Chapter 1

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.
fm Page 2 Saturday, June 7, 2008 7:07 PM
NUMBER
Mathematics began with people counting, and many civilisations came up with symbols to represent
numbers. As people around the world started to cross paths, a common number system was needed.
Eventually the HinduArabic system was adopted all over the world. It is important to understand how
our number system works and the rules it follows.
48901234
4567890123 8901234
5
567890123
4567890123 8901234
0123456789
7890123 8901234
23456789
4567890123456789012345
123456789012345678
234567890123 4567890123
456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
56789
7890123456789012
3456789012345678
901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
56789012345678901234567890
123456789012345678
5678
234567890123 45678901234
0123456789
234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012 2345 3456789013
9012345 678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
1
34
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
01234
67890
345678
9012345 67890123456789012345678
90123456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012
34567890123456
901234567890123
01234567890
123456789012345678901234
5678
012345678901234
567890123456789012345678901
4567890 1234567890123456789 012345678901234567
890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
45678901234567890123456
789012345678901234567 8901234
678901234567890
2345678901 23456789012
45678901234
6789012345678901
34567890123456789012345678901234567
012345678901234567890123456756789012
56789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456
90123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
45678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890
34567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
34567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
78901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
67890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
56789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
56789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
90123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
45678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
34567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
3456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
78901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 3 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM
0123456789
48901234
0123456789
0123456789
567890123
4567890123 8901234
0123456789
3 8901234
In this chapter you will:

456789
012345
0123456789
678901234
56789012345678
5678
567890123
4567890123 8901234
Wordbank
0123456789
4567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789
56789012345678
5678
compare
the HinduArabic number system
with
cube root The value which, if cubed, will give the
234567890123
45678901234
0123456789
0123456789
56789012
456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
56789012
number
systems from7890123456789012
different societies, past
and
required number, for example 3 64 = 4 because
8
3456789012345678
present 901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
789012345678
3
4 = 64.
567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
recognise, read 56789012345678901234567890
and convert Roman numerals 1234567890123456789
0123456789
evaluate
To nd the value of a numerical
78901234
5678
234567890123 45678901234
state the place value of any digit in large
numbers
0123456789
expression.
456789013456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012
34567890
order
numbers of any size, in ascending and
456789012
9012345
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
expanded notation A way of writing a number
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
descending
order
shows the place value of every digit.
89012345678
345678
9012345 67890123456789012345678 that
90123456789012345678901234567890123456
7890123456789012
345678901234567890123
901234567890123
123456789012345678901234
5678
012345678901234
5678901
record large
numbers using01234567890
expanded notation
HinduArabic number system The number
0123
4567890 1234567890123456789 012345678901234567
890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
45678901234567890123456
789012345678901234567
8901234
678901234567890
234567
revise the four
basic operations on whole numbers
system
we use, with the
numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2345678901
756789012345678901234 45678901234
6789012345678901
34567890123456789012345678901234567
0123456789012345
901234567890123456789
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
6, 7, 8 and 9.
apply
order of operations to simplify expressions
4567890123456789012340123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
numeral A symbol that stands for a number, such
890123456789012345678
567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
123456
divide
two-digit and three-digit numbers by a two345678901234567890123901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
as 8 or X.
digit
number
4567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
890123456789012345678
234567890123456789012 9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890
order of operations The rules for calculating an
use3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
the symbols of mathematics, including
789012345678901234567
3
234567890123456789012
8901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
expression containing mixed operations, such as
and
.
678901234567890123456 34567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234
14 2 4 + 1.
1234567890123456789017890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
6789012345678901234562345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
that the position of a digit
place value The way123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
012345678901234567890 789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
5678901234567890123451234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
in a number tells us its value.
0123456789012345678906789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
456789012345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
9012345678901234567895678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
4567890123456789012340123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
890123456789012345678 56789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
345678901234567890123901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
8901234567890123456784567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
234567890123456789012 901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
7890123456789012345673456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
2345678901234567890128901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
678901234567890123456 3456789012345678901234567890 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789017890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
6789012345678901234562345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
Start up
Worksheet
1-01
Brainstarters 1
Worksheet
1-02
Multiplication facts
Skillsheet
1-01
1 Write the answers to the following.

a 10 10
b 47
d 7+9
e 10 10 10
g 99
h 26 8
j 65
k 99 11
m 18 3
n 7 12
p 128 4
q 137 + 45
s 452 140
t 280 10
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
2 Write each of these numbers in words.

a 45
b 120
d 3680
e 5001
c 138
f 47 613
900 + 30
35 5
1000 + 200 + 50
75 16
128 24
35 12
3601 59
3 Write each of the following numbers using numerals.

a sixty-eight
b seven hundred
c two thousand and four
d eight hundred and ninety-nine
e ten thousand, four hundred and ninety-two
Reading and writing

large numbers
1-01 The ancient Egyptian number system

The ancient Egyptians used one of
the earliest number systems about
5000 years ago. Pictures called
hieroglyphs represented words or
sounds. They were written on papyrus
(a type of paper made from reeds) or
painted on walls.
The hieroglyphic symbols used by the Egyptians were:
1
10
20
...
100
(coiled rope)
200
...
...
1000
(lotus flower)
10 000
100 000
1 000 000 (million)
(bent reed)
(fish)
(man with hands raised in surprise)
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
Example 1
Show how an ancient Egyptian would have written each of these numbers.
a 25
b 126
c 3468
Solution
a
Example 2
If ancient Egyptian numerals could be written in any order, how could 125 be written?
Solution
or
or
Exercise 1-01
1 If you were an ancient Egyptian student, how would you write these numerals?
a 7
b 37
c 165
d 268 301
e 3 251163
f 1253
Ex 1
2 Use our numerals to write the numbers represented by these Egyptian numerals.
a
b
c
d
3 Write the answer to these in Egyptian numerals.

