Montemayor Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicols de los Garza, NL, Mxico E-mail: gfajardo@fic.uanl.mx La corrosin del acero de refuerzo en las estructuras de concreto es el principal problema de durabilidad y que preocupa seriamente al sector de la construccin en todo el mundo. Para prolongar su durabilidad, reducir los
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costos de produccin y disminuir la emisin de gases de efecto invernadero, se ha optado por emplear materiales cementantes complementarios. Mxico cuenta con zonas volcnicas importantes en las cuales se pueden obtener materiales naturales con potencialidad puzolnica. A estos materiales se les conoce tambin como puzolanas naturales. En este trabajo se analiz la utilizacin de una puzolana natural como reemplazo del cemento Prtland ordinario en especmenes de mortero reforzado. Para ello se emplearon dosificaciones de 0, 10 y 20% de puzolana natural como sustitucin en peso de una parte de cemento. Se fabricaron cilindros de mortero con un acero embebido en el centro de los mismos. Los especmenes fueron expuestos a ciclos de inmersin en una solucin de 35 g/L de NaCl y secado a 40 C, para acelerar el proceso de penetracin de los iones agresivos. Las tcnicas experimentales de resistencia a la compresin, potencial de electrodo del acero, resistividad elctrica del mortero y resistencia a la polarizacin fueron aplicadas con el objetivo de caracterizar fsica, mecnica, elctrica y electroqumicamente a los especmenes de mortero. De este modo, se determin la extensin de la vida til de los especmenes de mortero como una medida de la efectividad de las puzolanas naturales utilizadas en funcin del porcentaje de sustitucin empleado. Palabras clave: corrosin; durabilidad; puzolanas naturales; vida til
EVALUACION DE LA CINETICA DE CORROSION DEL ACERO G-42 SOMETIDO A 750 Y 960 oC

F. Gonzlez*, D. Hernndez**, G. Fajardo**, P. Valdez** *Dept. de Materiales-rea de Construccin, Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, San Pablo 180, DF, Mxico **Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len, av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicols de los Garza, NL, Mxico E-mail: gfajardo@fic.uanl.mx La principal problema de durabilidad en las estructuras de concreto reforzado es la corrosin. En algunos pases los costos de reparacin se han incrementado hasta 5% del PIB. Los factores y condiciones ambientales que influyen en este tipo de deterioro son diversos. En el presente trabajo se estudian los efectos del acero de refuerzo en elementos estructurales que han sido sometidos a temperaturas extraordinarias. Para evaluar el comportamiento a la corrosin de varillas usadas en construcciones daadas por incendio, se propuso someter a altas temperaturas (750 y 960 C) una serie de barras del G-42, las cuales posteriormente fueron enfriadas sbitamente. En seguida se embebieron en especimenes cilndricos en concreto hidrulico. Para inducir el proceso de corrosin, se uso NaCl disuelto en el agua de mezclado. El seguimiento de la reaccin electroqumica se llevo a cabo mediante mediciones peridicas, adoptando
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como variables el potencial y la velocidad de corrosin. Para la evaluacin de las propiedades fsicas y mecnicas de los diferentes tipos de varillas, se realizaron metalografas, medidas de microdureza y pruebas de tensin directa. Los resultados preliminares obtenidos permiten afirmar que la cintica de corrosin en las varillas se ve modificada por el calentamiento. En general, las velocidades de corrosin de las varillas sujetas a 960 C es menor con respecto a las dems, se infiere que la modificacin microestructural de la fase mineralgica presente en la superficie de la varilla podra ser la causa de dicho comportamiento. Palabras clave: corrosin, concreto reforzado, potencial de corrosin, martensita.
PORQUE LAS EDIFICACIONES NO SON DURABLES EN EL NORESTE DE MXICO

