Scientific name: Andropogon citrates DC. Common Name/Local Names: Lemon Grass/Tanglad Constituents: Plant Part 1.

Leaves Constituent alkaloids, saponin, tannin, a-sitosterol, terpends, alcohol, ketone, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and sugars Saponin Tannin

2. Roots 3. Stem Chemical Studies:

1. Storage of maize and cowpea and inhibition of microbial agents of biodeterioration using the powder and essential oil of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) G. O. Adegoke and B. A. Odesola Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Received 24 May 1994; accepted 8 January 1995. ; Available online 25 February 1999. Abstract Within a storage period of 10 days, samples of maize and cowpea treated with lemon grass powder and essential oil showed no physical deterioration. Off-colour, off-odour and mouldiness however characterized untreated control samples of maize and cowpea. The essential oil of lemon grass also inhibited the growths of moulds like Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Microphomina phaseoli and Penicillium chrysogenumand bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis andStaphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical components like alkaloids, tannins and cardiac glycosides found in the powder are believed to be associated with the preservative and antimicrobial effects of lemon grass. 2. Effects of some physical and chemical pretreatments on the composition and enzymatic hydrolysis and digestibility of lemon grass and citronella bagasse C. Rolz, M. C. de Arriola, J. Valladares and S. de Cabrera Applied Research Division, Central American Research Institute for Industry (ICAITTI), Av. la Reforma 447, Zona 10, PO Box 1552, Guatemala City, Guatemala Available online 25 June 2003. Abstract The effect of some physical and chemical pretreatments of lemon grass and citronella bagasse on the composition changes, susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis and in vitro enzymatic digestibilities was evaluated. Three alkaline chemical pretreatments were tested (NaOH, Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 and NH3), one acidic (SO2) and two physical (steam explosion and a modified organosolv employing alkaline ethanolwater mixtures with anthraquinone as catalyst). The general response to different pretreatments was similar with the two bagasse samples. However, the observed improvements were greater for lemon

grass than for citronella, suggesting that improvements were, overall, species-specific. Hemicellulose was hydrolyzed extensively; cellulose was chemically stable and higher lignin losses were observed for the organosolv, the sulfur dioxide and the sodium hydroxide methods. With the steam exploded, the organosolv and the NaOH and SO2 pretreated materials, saccharification values above 70% were obtained with cellulase compared with about 14% for untreated materials. The in vitro digestibilities with pepsin and cellulase were highest for the organosolv and the NaOH pretreatments, more than 5 times the untreated values for lemon grass and around 35 for citronella. 3. Mevalonate decarboxylation in lemon grass leaves R. Lalitha, Rajan George1 and T. Ramasarma Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India Revised 28 May 1985. Available online 28 February 2001. Abstract The activity of mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate (MVAPP) decarboxylase was assayed in the extracts of green leaves of lemon grass. The enzyme was found to be exclusively cytosolic, had a pH optimum of 6.0 and had a specific requirement for ATP; Mg2+ was required and Mn2+ could replace it partially. The phenolic compounds, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid and phloroglucinol carboxylic acid inhibited the activity. Pharmacologic Studies: In situ SEM, TEM and AFM studies of the antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil in liquid and vapour phase against Candida albicans Amit Kumar Tyagia and Anushree Malik, a, a Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India Received 29 March 2010; revised 14 May 2010; accepted 17 May 2010. Available online 24 May 2010. Abstract Inhibition of Candida albicans growth was shown by lemon grass oil (LGO) and lemon grass oil vapour (LGO vapour) at 288 g/ml and 32.7 g/ml concentration, respectively. The assessment of cell damage by LGO and LGO vapour was done through scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observations. SEM analysis showed complete ruptureof C. albicans cells treated with LGO vapour while in those treated with LGO in broth, only shrinkage was observed. TEM study showed the alterations in morphology upon treatment with LGO while complete degradation of the Candida cells was observed in case of LGO vapour. Further three dimensional morphological changes and roughness of the cells have also been evaluated with AFM after the treatment with LGO & LGO vapour. Roughness (root mean square value) was significantly higher in control C. albicanscells (211.97 nm) than LGO (143 nm) and LGO vapour (5.981 nm) treated cells. The results for the first time demonstrate relatively higher efficacy of LGO vapours for inhibition and cellular