a
minus
b
plus
c
plus
d
minus
CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS
4 State one advantage and one disadvantage of working with ancient Egyptian numerals.
5 Why do you think a picture of a surprised man was used by the ancient Egyptians to
represent a million?
1-02 Australian Aboriginal number systems

The Australian Aboriginal way of life had no need for a complicated number system. Their
society relied on story-telling, using the spoken language rather than writing, and
Aboriginal people did not have symbols for numbers. Different regions had their own
names for numbers.
The Belyando River people of central Queensland used only two words to name their
numbers:
1 = wogin
2 = booleroo
4 = booleroo booleroo
3 = booleroo wogin
The Kamilaroi people lived in northern New South Wales, including the regions
surrounding Moree and Tamworth. They used three words to name their numbers.
1 = mal
2 = bularr
4 = bularr bularr
3 = guliba
6 = guliba guliba
5 = bularr guliba
Exercise 1-02
1 How did the Belyando River people form words for the numbers 3 and 4?
2 How did the Kamilaroi people form words for 4, 5 and 6?
3 Answer the following, using the correct Aboriginal words:
a wogin + booleroo wogin
b guliba bularr
c bularr + bularr + mal
d booleroo booleroo
e guliba guliba guliba
f bularr bularr mal
4 State one advantage and one disadvantage of working with Aboriginal numbers.
1-03 The Babylonian number system

The ancient kingdom of Babylon existed from about 3000 to 200 BC where Iraq is today.
Babylonian writing used wedge shapes called cuneiform. The wedges were stamped into
clay tablets which were then baked. Babylonian numerals also used cuneiform.
While our number system is based on 10 and 100, the Babylonian number system was based
on 10 and 60. This wedge stood for 1:
A sideways wedge stood for 10:
A larger wedge stood for 60:
10
20
30
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
...
60
70
...
80
...
120
130
Example 3
Show how a Babylonian would have written each of these numbers.
a 15
b 252
Solution
a
b For numbers greater than 60, we need to nd how many 60s divide into them.
252 60 = 4 and remainder 12
because 4 60 = 240
So 252 = (4 60) + 10 + 2.
In Babylonian numerals, 252 is:
Exercise 1-03
1 How would you write each of these numerals using our numerals?
a
b
Notice that there was no need for a zero.

2 Use Babylonian numerals to write each of these amounts.
a 26
b 58
c 107
d 300
e 144
f 401
Ex 3
3 State one advantage and one disadvantage of working with the Babylonian number
system.
1-04 The Roman number system

The Roman empire was one of the greatest
empires. Roman numerals were invented
about 2000 years ago. They were used until
the end of the 16th century. Today they are
used mainly in clocks and for some page
numbers in books.
The Romans used the following numerals:
1
2
3
4
5
I
II
III
IV
V
6
7
8
9
10
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
50
L
100
C
500
D
Skillsheet
1-02
Roman numerals
Worksheet
1-03
Roman numerals
1000
M
The Romans had an unusual method of writing certain numbers:

Instead of writing 4 as IIII, they wrote IV meaning V I (that is 5 1 = 4).
Instead of writing 9 as VIIII they wrote IX meaning X I (that is 10 1 = 9).
For 90, they wrote XC (that is 100 10 = 90).
Example 4
Write each of the following in Roman numerals.
a 23
b 46
c 101
d 249
Solution
a 23 is XXIII
d 249 is CCXLIX
b 46 is XLVI
c 101 is CI
Exercise 1-04
1 Titus, a student in ancient Rome, wrote these numerals. Change them into our
numbers.
a XXVI
b XL
c CCLXIV
d LIV
e MMCLIX
f MCMXC
g XCVIII
h MDVII
2 What would Titus have written for these numbers?
a 365
b 36
c 79
e 2600
f 344
g 999
Ex 4
d 97
h 3473
3 Why do you think Roman numerals are no longer widely used?

4 The Roman word for hundred was centum which is why C stands for 100. List some
words beginning with cent that mean one hundred of something.
1-05 The modern Chinese number system

Chinese people today use the numerals below.
Worksheet
1-04
10
100
Ancient Chinese rod

numerals
1000
10000
Worksheet
1-05
The Chinese write from top to bottom.

The symbols in a number are grouped in
pairs and the numbers in each pair are
multiplied together.
The products are added to give the
number.
Mayan numerals
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
Example 5
Write each of these Chinese numbers using our number system.
a
b
Solution
a
6 10 = 60
3 100 = 300
4= 4
64
7 10 = 70
5=
5
375
Exercise 1-05
1 Use our numerals to rewrite these Chinese numerals Zhang Li wrote.
a
Ex 5
2 If you were writing to Zhang Li, how would you write each of these numbers using
Chinese numerals?
a 13
b 46
c 175
d 999
3 What are the difculties in working with modern Chinese numerals?
Working mathematically
Communicating
Calendar month
Make a calendar for the month of
your birthday using a different type
of number system. Are some
number systems easier to use than
others? Why?
1-06 The HinduArabic number system