Rodolfo Meza Salas y Jos Roberto Acosta Flores Institute de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicols de los Garza, NL, Mxico E-mail: arribapatos@hotmail.com, jrobertoacostaf@gmail.com El concreto reforzado como material de construccin en Mxico contina como lder sobre el acero estructural. El auge de este material se inicia en los aos 60s y 70s del siglo pasado y su durabilidad se ha reducido por las condiciones climticas extremas, as como con la contaminacin ambiental con el incremento de la industria en general y la quema de combustibles derivados del petroleo. Aunado a lo anterior, en el uso del suelo hasta hace pocos aos se han estado ejerciendo nuevas normativas para el control de las edificaciones existentes, por tal razn cuando estos han fallado, se han debido entre otros al aumento de las instalaciones elctricas no planeadas de origen que han generado incendios. Por otra parte el incremento en los niveles de las edificaciones ha llevado a la condicin crtica a estos hasta un estado de falla local y en casos extremos hasta la falla general o colapso. A la fecha cuando se realizan rehabilitaciones, estas se efectan todava en la forma antigua tradicional sin tomar en cuenta los nuevos materiales con tecnologa de punta para tal fin. Si bien es cierto que la industria del concreto premezclado en Mxico est vigente con la tecnologa moderna, con excepciones, no ocurre lo mismo con la supervisin, ni mucho menos con la mano de obra calificada, debido a que se ha perdido el estado del arte del concreto hidrulico. Palabras clave: concreto reforzado, concreto premezclado, concreto hidrulico, material de construccin, durabilidad
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POSTER SESSION
CHARACTERIZATION OF MODIFIED ASPHALT WITH DIFFERENT POLYMERS
G. Hernndez-Padrn*, M. L. Prez-Rea ** and R. Blanco Prez*** *Centro de Fsica Aplicada y Tecnologa Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico Juriquilla, Quertaro, A. P. 1-1010, Quertaro 76000, Mxico. **Divisin de Estudios de Posgrado,. Facultad de Ingeniera Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N. C.P. 76010, Quertaro, Mxico. *** Chovatek, S.A. de C.V., Impermeabilizantes Prefabricados Carr. a Monclova km. 19.5 CP 65650, Abasolo, Monterrey N. L., Mxico. E-mail: genoveva@servidor.unam.mx Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) is used in many construction applications, being the most important roadways and roofing. In order to improve their performance, asphalts are often modified by addition of polymers. The polymers could be elastic or thermoplastic materials. The properties of PMAs depend on the degree of dispersion and the microstructural arrangement of both polymeric and asphalt phases, thats why the importance to observe the shape of those structures by TEM. Microstructural shapes and rheological characterization of StyreneButadiene-Styrene (SBS), Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA) and EthyleneGlycidyl-Acrylate (EGA), mixed with Asphalt were studied at different concentration of polymer from 10 to 13 wt%. Technical Characterization such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were used. The samples were prepared in batch mixers at 1800C by 2 or 3 hours. Keywords: polymer modified asphalts, SBS polymer, EVA polymer, compatibility
33
COMPRESSION STRENGTH PREDICTION OF MIXTURES CONCRETE WITH SCRAP TIRE WITH NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH
Jorge Acevedo*, Luis Torres*, Mario Trejo*, Cesar Jurez** *Corporacin Mexicana de Investigacin en Materiales SA de CV. AP 491, CP 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mxico **Instituto de Ingeniera Civil, UANL, AP #17, CP 66450, San Nicols de los Garza, N.L., Mxico, E-mail: jacevedo@comimsa.com.mx, cjuarez@fic.uanl.mx This aim of this study is to investigate the effect of scrap tire aggregate size on strength and moisture migration characteristics of concrete. The present study covers the employment of a neural model allows us to avoid testing a large number of trial mixtures and provides us with new alternatives for the design of new constructive components at low cost. The application of a neural model for the prediction of the compressive strength of mixtures containing variable amounts of scrap tire. The results show an excellent performance of the chosen neural model to make accurate and highly reproducible predictions. Keywords: scrap tire, aggregates, strength, moisture migration, concrete, neural models
PREPARATION OF SIO2 NANOPARTICLES USING FOR THEIR APPLICATION IN CEMENT MATERIALS

Elvira Zaraza M., Leticia M. Torres-Martnez, Ismael Flores, and Konstantin Sobolev Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len av. Universidad s/n, San Nicols de los Garza, NL, Mexico E-mail: letorre@fic.uanl.mx, elzarazu@yahoo.com.mx, sobolev@fic.uanl.mx The most of the research related to nanotechnology of construction materials is mainly focused on the investigation of the structure of the cement materials at nanometric scale. The nanotechnology also offers the possibility to produce new materials for the concrete. In this work SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method. SiO2 nanoparticles were added to the cement and their effect on the microstructure of the cement materials was investigated. The results related to the synthesis of SiO2 nanoparticles and their characterization by DRX, BET, FTIR, and DTA/TG are reported. Keywords: sol-gel, SiO2, cement, concrete
34
SYNTHESIS OF C-S-H - POLYMER HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES

Philippe Jean-Paul Gleize* and Dachamir Hotza** *Departamento de Engenharia Civil ** Departamento de Engenharia Qumica e Laboratrio de Materiais, LabMat da UFSC UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA Centro Tecnolgico, Campus Universitrio - Trindade - Caixa Postal 47688040-900, FLORIANPOLIS - SC - BRASIL E-mail: ecv1phg@ecv.ufsc.br During the last decades, the majority of the advances in cement-based materials performances was obtained by the optimization of the aggregates and particles stacking and, especially, by the reduction of capillary porosity thanks to the rational use of more and more efficient chemical additive. However, in terms of performances, an asymptote is reached. This suggests that the improvement of the mechanical properties only can come from modifications in the finest scales of the material. The interest for nanocomposite materials (e.g.: organic/inorganic) is a consequence of this observation. The proper nature develops a fantastic and great diversity of organisms which use the advantages of this synergy: shells, bones, teeth, etc. These materials exhibit unique properties in the point of view of its tenacity, flexural strength, etc., and this with organic phase content extremely low. The understanding and the reproduction of the strategies of association between organic and inorganic phases used by the nature open great perspectives regarding the manufacture of synthesis materials with atypical properties. The research intends to synthesize nanocomposites C-S-H / polymers or organic molecules. Keywords: C-S-H, nanocomposites, intercalation
INCORPORATION OF NANOFIBRES IN CEMENTBASED MATERIAL

Philippe Jean-Paul Gleize and Wellington Longuini Repette Departamento de Engenharia Civil UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA Centro Tecnolgico, Campus Universitrio - Trindade - Caixa Postal 47688040-900, FLORIANPOLIS - SC - BRASIL E-mail: ecv1phg@ecv.ufsc.br Two of the critical problems of high performance concrete are cracking (mainly at early ages) and its fragility. It is believed that nanofibres can act as bridges that can transfer the tensile stress generated by capillary 35

depression in pores and, can be a solution to lower the cracking occurrence at early ages of cement-based materials. The fragility of concrete increases with the increase of its mechanical strength. The reinforcement of the C-S-H structure with nanometric fibers can allow to produce cement-based materials with higher strength, but also with a ductile behavior. The research intends to incorporate high content of nanofiber in cementitious materials. Keywords: nanofibers, C-S-H structure, concrete, shrinkage, strength, ductile behavior
ADDITION OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBERS AS A NEW APPROACH TO MODIFICATION OF DENSE BITUMINOUS MIXTURES

Serkan Tapkin Civil Engineering Department, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, 26555, Turkey E-mail: cstapkin@anadolu.edu.tr Scientists and engineers are trying to improve the performance of dense bituminous mixtures, namely asphalt for many years. Modification of bitumen is one of the approaches followed in order to improve the performance of pavements. It is believed that the addition of polypropylene fibers to asphalt enhances the material strength by extending fatigue life, exhibiting good resistance to rutting and resulting in less reflection cracking. Because of their inherent compatibility with asphalt cement and excellent mechanical properties, polypropylene fibers offer an excellent potential for asphalt modification. In this study, the standard Marshall specimens were prepared by utilizing optimum bitumen content with and without polypropylene fibers. It was found out that the Marshall stability values have increased and the flow values have decreased considerably. The fatigue lives of the Marshall specimens have been found to increase after carrying out repeated load indirect tensile tests. These changes in the mixture properties demonstrate the positive effects of polypropylene fibers to dense bituminous mixtures. Keywords: dense bituminous mixtures, polypropylene fibers, Marshall test, repeated load indirect tensile tests, fatigue life
36
SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT (PCP) IN TEXAS

