Power System Protection ECE 456

Course Instructor : Prof. Tarlochan Singh Sidhu, Ph.D., P.Eng., C.Eng.

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Protection Relay Technology

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Functional Block Diagram
I or/and V Trip and Alarm Decision Making Scheme logic and output

Input and signal conditioning

The voltage and/or current signal is first reduced to measurable quantities and necessary conditioning done The decision making stage does the actual protection as per the set value The output stage implements the necessary logic before issuing trip and alarm commands.
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Technology Evolution
PROTECTION RELAY

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Technology Evolution
PROTECTION RELAY

Electromechanical

Static

Electromechanical : A protection relay design which uses magnetomotive force in its decision making stage and has moving parts in it. Static : A protection relay design which does not have any moving part in the decision making stage
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Technology Evolution
PROTECTION RELAY

Electromechanical Attractive force Rotational torque

Static

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Technology Evolution
PROTECTION RELAY

Electromechanical Attractive force Rotational torque

Static Analog Electronic Digital Electronic Processor Based

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Technology Evolution
PROTECTION RELAY

Electromechanical Attractive force Rotational torque

Static Analog Electronic Digital Electronic Processor Based Ps DSPs

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Protection Relay Technology Evolution
PROTECTION RELAY

Electromechanical Attractive force Rotational torque

Static Analog Electronic Digital Electronic Processor Based Ps

hardware

software
2005. T.S. Sidhu

DSPs

Relay Technology
Block diagram of a Modern Numerical relay
Crystal Clock

VTA

Filtering & Buffer Filtering & Buffer Filtering & Buffer Filtering & Buffer Filtering & Buffer Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

from VT

VTB

S/H

ADC

VTC

S/H

ADC

CTA

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A L MUX

from CT

D A T A B U S

CTB

S/H

ADC

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

CTC

S/H

ADC

Communication Interface
Digital Output (Relays)

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Electromechanical Relays
Constructions

Plunger-type relays Balanced beam relays Induction disc relays Induction cup relays

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Plunger Type Relays

A simple over voltage relay is shown The coil impedance and turns decide the operating torque The spring provides the restraining force The relay operating value (setting) is thus controlled by both the coil and spring
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Balanced Beam Relays

Beam is balanced for normal conditions During fault, the operating torque exceeds the restraining torque causing the beam to tilt and close the contacts
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Induction Disc Relays

Flux produced by both voltage and current coils. The interaction of these two fluxes produces a rotational torque (like induction motors) Disc rotates and closes contact during fault
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Induction Cup Relays

IZr1-V
+

V-IZr2

Similar to disc, but the freedom of rotation is restricted. Cannot provide additional time delay in operation..

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Solid State Technology (Static)

Common Solid State Circuits employed in Relays
Squaring circuits Phase shifting circuits Integrators Coincidence circuits Level Detection ANDing circuits

The above circuits are realised using transistors, Op-Amps, ICs etc. A combination of the above circuits are used to implement a particular protection in static technology
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Solid State Technology

Squaring circuits

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Solid State Technology

Phase Shifting circuit

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Solid State Technology

Integrators

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Solid State Technology

Coincidence circuits

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Solid State Technology

Level Detectors

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Numerical Relay - Data Flow

ADC

POWER SYSTEM

CTs & VTs

.. 0147 0598 0969 0378 0009

2005. T.S. Sidhu

PROCESSOR

Phasor Estimation - Example

ADC
0009

PROCESSOR
Inputs (3-Window Algorithm) Current : 0009 Previous : -0500, -1230 Processing 1. Calculate Phasors Apply logics (Algorithms) Give Trip Signal

Trip / No-Trip Note:

2. 3.

All these processing should be done within T seconds (1 sampling interval), before the next sample arrives
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Data Flow After T seconds

ADC
0378

PROCESSOR
Inputs (3-Window Algorithm) Current : 0378 Previous : 0009, -0500 Processing 1. Calculate Phasors Apply logics (Algorithms) Give Trip Signal

Trip / No-Trip Note:

2. 3.

All these processing should be done within T seconds (1 sampling interval), before the next sample arrives
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Data Flow After 2T seconds

ADC
0969

PROCESSOR
Inputs (3-Window Algorithm) Current : 0969 Previous : 0378, 0009 Processing 1. Calculate Phasors Apply logics (Algorithms) Give Trip Signal

Trip / No-Trip Note:

2. 3.

All these processing should be done within T seconds (1 sampling interval), before the next sample arrives
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Data Flow After 3T seconds

ADC
0598

PROCESSOR
Inputs (3-Window Algorithm) Current : 0598 Previous : 0969, 0378 Processing 1. Calculate Phasors Apply logics (Algorithms) Give Trip Signal

Trip / No-Trip Note:

2. 3.