Worksheet
1-06
Ancient number
systems
Our number system goes back to the Hindus (who lived in India) and came to Europe
through the Middle East/Arabia. Our system needs only ten symbols called digits: 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. It is easier to use because it has a zero and the position of each numeral
determines its value. This is called place value. The numerals rst appeared in Europe in
the 10th century, but were different to the ten numerals we use today.
The following table shows how our numerals have changed over time.
Numerals
Date
Origin
200 BC
Hindu
Hindu
AD
800
Hindu
AD
900
Arabic
AD
976
Spanish
AD
1400
Italian
AD
1480
Caxton
(Printer)
AD
10
The Hindus called the zero sunya meaning a void. Other names used were cipher,
nought and the Arabic sifr.
Even today, different cultures use different symbols:
or
or
or
Place value
Skillsheet
1-03
We can write any number using only ten symbols or digits. When we write numbers, each
column has a special value called the place value.
Place value
Example 6
Worksheet
1-07
Big numbers
Write the value of each of the digits in 4625.

Solution
In 4625:
10
5 has a value of 5
2 has a value of 20
6 has a value of 600
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
or
or
or
or
51
2 10
6 100
4 1000
Example 7
What is the value of each of the digits in 501?
Solution
In 501:
1 has a value of 1
(zero used to mark a place)
0 means there are no tens
Another way to show the meaning of each digit in a number is with a place-value table.
Ten thousands
Thousands
Hundreds
Tens
Ones
138
4625
501
82 350
Example 8
What value does the digit 5 have in:
a 57?
b 235?
Solution
a In 57, the 5 has a value of 50 (or 5 tens).
b In 235, the 5 has a value of 5 (or 5 units).
Exercise 1-06
1 Write the value of each digit in the following numbers, then write each number
in words.
a 609
b 1039
c 70 104
d 504 860
e 9 134 671
f 5 837 000
g 4001
h 205 689
i 34 000 036
Ex 6
2 Write each of the following using numerals.

a eight thousand, seven hundred and ninety-six
b three million and eighty-eight
c two thousand, three hundred and eighty-ve
d six thousand, nine hundred and seven
e four hundred and twenty thousand, eight hundred and thirty
f three hundred and nine thousand, two hundred and eleven
g one million, two hundred and eighty thousand, four hundred and sixty
h twelve million, nine hundred and one
11
3 What are the advantages of using a HinduArabic number system?

4 What is the value of 7 in 237 601? Select A, B, C or D.
A 7 hundred
B 7 thousand
C 70 thousand
D 7 hundred thousand
5 In 2 982 645, which digit is in the ten thousands place? Select A, B, C or D.
A2
B9
C8
D6
Ex 7
6 Place these numbers in a place-value table, as shown on the previous page.

a 48
b 382
c 2751
d 3020
e 15 364
f 44 040
Ex 8
7 What is the value of the digit 5 in each of these numbers?

a 45
b 1057
c 1526
d 12 345
e 65 013
f 51 480 260
a 123
b 2356
c 32 185
d 85 532
e 1 385 264
f 3 485 260
a 4281
b 124 386
c 6004
d 4 316 725
e 362 154
f 1 426 813
10 Arrange the numbers in each of these sets in order, from smallest to largest.
a 321, 17, 8000
b 17, 707, 27, 63
c 246, 3596, 5369, 432, 16, 6125
d 123, 321, 132, 231, 213
e 1045, 450, 145, 82
f 721, 243, 43, 4372, 722
g 380 211, 308 022, 300 806, 392 084
h 4 856 231, 4 766 372, 1 429 950, 3 006 853
11 How many times is the rst 3 bigger than the second 3 in each of these numbers?
a 1433
b 1343
c 3143
d 2 352 312
Worksheet
1-08
Base 8 number system
1-07 Expanded notation

One way to show the place value of each digit in a number is to use expanded notation.
Example 9
Write each of these numbers using expanded notation.
a 345
b 3287
Solution
a 345 = (3 100) + (4 10) + (5 1)
= 3 102 + 4 10 + 5 1
b 3287= (3 1000) + (2 100) + (8 10) + (7 1)
= 3 103 + 2 102 + 8 10 + 7 1
12
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
102
10 squared means 10 10 = 100
103
10 cubed means 10 10 10 = 1000
104
10 to the power of 4 means 10 10 10 10 = 10 000
The power of 10 shows how many zeros follow the 1 in the number.
Exercise 1-07
1 Write each of these numbers using expanded notation.
a 56
b 3562
c 416
d 502
f 10 253
g 38 002
h 59 644
i 3809
Ex 9
e 1001
j 120 435
2 Write each of these as a single number.