Cesar Medina Chavez and Moon Won Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 3208 Red River, Suite 104, Austin, Texas 78712, USA E-mail: cimedina@mail.utexas.edu, mwon@mail.utexas.edu Although prestressed concrete pavement (PCP) has been around for over 60 years, its application in the United States is starting to gain popularity due to its success and for being considered a low-maintenance high performance concrete pavement. A one-mile cast-in-place test section of PCP was built in 1985 on IH 35 southbound lanes in Waco, Texas. The concrete slab is 6-in. thick with 240-ft. and 440-ft. joint spacings. For over 20 years, this PCP section has performed exceptionally well under heavy truck traffic conditions. The pavement shows no signs of distress, except for limited longitudinal cracks at rectangular stressing pockets. These cracks are very fine and appeared at a very early age of the structure and since then have not worsened. Based on the excellent performance of this section over the last twenty years, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) decided to construct two more PCPs in the State. A precast PCP pilot project was constructed in 2002 on a section on frontage road along IH 35 near Georgetown, Texas. This project evaluated the concept of prestressed concrete panels that helped to develop viable design and construction techniques for expedited construction in urban areas. Another cast-in-place PCP will be constructed near Hillsboro, Texas in 2006. This new PCP will be nearly 12 mile-lanes, which makes it the largest project in its class. Based on the excellent performance of previous PCP in Texas, it is expected that the new PCP will provide even better longterm performance at a competitive cost, when compared to other pavement alternatives. Keywords: PCP, stressing pocket, cast-in-place, precast
MANUFACTURED SAND FROM ROCK

John Googins 7609 South Hahns Peak, Littleton, Colorado 80127, USA E-mail: john.googins@netco.com This presentation will look at manufactured sand from rock using all kinds of machines such as Cone Crushers, Rod Mills, Roll Crushers, VSI. It will include analysis of production rates, operating cost, power consumption, wear parts, gradations, particle shape, recirculating loads, crusher efficiencies and classification to concrete sand. The presentation will also consider the fineness modulus of classified concrete sand and how to achieve a suitable
37

product. We will also explore the blending of natural sand and manufactured sand to achieve "Mass Flow Balance" in aggregate plants. Keywords: manufactured, sand, rock, cost, power consumption, gradation, particle shape
EVALUACIN DE LA EFICACIA EN LA REALCALINIZACIN DE CONCRETO REFORZADO CARBONATADO

F. Gonzlez*, G. Fajardo**, G. Arliguie***, C. Jurez** *Departamento de Materiales - rea de Construccin Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco San Pablo 180 DF Mxico **Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len av. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicols de los Garza N.L Mxico ***Laboratoire Matriaux et Durabilit des Constructions INSA Universit Paul Sabatier 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France E-mail: cjuarez@fic.uanl.mx Las estructuras de concreto reforzado estn sujetas a una gran variedad de mecanismos de degradacin. Es la corrosin del acero de refuerzo la principal causa de los altos costos econmicos derogados por los pases que padecen dicho problema en su infraestructura. El objetivo de las diversas tcnicas de prevencin y reparacin por corrosin es eliminar y/o controlar alguno de los elementos bsicos del mecanismo de degradacin por corrosin en las estructuras. La eleccin de la tcnica para cada caso en particular depende de varios factores, entre los que destaca el mecanismo de ataque. Para prevenir o detener la carbonatacin que induce la corrosin del acero de refuerzo, la tcnica de realcalinizacin electroqumica es usada comercialmente desde hace dos dcadas como un tratamiento de rehabilitacin. Sin embargo, se tiene muy poca certidumbre sobre cuales son los parmetros que evalan la eficacia de la tcnica. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar datos experimentales que no solo conduzcan a un mejor entendimiento de la tcnica, si no que permitan identificar y analizar los parmetros y los criterios de operacin que influyen en la funcionalidad y aplicabilidad del mtodo. Palabras clave: concreto reforzado, carbonatacin, corrosin, realcalinizacin.
38
CASING MATERIALS IN GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS FOR CORROSION CONTROL