damage of C. albicans cells as compared to the LGO in liquid phase. This suggests the potential application of LGO vapour phase against infections caused by C. albicans. Antimicrobial Activity of Oils and Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon Grass), Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Akin-Osanaiye, B. C.1 Agbaji, A. S.1 Dakare, M. A.1 Journal of Medical Sciences; 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 4, p694-697, 4p, 3 Charts Abstract The antimicrobial potentials of essential oils and extracts from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus camadulensis were tested on Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureous and Escherichia coli. Both the water extract and freeze dried extract of these leaves were used. Zone of inhibition measurement showed that Eucalyptus citriodora oil was very effective against Salmonella typhi and found to suppress growth of the organism after 24 h of incubation. Similar observation was made with a combined extract of Eucalyptus citriodora oil and lemon grass oil. Lemon grass oil was observed to possess high antimicrobial activity on all the three organisms tested while Eucalyptus camadulensis is very active against Staphylococcus aureus. Both the freeze dried extracts and the viscous extracts possess slight antimicrobial activity while in all cases, the aqueous extracts have no effects on the organisms. Chemical Composition and Antimycotic Activity of the Essential Oils of Corn Min and Lemon Grass Against Human Pathogenic Fungi A.K. Pandey, M.K. Rai and D. Acharya Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of corn mint and lemon grass growing in central India were investigated by GC-MS. The major components identified in the oil of M. arvensis were menthol (71.40%), p-menthone (8.04%), iso-menthone (5.42%) and neo-menthol (3.18%). The main constituents found in the oil of C. citrates were citral (43.80%), z-citral (18.93%), geranyl acetate (5.27%) and trans-geraniol (3.66%). These constituents and menthol mint oil are reported to exhibit antifungal activity. Lemon grass oil and citral were also reported to have fungicidal activity against Candida albicans, F. solani and Clostridium spp.

Uses: Plant Part Leaves Uses Anti-diarrhea Preparation Boil 10 leaves in 2 glasses of water for 10 minutes; add a tablespoon of sugar and one small piece of crushed ginger Make a tea by boiling 15 leaves for 10 minutes.

Leaves Scientific name: Annona squamosa

Anti-inflammatory

Common name/Local names: Sugar apple, atis

Constituents: Plant Part 1. Leaves 2. Bark 3. Seeds Chemical Studies: 1. Lipoxygenase inhibition by novel fatty acid ester from Annona squamosa seeds. Sultana N Journal Of Enzyme Inhibition And Medicinal Chemistry [J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem] 2008 Dec; Vol. 23 (6), pp. 877-81. Abstract: Studies on the seeds of Annona squamosa yielded a novel lipoxygenase inhibitor fatty acid ester, (+) - annonlipoxy (1). Compound 1 was screened for its enzyme inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase (E.C.1.14.18.1), exhibiting activity with IC(50) 69.05 +/- 5.06 microm. Baicalein (IC(50) 22.6 +/- 0.5 microm) was used as a positive control. Crude extracts of Annona squamosa fruit pulp and seeds were screened for its enzyme inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase. The crude ethanolic extract of fruit pulp and seeds of Annona squamosa also exhibited lipoxygenase activity with 22.2 and 26.7% inhibition, while the pet.ether extract of seeds of A. squamosa exhibited 52.7% inhibition at a concentration of 40 microg/200 ml. The crude ethanolic extract of seeds of Annona squamosa was also bioassayed for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and it was found inactive. 2. Protective effect of methanolic extract of Annona squamosa Linn in isoniazid-rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Thattakudian Sheik Uduman MS; Sundarapandian R; Muthumanikkam A; Kalimuthu G; Parameswari S A; Vasanthi Srinivas TR; Karunakaran G Pakistan Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences [Pak J Pharm Sci] 2011 Apr; Vol. 24 (2), pp. 129-34. Abstract: The present study was made to investigate the protective effect of methanolic extract of Annona squamosa on isoniazid-rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into five different groups (n=6), group 1 served as a control, Group 2 received isoniazid (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and co-administered with rifampicin (100 mg/kg, i.p.), in sterile water, group 3 and 4 served as extract treatment groups and received 250 & 500 mg/kg bw, p.o methanolic extract of Annona squamosa and group 5 served as standard group and received silymarin 2.5 mg/kg bw, p.o. All the treatment protocols followed 21 days and after rats were sacrificed blood and liver were used for biochemical and histological studies, respectively. Administration of isoniazid and rifampicin caused a significant elevation in the levels of liver marker enzymes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, oxidative stress markers) in experimental rats. Administration of methanolic extracts of Annona squamosa significantly prevented isoniazid-rifampicin-induced elevation in the levels of serum diagnostic liver marker enzymes (alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamate transpeptidase ( -GT)), serum bilirubin, and TBARS level in experimental groups of rats. Constituent Chloroplatinate, anonaine Anonaine Alkaloid, neutral resin, fixed oil, anonaine