a (5 100) + (2 10) + (4 1)
b (6 1000) + (5 100) + (3 10) + (7 1)
c (4 102) + (2 10) + (9 1)
d (6 103) + (4 102) + (7 10) + (3 1)
e 8 104 + 2 103 + 3 102 + 4 10 + 3 1
f 3 103 + 0 102 + 5 10 + 7 1
g 7 104 + 6 103 + 0 102 + 0 10 + 1 1
h 1 104 + 0 103 + 9 102 + 9 10 + 9 1
i 3 105 + 4 104 + 4 103 + 2 102 + 2 10 + 0 1
j 9 105 + 0 104 + 0 103 + 9 102 + 9 10 + 9 1
3 What is 9047 in expanded notation? Select A, B, C or D.
A 9 1000 + 4 100 + 7 10
B 9 1000 + 4 10 + 7 1
C 9 1000 + 4 100 + 7 1
D 9 100 + 4 10 + 7 1
4 Find out what to expand means. Is the dictionary meaning the same as the one in
mathematics?
Just for the record
Googol-plexing
The number 10100, the googol, is 1 followed by one hundred zeros. The name googol
was created by the 9-year-old nephew of American mathematician Dr Edward Kasner.
The number 10googol, that is 1 followed by a googol zeros, is called the googolplex.
The googol is a very big number but it is rarely used for practical purposes. Even the
number of particles in the observable universe, estimated at being between 1072 and
1087, is less than a googol!
The Internet search engine Google was named after the googol, to reect the huge
size of the world wide web. It was invented in 1996 by two Stanford University
students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Google is a powerful search engine because
it can nd information from at least 25 billion web pages in less than 1 second.
How many googols are there in a googolplex?
13
Mental skills 1A
Maths without calculators
Multiplying by a multiple of 10
Place value allows us to simply add zeros to the end of a number whenever we multiply
by a power of 10. The zeros at the end shift all the other digits one or more places to the
left which results in them having higher place values.
1 Examine these examples.
a 37 10 = 370
b 45 100 = 4500
c 16 1000 = 16 000
d 100 1000 = 100 000
e 7 90 = 7 9 10 = 63 10 = 630
f 5 400 = 5 4 100 = 20 100 = 2000
g 12 300 = 12 3 100 = 36 100 = 3600
h 40 800 = 4 10 8 100 = 4 8 10 100 = 32 100 = 32 000
2 Now simplify these.
a 18 100
e 315 1000
i 3 80
m 2 6000
q 5 80
b
f
j
n
r
26 1000
1000 1000
8 200
11 900
25 20
c
g
k
o
s
77 10 000
294 10
6 50
4 400
300 60
d
h
l
p
t
10 100
475 100
7 30
5 700
900 4000
1-08 The four operations

Worksheet
1-09
Four operations
There are four basic operations in our number system:

+ addition
multiplication
subtraction
The old symbols for writing these operations are:
division
We will now review these operations.
Example 10
Copy and complete this number grid.
14
8
12
Solution
+
14
12
14
12
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
14
5+8
14 + 8
13
22
5 + 12 14 + 12
17
26
14
13
22
12
17
26
Example 11
Copy and complete this number grid.
12
30
20
65
Solution
+
12
30 12
30
20
12
18
65
20
30
20 + 12
32
65 20
12
45
63
18
30
63
65
20
32
65
45
18 + 45
Exercise 1-08
Use the link to Worksheet 110 to print the number grids in this exercise.
1 Copy and complete these number grids.
a
15
41
28
19
11
Ex 10
Worksheet
1-10
Number grids
Worksheet
1-11
Arithmagons

a top row side column
b top row side column
19
25
54
TLF
c top row side column
78
37
128
12
26
239
The take-away bar: go

gure
243 412
TLF
11
L 90
The multiplier: go gure
TLF
L 2006
The divider: with or

without remainders

a
L 102
15
10
23
17
12
20
TLF
L 82
The multiplier: make your

own hard multiplications
15

a top row side column
b top row side column
Ex 11
36
48
32
c top row side column
64
60
100

a
10
50
80
16
26
100
+
22
28
13
33
14
6 Find the missing numbers (top row side column).

a
20
15
17
15
12
11
11
7 Find the missing numbers.

a
12
56
28
10
90
40
4
8 Find the missing numbers (top row side column).

a
16
24
3
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
4
24
72
24
10
5
Using technology
Skillsheet
1-04
What is a spreadsheet?
Spreadsheets
A spreadsheet is like a calculator. We can enter data and solve many problems more easily,
using an Excel spreadsheet.
Spreadsheets are made up of many cells. As we go across the page, we change the
column (A, B, C, D, etc.). As we go down the page, the row changes (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).
Using formulas
To write a formula in a cell, always start with an equal sign =. A spreadsheet uses special
symbols to do calculations. Consider these basic operations:
a =A1+A2+A3 or =sum(A1:A3) means add the values in cells A1, A2 and A3
b =A5-A4 means subtract the value in cell A4 from the value in cell A5
c =A1*A3 means multiply the value in cell A1 by the value in cell A3
d =A5/4 means divide the value in cell A5 by 4 (/ is used instead of )
e =A2^2 means square the value in cell A2 (instead of (A2)2)
f =average(A1:A5) means nd the average of all values in cells A1 to A5
1 Enter the following numbers into cells as shown below, where m represents the
value in cell B1, n is the value in cell B2, p is the value in cell B3, and so on.
2 Enter the following formulas into the given cells.

a C1, q 7 (means enter the formula into cell C1 as shown above)
b C2, n m
c C3, 2 r 7
d C4, 3 ( p + q)
e C5, p q r
f C6, p2
3m
g C7, -------------2
rp
h C8, ----------3
j C10, average of m, n, p, q and r
i C9, m + n + p + q + r
q
r
k C11, ---- ---m p
3 Choose different values and enter them into cells B1 to B5. Consider the new
answers obtained in column C, for the formulas entered from question 2.
17
Applying strategies and reasoning
Double-digit dice game