Juan de Dios Ocampo D.,* Benjamn Valdez S.,** Miguel Schorr W.,** Israel Suceda M.,* Hctor Muiz V.* *Facultad de Ingeniera, Mexicali, Universidad Autnoma de Baja California, Blv. Benito Jurez, s/n, C.P. 21900, Mexicali, B.C, Mxico **Instituto de Ingeniera, Departamento de Materiales y Corrosin, Universidad Autnoma de Baja California, Blv. Benito Jurez, s/n, C.P. 21900, Mexicali, B.C, Mxico E-mail: juandios@uabc.mx Geothermal steam and brine exhibit extreme corrosion characteristics. Corrosion attack occurs during geothermal operation resulting in severe equipment damage. Production well steam and brine gathering systems, injection lines and wells interact with the aggressive components of geothermal steam and brine. The production casing string in geothermal wells are subjected to internal and external corrosion from the production or reinjection fluid on the casing inside and from the reservoir fluids on the casing outside. The casing is also damaged by mechanical wear, particularly if the production casing is deviated of the vertical, from rotating drill string in the well during drilling or workover. There are multiple mechanisms of corrosion attack contributing to the failure of the casing production. These mechanisms involve several contaminants and conditions: carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), iron sulfide (FeS), sulfuric acid, dissolved oxygen (O2), temperature, suspended solids, flow hydrodynamics, etc. Therefore, often is necessary to replace the well casing production, damaged by corrosion using different casings with diverse properties. This paper present the main problems in the casing production of geothermal wells associated with corrosion, and the solution strategies based on new casing material and properties. Keywords: corrosion, casing material, geothermal, production well
CORROSION PREDICTION AND ANNUAL MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS USING NEURAL NETWORK MODELING
A. Cheang-Martnez, J.L. Acevedo-Davila, L. Trevio-Torres y F.A. Reyes Valdes Corporacin Mexicana de Investigacin en Materiales SA de CV AP 491, 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mxico E-mail: jacevedo@comimsa.com Concrete columns and other structural components used in Zinc electrolysis facilities are strongly affected by an aggressive, sulfuric acid rich
39

environment, resulting in very expensive annual repairs. Neural network modeling is a recently developed alternative to determine where and how the structural damage on concrete columns is taking place. This neural network model was fed by four-year maintenance registries data. Modeling showed that the most affected concrete components are those located near liquid zinc crucibles. Neural network model also helped to develop a more accurate preventive maintenance schedule and optimizing the annual repairs investment. Keywords: concrete degradation, neural networks, modeling
ACEROS DE CONSTRUCCIN DE PROPIEDADES ESPECIALES

Zygmunt Haduch UDEM, Monterrey, Mxico E-mail: zhaduch@udem.edu.mx El problema siempre actual en caso de acero como un material de construccin es la pregunta: como llegar a alta resistencia y buena deformabilidad de acero en el mismo tiempo? Aumentando los elementos de aleacin especialmete el carbono, sube la resistencia mecnica de acero pero se pierde las propiedades plsticas del material. Antes para la carrocera de autos se aplicaba acero al bajo carbono sin elementos de aleacin, los que si cumpla factor o propiedad de buena deformabilidad pero con baja resistencia mecnica lo que causaba aumento de espesor de la lamina y aumento de peso de la construccin. En los ltimos aos se elabor varios tipos de aceros los que unen estas dos propiedades; resistencia y deformabilidad. Esto son los aceros HSLA, TRIP, bifsicos, tipo dual entre otros. Varias companias automotriz, entre ellos TOYOTA, ya fabrica chasises de sus autombiles de los aceros 30% mas resistentes lo que significa disminuicin significativa de peso. En la ponencia se presentar las ltimas novedades en el diseo de aceros de propiedades especiales, de alta resistencia y de deformabilidad que sobrepasa 1000% y de excelente soldabilidad, lo que es un futuro en aplicacion de aceros de construccin. Palabras clave: acero, material de construccin, alta resistencia, deformabilidad, soldabilidad
40
AUTHORS INDEX
J. Acevedo 34 J.L. Acevedo-Davila 39 J.R. Acosta Flores 32 F. Aguilar 29 F. Almeraya 30 A. Alvarez-Mndez 16 J. Ambroise 4 A. Amirjanov 23 M. Angeles Rechy 23 C. Angulski da Luz 4 H. Anwar 25 J. Arellano 29 M. Arikan 26 G. Arliguie 38 J.C. Arteaga A. 17 H. Balmori-Ramrez 16 R. Blanco Prez 33 J. Bolander 6 A.I. Crdenas 30 C. Castillo-Linton 9 P. Castro 27 A. Cheang-Martnez 39 O. Chimal Valencia 15, 17 Y. Chun 11,12 V. Corinaldesi 6 M.S. Corral Garca 15 H. Cuadros Abad 19 S. Daz de la Torre 15, 17 J. Dios Ocampo D. 39 A. Durn Herrera 24 R. Elba Rodrguez 14 G. Fajardo 29, 30, 31, 38 J.J. Flores Martnez 14, 21 I. Flores 17, 34 M.V. Folgueras 13 L.L. Garza-Tovar 17 P. Gleize 13 F. Gonzlez 31, 38 F. Gonzlez J. Googins 37 B. H. Green 9 Z. Haduch 40 P. Helene 7, 27 R. Hermosillo 16 D. Hernndez 31 G. Hernndez-Padrn 33 D. Hotza 13, 35 G. Isciolu 25 A. de Ita de la Torre 15 P. Jean-Paul Gleize 35 F.J. Jimnez-Alvarez 16 C. Jurez 34, 38 R. E. Klingner 4 S.J. Kokkins 5 R.N. Kraus 11, 12 S.B. Kristoff 5 V.C. Li 19 R. A. Livingston 5 W. Longuini Repette 35 P. Lopez-Armendariz 9 W. Lopez-Gonzalez 9 J. M. Lugo Cuevas 14 R. Lusignea 5 M. Malhotra 21 G. Man-Barroso 20 A. Mrquez Lucero 14 B. Martnez 14 B. Martnez Snchez 21 D.I. Martnez 29 E. Martnez 30 G. Martnez-Barrera 20 C. Medina Chavez 37 I.M. Metwally 25 R. Meza Salas 32 J.M. Miranda 30 H. Montao 14 H.J. Montao Romn 21 J.G. Montemayor 30 G. Moriconi 6 H. Muiz V. 39 T.R. Naik 11,12 L. Narvez 30 M. Oln-Ramrez 20 H. Orozco Recillas 19 C.P. Ostertag 10 J. Pacheco 30 J. Pera 4 M. F. Pereira 27 D.S. Perera 12 M. L. Prez-Rea 33 J. Player 5 R.S. Ravindrarajah 22 W.L. Repette 13 F.A. Reyes Valdes 39 J.M. Rivera Torres 24 K. Rodrguez Carmona 14 R.E. Rodrguez Camacho 21 W. von Roth 23 A. Salinas Rodrguez 28 M. Schorr W. 39 L. Senff 13 J. Slade 5 K. Sobolev 16, 23, 25 I. Suceda M. 39 S. Tapkin 36 L. Tllez-Jurado 16 L.M. Torres-Martnez 17, 34 M. Trejo 34 L. Trevio-Torres, F.A. 39 P. Trker 25 R. Uribe Afif 14, 21 P. Valdez 25, 30, 31 B. Valdez S. 39 M. Won 37 E. Zaraza M. 34
41