All these processing should be done within T seconds (1 sampling interval), before the next sample arrives
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Functional block diagram Relay technology evolution Electromechanical relays Solid state relays Numerical relays Impedance relay design using different technologies
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology
Implementation of a single phase impedance relay in different relay technologies
Electrometrical Static Analgue Numerical

Input signals
Voltage Current

Setting
Impedance setting
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Characteristics

Impedance relay - circular characteristic with center at the origin Im
Im Zr1 Z Operate C Re Restrain

Zr1 Restrain Z C Operate Re

| Z || Z r1 | z z r1
Zr2

Zr2

90o < < +90o

Zr1=Zr2 = Reach setting Z = Vf/If = Measured impedance (fault voltage/fault current)

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Electromechanical

Balanced Beam construction
The characteristic can be defined by

| Z || Z r1 |
Multiplying both sides by I, we get

IZ is equal to V, the voltage at the relay location if Z is the impedance from the relay location to the fault

| V || IZr1 |
This can be implemented by comparing flux

| IZ || IZr1 |
Im Zr1 Z Operate C Re Restrain

IZr1

Zr2
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Electromechanical

Induction Cup construction
The characteristic can also defined by -90o < < +90o where is the angle between Z-Zr2 and Zr1-Z Multiplying both terms by I, we get IZ-IZr2 and IZr1-IZ.
Im Zr1 Restrain Z C Operate Re
IZr1-V
+

Now substituting IZ by V, we get V-IZr2 and IZr1-V. The characteristic can now be defined by (V-IZr2)(IZr1-V) cos ()>0

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Zr2

V-IZr2

Impedance Relay Solid State

Impedance magnitude comparator The characteristic of an impedance relay is defined by
I V

*Z r1

*(-1)

| V || IZr1 |
0 | IZr1 | | V |
Im Zr1 Z Operate C Re Restrain

Convert to dc voltage

Convert to dc voltage

ADD

Level Detector > 0

Trip
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Zr2

Impedance Relay Solid State

Impedance Phase comparator
When is greater than -90o and is less than +90o (the impedance is inside the characteristics), the coincidence between the positive parts of the waveforms is for more than one quarter of the period. The coincidence logic, therefore, provides a means of providing a phase comparator.
Im Zr1 Restrain Z C Operate Re
90o

V-IZr2 IZr1-V

Squaring circuit Squaring circuit Coincidence

Integrator

Level detector Trip

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Zr2

Impedance Relay Solid State

Phase displacement can also be checked using zero crossing detection technique.
V-IZr2 IZr1-V

V-IZr2 IZr1-V Integrated IZr1-V

Phase shifting & Pulse circuits

Squaring circuit

Squaring circuit
AND

Zero Crossing detector

Output of AND gate

Trigger circuit

Level detector

Trip
Trip
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Single Phase Impedance relay
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A L MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Input VT & CT
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

The input current and voltage is reduced to electronics measurable range. Typical 1 to 5V full scale.
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Filtering & Buffering
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

Analogue signal conditioning, to make is suitable for digitizing.

2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Sample & hold
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

Sampling - Converting the continuous time analog signal to discrete time analog signal Holds the signal at the sampled value for digitizing
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Analog to Digital Converter
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

Converts the instantaneous current and voltage to equivalent digital value (0s and 1s) No. of bits representing each value depends on resolution of ADC
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Multiplexer
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A L MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

Sends digitized current and voltage in turns to the data bus. Controlled from DSP
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

DSP
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

Implements distance protection (magnitude, phase comparison, etc) more in next lecture
Find phasor from digital samples Calculate Impedance
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Compare with setting

Impedance Relay Numerical

Digital I/O and Communicaton
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

Digital I/O to issue trip/alarm commands and receive plant status Communication for local and remote communication / SCADA, DCS
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Impedance Relay Numerical

Power Supply & Clock
Crystal Clock

from VT from CT

VT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

CT

Filtering & Buffer

S/H

ADC

D I G I T A l MUX

Digital Signal Processor & User Interface

Data acquisition Digital Filtering Protection Algorithm Scheme logic DR, ER, FR, etc. Comm. & HMI

D A T A B U S

To CB From Plant

Digital Output (Relays)

Communication Interface

Digital Input (Optos)

Power Supply

DC/AC to DC converter to provide power to circuit comments at different rail voltage Crystal to provide reference clock for digital processing
2005. T.S. Sidhu

Relay Technology

Any protection can be implemented in all technology Though technology has evolved from electromechanical to numerical, each has its own strength However the flexibility and series of extra features offered by numerical relays combined with advancements in DSP and communication has made numerical relays very popular in recent times

2005. T.S. Sidhu