This is a game for two or more players using one die.
Instructions
Step 1: Copy the scoresheet shown on the right.
Step 2: Each player rolls the die seven times and,
for each roll, can choose to write the
number in either the tens column or the
units column of his or her scoresheet.
Step 3: Each player nds the total of his or her
seven numbers. The winner is the person
with a total closest to 99.
Step 4: Play the game again and work out a
strategy to improve your score.
Scoresheet
Roll
Tens
Units
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Total
Mental skills 1B
Maths without calculators
Dividing by a multiple of 10
Place value allows us to remove zeros from the end of a number when we divide by a
power of 10. The deleted zeros shift all the other digits one or more places to the right
which results in them having lower place values.
1 Examine these examples.
a 2000 10 = 2000 10 = 200
b 1800 100 = 1800 100 = 18
c 37 000 100 = 37 000 100 = 370
d 6 000 000 1000 = 6 000 000 1000 = 6000
e 6000 200 = 6000 100 2 = 60 2 = 30
f 350 70 = 350 10 7 = 35 7 = 5
g 2800 40 = 2800 10 4 = 280 4 = 70
h 40 000 5000 = 40 000 1000 5 = 40 5 = 8
2 Now simplify these.
a 200 10
e 1900 10
i 180 30
m 4200 60
q 24 000 600
18
b
f
j
n
r
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
6000 100
2600 100
300 50
21 000 700
24 000 3000
c
g
k
o
s
45 000 100
530 10
1600 400
44 000 2000
64 000 80
d
h
l
p
t
30 000 1000
720 000 1000
45 000 5000
1600 200
5400 900
1-09 Dividing by a two-digit number

In primary school, you studied division by a single-digit number. We will now divide
numbers by a two-digit number using two different methods.
Worksheet
1-09
Four operations
Example 12
Divide $312 among 12 people.
Solution
Method 1: Long division
26
12 312 12 into 31 is 2
24
72 12 into 72 is 6
72
0
Method 2: Preferred multiples

26
12 312
120
192
120
72
72
0
Each person receives $26.
10 times
10 times
6 times
26 times
Example 13
Simplify 296 21. Then complete: 296 =
Solution
Method 1: Long division
14 remainder 2
21 296 21 into 29 is 1
21
86 21 into 86 is 4
84
2
Method 2: Preferred multiples

14
21 296
210
86
84
remainder 2
10 times
14 times
4 times
2
- , so 296 = 14 21 + 2
Answer = 14 ----21
Exercise 1-09
1 Find the answers for the following.
a 180 15
b 462 22
d 666 18
e 992 31
g 900 25
h 667 23
Ex 12
c 731 17
f 78 13
i 85 17
19
Ex 13
2 Carry out these divisions and write your answers in the form:
=
a 304 12
b 505 14
c 99 26
d 917 19
e 958 34
f 869 28
g 594 27
h 79 13
i 815 40
3 At a party 275 lollies are shared equally among 25 children. How many lollies does each
child get?
4 A piece of wood 390 cm in length is to be cut into 15 equal pieces. How long is each
piece?
Worksheet
1-12
Reasoning
Magic squares
Magic squares have every row,
column and diagonal adding to the
same magic sum. The Lo-Shu magic
square dates back to about 2200 BC. It
appeared on an ancient Chinese tablet
and was rst drawn on a tortoise shell
given to the Emperor Yu.
Magic squares
1 a Draw a 3 3 magic square frame. Write the Lo-Shu magic square into your frame
using the numbers 1 to 9. (Hint: Count the dots. Top left-hand corner is a 4.)
b What is the magic sum for the Lo-Shu square?
2 Which of these squares are not magic?
a
42
14
34
22
30
26
46
21
15
38
12
18
30
38
28
18
16
24
32
20
30
12
3 Make these squares magic by nding the missing numbers.

a
29
19
33
44
39
21
35
21
49
12
34
48
33
20
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
45
27
42
4 Another famous magic square appears in a woodcut by the German artist

Albrecht Drer, who lived from 1471 to 1528. It is called the magic square of
Jupiter.
a Find the 4-digit numeral contained
within the square that identies a
year that occurred during Drers
lifetime.
b What is the magic sum for this 4 4
square?
c Find ve 2 2 squares within the
magic square for which the numbers
have the same total as the magic sum.
d Apart from the two diagonals, nd four
numbers each from a different row and
column that add to the magic sum.
There are more than two solutions.
Using technology
Sorting data
Sort the set of numbers {60, 107, 85, 6, 28, 45, 265} using a spreadsheet, by following
the instructions shown below.
1 a Enter the numbers, in the given order, into column A.
b Highlight cells A1 to A8 and choose Data and Sort.
21
c Choose Sort by Column A and Ascending as shown below.
d The data should now be sorted from smallest number (cell A1) to the largest
number (cell A7).
e A set of numbers can also be sorted in descending order. Highlight the cells and
choose Sort by Column A and Descending.
2 Now sort these sets of numbers in the columns given, by repeating this method.
a Enter {55, 89, 36, 21, 19, 4, 95} in column B
b Enter {263, 141, 940, 508, 836, 392, 1063} in column C
c Enter {4987, 4200, 8740, 9005, 2601, 2514, 4810} in column D
d Enter {16 101, 12 167, 10 010, 11 412, 10 107, 10 761, 11 214} in column E
3 Sort the data from question 2 in descending order, for each of columns B to E.
1-10 Order of operations
Example 14
Find the value of (5 + 13) 2.
Solution
(5 + 13) 2
=
{ {
The order of operations rules

First:
Work out the value within any grouping symbols, starting with the innermost
grouping symbols:
parentheses or round brackets ( ) square brackets [ ] braces { }.
Second: Work out multiplication or division as you come to it, going from left to right.
Third:
Work out addition or subtraction as you come to it, going from left to right.
22
18
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
work out grouping symbols

division
answer
Example 15
1 Find the value of 15 5 8.
24
Solution
5+627
division
{ {{
{ {
Solution
15 5 8
2 Find the value of 5 + 6 2 7.