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1

st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

ADVANCED AND SMART CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS

AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR AN INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

DRYING SHRINKAGE IN RECYCLED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE

COMPUTATIONAL DURABILITY MECHANICS OF CEMENT COMPOSITES

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

INNOVATIONS IN CONCRETE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-DENSITY, HIGH-STRENGTH, CEMENTITIOUS GROUT USING NANO-PARTICLES

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

EFFECT OF CRACK CONTROL ON DURABILITY

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGREGATES ON AUTOGENOUS AND DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

EFFECT OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONS ON COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF CONCRETE

GEOPOLYMERS: PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF NANO-SIO2 ON THE SETTING TIME OF CEMENT HYDRATION

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

FILTRATION RATE VS. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

STRUCTURE, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANICALLY MODIFIED CEMENT

THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX ADMIXTURES ON PROPERTIES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CEMENT

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

EFFECT OF NANO-SIO2 ON PROPERTIES OF CEMENT BASED MATERIALS

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

CASOS PRCTICOS EN MXICO DE ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO REFORZADAS CON COMPUESTOS FRP

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

RESISTENCIA A LA COMPRESIN DE CONCRETO REFORZADO CON FIBRAS

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

SUSTAINABILITY, ECO-MATERIALS, RECYCLING AND WASTE UTILIZATION

ROLE OF A MEXICAN ASTM CLASS F FLY ASH IN ENHANCING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

BLEEDING RATE AND CAPACITY OF CONCRETE

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS COMPOSED OF WOOD AND CONCRETE

EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH FOR COST OPTIMIZATION OF MODIFIED MULTI-COMPONENT BINDERS

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

INVESTIGATIONS ON NEW POZZOLANIC MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE INDUSTRY

MICROSTRUCTURE OF ECO-CEMENT WITH HIGH VOLUMES OF WASTE GLASS

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ECO-CEMENT

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

DURABILITY AND CORROSION

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

CORROSION OF PRE-PAINTED GALVANIZED STEEL STRIP FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

1st International Conference on Advanced Construction Materials

EVALUACION DE LA CINETICA DE CORROSION DEL ACERO G-42 SOMETIDO A 750 Y 960 oC