multiplication
multiplication
= 5 + 12 7
addition
answer
subtraction
17
10
answer
Example 16
Find the value of 25 [7 (5 3) + 4].
Solution
25 [7 (5 3) + 4]
{ {
{ {
innermost grouping symbols
= 25 [7 2 + 4]
grouping symbols: inside multiplication rst
= 25 [14 + 4]
grouping symbols
= 25
subtraction
18
answer
Exercise 1-10
1 Evaluate (nd the value of) each of the following.
a 12 (3 + 5)
b (16 3) 2
d (3 2) 5
e (2 + 5) 6
g 7 (25 12)
h 36 (14 10)
j 120 (34 24)
k 5 + 6 (50 10)
c
f
i
l
(60 + 12) 6
(12 4) 4
(5 7) 16
(77 11) 7
2 Evaluate the following.

a 3+52
d 19 4 4 1
g 2 10 9 + 28
j 4833
c
f
i
l
5+327
17 + 8 3 2
9 + 28 12
60 8 4 + 20
b
e
h
k
20 2 5
24 5 5 + 7
42 7 5
109 + 36 4
3 12 4 + 8 5 = ? Select A, B, C or D.
A5
B 16
C 43
Ex 14
Ex 15
D 55
4 Find the answer to each of the following.

a (24 4) 5 + 7
b 2 (10 9) + 28
c (8 + 2) (17 7)
d 7 + 7 + (11 8)
e (16 5 + 8) 9
f (8 + 8 5) (7 + 4)
g 9 + 3 (15 4) 5 6
h 16 3 4 (15 6 2) + 7
i (5 + 8) 2 (25 5)
j 4 [(5 + 11) 2] (15 2)
Ex 16
23
k 100 [12 + (3 5) 3]
l 120 {16 + [(2 5) + 4]}
m {15 [3 (12 9) + 1]} [(44 2) + 12] 50
n [(16 4) 10] [(45 3) + 25]
o 86 + [(15 3) + (65 5)] 2
p [20 (5 4) 2] {[(4 + 5) 3] [15 (30 5)]}
5 Put grouping symbols where necessary to make each of the following statements true.
The rst one has been done for you.
a 5 2 4 = 12 becomes (5 2) 4 = 12
b 3+87=4
c 15 3 5 = 60
d 15 3 5 = 0
e 8 + 4 3 2 = 10
f 8+432=6
g 8 + 4 3 2 = 18
h 6+40=6
i 6+40=0
j 100 10 + 10 = 5
k 100 10 + 10 = 20
6 Put grouping symbols where necessary to make each of the answers correct.
a 84 3 + 9 15 11 = 152
b 84 3 + 9 15 11 = 64
c 84 3 + 9 15 11 = 94
7 Use the four numbers in each set only once (in any order), with the operations +, , ,
or grouping symbols, to make an equation that equals the number in the red box.
a 2, 7, 8, 9
12
b 1, 2, 3, 5
18
c 3, 4, 6, 8
41
d 2, 6, 8, 1
21
e 2, 4, 6, 8
10
f 2, 5, 8, 10
44
g 3, 5, 7, 9
h 4, 5, 7, 9
i 2, 5, 7, 10
60
1-11 The symbols of mathematics

Worksheet
1-13
Mathematics does not only involve numbers. It has a language of its own and uses symbols
recognisable throughout the world. This table shows some of the most common symbols.
Cross number puzzle
Symbol
Meaning
plus, add, sum
minus, subtract, difference
multiply, times, product
divided by, quotient
Symbol
Meaning
square root ( 25 = 5)
or
cube root ( 3 8 = 2)
therefore
approximately equal to
equal to
32
not equal to
53
cubed (5 5 5)
less than
( )
parentheses or brackets
less than or equal to
[ ]
square brackets
greater than
{ }
braces
greater than or equal to
squared (3 3)
The square root of a given number is the positive value which if squared will give
that number.
The cube root of a number is the value which if cubed will give the number.
24
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
Example 17
Find the answer for each of the following.
a 62
b 9
Solution
a 6 2 = 6 squared = 6 6
= 36
c 3 125
b
9 = the square root of 9

since 32 = 3 3 = 9
=3
c 3 125 = the cube root of 125

= 5 since 53 = 5 5 5 = 125
Example 18
Write the meaning of each of the following.
a 37
b 55
Solution
a 3 is less than or equal to 7.
b 5 is greater than or equal to 5.
Exercise 1-11
1 Here is a list of words that relates to the four basic operations +, , and .
plus
minus
times
multiply
and
divide
subtract
share
decrease
product
difference
less
increase
total
lots of
quotient
take away
more than
Draw a table with column headings as shown below in your notebook, and write each
of the given words in the appropriate column.
+
2 Rewrite these questions using mathematical symbols.

a 15 minus 6
b 48 plus 12
c 12 is greater than 5
d 5 is not equal to 3 plus 6
e the product of 7 and 8
f the square root of 16
g 36 divided by 4
h 5 squared
i 8 more than 12
j 6 less than 13
k increase 3 by 13
l the quotient of 39 and 3
m the difference between 25 and 8
n the cube root of 125
o 13 is not equal to 3
p 999 is approximately equal to 1000
3 Write the answer to each of the following.
a the number 6 less than 18 b the sum of 26 and 14
d 9 times 8
e 7 squared
g the number 14 more than 8 h decrease 33 by 11
j 7 lots of 13
k the cube root of 64
l the difference between 135 and 29
c the total of 6, 8 and 22

f the quotient of 36 and 4
i increase 83 by 27
25
4 Which of these statements is true? Select from A, B, C or D.

36 = 18
A
Ex 17
D 72 12
C 6 4 15
5 Write whether each of the following is true (T) or false (F).

a 16 2
b 42 = 8
c 300 5 100
d 3602 = 3600
g 2 3 27
j 33 = 27
e 25 = 5
h product of 2 and 15 = 17
k 52 3 = 7
f 8 201 8 200
i 63 3 60 5
l 72 73
m 16 0 7 0
n (30 6) 5 12 10
36 = 6
24 4
p
Ex 18
B 18 2 9
1 =1
53
= 15
6 Complete the blank with or to make each statement true.

a 7130
860
b 2001
2010
c 352 140
4 082 716
d 2651
2561
e 3602
3206
f 13 253
1353
g 8079
8097
h 1432
1483
7 For each of the following statements, select all the numbers from this list of seven
numbers that make the statement true: 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 36, 41.
a
13
b
5
c
8
d
42
e
=8
g 3
11
h 5+
=2
8
Applying strategies and reecting
The four 4s puzzle

Form 10 groups (Group A, Group B, Group C, etc.). Use only four 4s and any of
the mathematical symbols =, , , , brackets, a decimal point (.), factorial (!) or
square root (
) to make expressions for all the numbers from 1 to 100. Group A does
the numbers 1 to 10, Group B does 11 to 20, Group J does 91 to 100.
Here are some suggestions:
4 + 4 4 + 4 = 4 + 16 + 4 = 24
4 4 4 4 = 16 1 = 15
4! + 4 4 4 = 24 + 4 = 28
4 4 + 4 4 = 16 + 16 = 32
(Hint: 4! = 4 3 2 1)
Brain bender
Various forms of brain benders are common
in daily newspapers and magazines. Here is
one for you. Copy the grids and ll in the six
gaps to complete each of the lines, using the
remaining digits from 1 to 9 only once.
Be sure to use the order of operations rules.
The aim is to make the sum of the answers for
the three lines total 45.
26
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
=
45
Using technology
Fruit picking
Skillsheet
1-04
Spreadsheets
An orchardist employed people to pick fruit in his orchard over the summer. The table
below shows the types of fruit grown and numbers of bins of fruit picked each day in a
particular week.
1 Copy the table, as shown, into a spreadsheet.
2 To nd the total number of bins of fruit picked on Monday, type the formula
=sum(B2:B5) in cell B6.
3 To copy this formula into cells C6 to F6, click on cell B6 and Fill Right by
grabbing the bottom right-hand corner of the cell and dragging across to cell F6.
Let go of the mouse and you will see the totals for each day.
4 Use the sum formula in cell G2 to nd the number of bins of apples picked in this
particular week. Use Fill Down to copy the formula into cells G3 to G6. Centre
the totals calculated in the G column.
5 Answer the following questions in the given cell. In cell:
a A8, type the number of bins of fruit pieces picked on Wednesday
b A9, write a formula to nd how many more bins of oranges than apples were
picked in this week.
c A10, write a formula to nd how much more fruit was picked on Wednesday
compared to Monday in this week.
d A11, write a formula to nd how many bins of lemons and mandarins in total
were picked in this week.
e A12, write the day of the week on which the most fruit was picked.
f A13, write the day of the week on which the least fruit was picked.
g A14, type the total number of bins of fruit picked in this particular week.
27
Power plus
Cryptic arithmetic
Simple codes can be made by replacing letters with other letters, symbols or numbers.
Number codes are studied in a branch of mathematics called cryptic arithmetic. Your
challenge is to gure out which letter replaces which number.
The addition:
99
could become:
KK
+ 22
+ DD
121
RDR
where K = 9, D = 2 and R = 1.
Note that K + D gives an answer bigger than 10 so carrying will be involved.
To solve cryptic arithmetic problems, you need to know about carrying digits when
adding. Choose any of the following problems from 1 to 7.
1 ON + ON + ON + ON = GO
Hint: Set it out as a column sum.
Hint: Try R = 0 and N = 5
N I NE
F OUR
F I VE
There are 71 other possible solutions. In many of these (but not all) R = 0 and N = 5.
Can you nd two other solutions? How many different solutions can the class nd?
3
FORT Y
T EN
+ T EN
Hint: T = 8 and Y = 6
S I XTY
The key to this problem is to decide what value is N + N and what value is E + E.
4
THRE E
+ FOUR
S EVEN
For this puzzle there are 38 possible solutions.
Hint: Try E = 6 and V = 0 for one solution. Try E = 5 and V = 1 for another solution.
Try H = 9 and R = 4 for another.
How many different solutions can the class nd?
5 On a holiday, Carlos ran short of money. He sent an email to his parents:

S E ND
+MOR E
MON E Y
The value of MONEY is the amount Carlos asked for. If Carlos asked for more
than $10 000 and less than $20 000, nd out how much money he asked for.
6 a
RE AD
+ TH I S
READ
TH I S
P AG E
P AG E
These are two different problems, so R and the other letters have a different value in
each problem.
7 Try to create a cryptic arithmetic question of your own. (It is not as easy as it seems!)
28
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
Chapter 1 review
Language of maths
braces
evaluate
long division
order of operations
product
sum
Worksheet
1-14
cube root
expanded notation
million
parentheses
quotient
difference
grouping symbols
number system
place value
square brackets
digit
HinduArabic
numeral
preferred multiples
square root
1 What is expanded notation? Explain in your own words.

2 What is a thousand thousands?
3 What is the Roman numeral for 500?
4 Write and name the three types of grouping symbols.
5 With which arithmetic operation would you associate the word:
a quotient?
b difference?
6 What is the meaning of each of these symbols?
a
b 3
Topic overview
In your own words, write what you have learnt about the history of numbers.
Is there anything you did not understand? Ask a friend or your teacher for help.
Copy this overview into your workbook and complete it using what you have learnt in
this chapter. Ask your teacher to check your overview.
Order of operations
Four operations
Place value
HinduArabic numerals
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Symbols
+, , ,
OF
NUMBERS
Early number systems

Egyptian
Aboriginal
29
Number nd-a-word
Topic test 1
Exercise 1-01
Chapter revision
1 Write these using Egyptian numerals.
a 13
b 2402
Exercise 1-02
2 Write these using the words of the Kamilaroi Aboriginal people.

a 3
b 5
Exercise 1-03
3 Write these using Babylonian numerals.

a 32
b 110
Exercise 1-04
4 Write each of the following in Roman numerals.

a 12
b 40
c 179
d 2004
Exercise 1-05
5 Write these using modern Chinese numerals.

a 17
b 82
Exercise 1-06
6 Write each of the following using numerals.

a six hundred and twelve
b nine hundred and forty-three
c ve thousand, four hundred and ninety-nine
d six thousand and two
e nine million, seven hundred and fty thousand and seventy-six
Exercise 1-06
7 Arrange the numbers in each of these sets in order, from largest to smallest.
a 16, 21, 38, 19, 14
b 89, 36, 101, 98, 88
c 2356, 2534, 2635, 2300, 2533
d 12 391, 12 913, 11 990, 11 391, 12 300
Exercise 1-06
8 What is the place value of the digit 4 in:

a 47?
c 8412?
Exercise 1-07
Exercise 1-08
b 3024?
d 146 235?
9 Write each of these using expanded notation.

a 19
b 283
c 665
d 42 891
10 Find the answers to these.
a 36 + 58
c 39 17
e 2501 + 58
g 123 5
i 36 4
k 750 6
30
NEW CENTURY MATHS 7
b
d
f
h
j
l
127 + 81
78 39
26 9
36 11
252 7
3500 10
11 Find the answers to these. Write your answer in the form:

=
+
.
a 384 16
b 912 19
c 784 17
d 877 23
12 Find the value of each of these.
a 16 (5 3)
c 30 10 2
e (320 120) 12
g (36 14) 2 4
i (256 120) 17
k 36 (4 3) (35 23)
13 Use order of operations to calculate:
a 12 + 7 2 3
c 24 + 16 4 16 4 + 9
e 18 + 6 3 3 + 2 5
Exercise 1-09
Exercise 1-10
b
d
f
h
j
l
6+53
(16 2) + (18 11)
35 (19 17) 20
36 (28 13) + (20 3 5)
[394 + (30 5)] (440 11)
2 000 000 [(300 100) + 1]
Exercise 1-10
b 15 2 4 + 6 (8 5)
d 15 + (64 + 2) 3 16
f 166 + 12 3 48 4
14 Use grouping symbols and operations signs (+, , , ) to make each of these true.
a 7?3?1=9
b 10 ? 5 ? 5 = 10
c 8?3?6?2=8
d 28 ? 4 ? 7 = 49
e 6 ? 4 ? 3 ? 5 = 40
f 19 ? 1 ? 5 ? 3 ? 1 = 0
Exercise 1-10
15 Write whether each of these is true (T) or false (F).

a 58
b 72+4
2
c 5 10
d 6 7 43
e 23 5 + 1
Exercise 1-11
36 = 6
31

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.

fm Page 2 Saturday, June 7, 2008 7:07 PM

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 3 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

In this chapter you will:

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 4 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

1 Write the answers to the following.

2 Write each of these numbers in words.

3 Write each of the following numbers using numerals.

Reading and writing

1-01 The ancient Egyptian number system

1 000 000 (million)

(man with hands raised in surprise)

NEW CENTURY MATHS 7

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 5 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

3 Write the answer to these in Egyptian numerals.

CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 6 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

1-02 Australian Aboriginal number systems

1-03 The Babylonian number system

NEW CENTURY MATHS 7

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 7 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

Notice that there was no need for a zero.

1-04 The Roman number system

CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 8 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

The Romans had an unusual method of writing certain numbers:

3 Why do you think Roman numerals are no longer widely used?

1-05 The modern Chinese number system

Ancient Chinese rod

The Chinese write from top to bottom.

NEW CENTURY MATHS 7

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 9 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 10 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

1-06 The HinduArabic number system

Write the value of each of the digits in 4625.

NEW CENTURY MATHS 7

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 11 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

2 Write each of the following using numerals.

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 12 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

3 What are the advantages of using a HinduArabic number system?

6 Place these numbers in a place-value table, as shown on the previous page.

7 What is the value of the digit 5 in each of these numbers?

1-07 Expanded notation

NEW CENTURY MATHS 7

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 13 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

2 Write each of these as a single number.

Just for the record

CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 14 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

Maths without calculators

1-08 The four operations

There are four basic operations in our number system:

We will now review these operations.

NEW CENTURY MATHS 7

01 NCM7 2nd ed SB TXT.fm Page 15 Saturday, June 7, 2008 2:30 PM

2 Copy and complete these number grids.

c top row side column

The take-away bar: go

The multiplier: go gure

The divider: with or

3 Copy and complete these number grids.

CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS

6 Complete the blank with or to make each statement true.