Moreover, total protein and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly increased in treatment group. The effect of extract was compared with a standard drug, silymarin. The changes in biochemical parameters were supported by histological profile. It is to be concluded that the methanolic extract of Annona squamosa protects against isoniazid and rifampicininduced oxidative liver injury in rats. 3. Major volatile constituents of Annona squamosa L. bark. Chavan MJ; Shinde DB; Nirmal SA Natural Product Research [Nat Prod Res] 2006 Jul 10; Vol. 20 (8), pp. 754-7. Abstract: The volatile constituents of Annona squamosa L. bark were identified from the essential oil obtained by steam distillation and studied by GC/MS. Six major components were identified as 1H-Cycloprop(e)azulene (3.46%), germacrene D (11.44%), bisabolene (4.48%), caryophyllene oxide (29.38%), bisabolene epoxide (3.64%) and kaur-16-ene (19.13%). The oil was also screened for its antimicrobial activity, which exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacologic Studies: 1. Anti-ulcer constituents of Annona squamosa twigs. Yadav, Dinesh K.; Singh, Neetu; Dev, Kapil; Sharma, Gautam; Maurya, Rakesh Fitoterapia (FITOTERAPIA), 2011 Jun; 82(4): 666-75 Abstract: Phytochemical investigation of Annona squamosa twigs, resulted in isolation and identification of twelve known (1 12) compounds among them one 1-(4- -Dglucopyranosyloxyphenyl)-2-( -D-glucopyranosyloxy)-ethane (11) is synthetically known but first time isolated from natural sources. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds (2 8, 11) were evaluated for H⁺ K⁺-ATPase activity. Three of these compounds (+)-O-methylarmepavine (2), N-methylcorydaldine (3), isocorydine (6) showed promising anti-secretory activity. Activity of these compounds, comparable to the standard drug omeprazole is novel to our finding. Moreover, there is no information accessible regarding the pharmacological effect of A. squamosa on the gastrointestinal system. This study is the first of its kind to show the significant antiulcer effect of A. squamosa. The present study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of A. squamosa (AS) and to identify its active constituents. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated against cold restraint (CRU), pyloric ligation (PL), aspirin (ASP), alcohol (AL) induced gastric ulcer and histamine (HA) induced duodenal ulcer model and further confirmed through in vitro assay of H⁺ K⁺-ATPase activity and plasma gastrin level. AS and its chloroform and hexane fraction attenuated ulcer formation in CRU, PL, HA model and displayed anti-secretory activity in vivo through reduced free, total acidity and pepsin in PL, confirmed by in vitro inhibition of H⁺ K⁺-ATPase activity with corresponding decrease in plasma gastrin level. Cytoprotection of AS was apparent with protection in AL, ASP models and enhanced mucin level in PL.

Rolee; Sahai,

Mahendra; Palit,

2. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. in experimental animals Rajesh Kumar Guptaa, Achyut Narayan Kesaria, , P.S. Murthyb, R. Chandrab, V. Tandonb and Geeta Watala, , a Alternative Therapeutics Unit, Drug Development Division, Medicinal Research Laboratary, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, U.P.,India b Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India Received 27 February 2004; revised 16 January 2005; accepted 28 January 2005. Available online 11 March 2005. Abstract The ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) leaves was administered orally at different doses to normal as well as streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and alloxaninduced diabetic rabbits. The dose of 350 mg/kg body weight (bw) reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level by 6.0% within 1 h, whereas, the peak blood glucose at 1 h during glucose tolerance test (GTT) was reduced by 17.1% in normal rats. The same dose of ethanolic extract reduced FBG by 26.8% and improved glucose tolerance by 38.5 and 40.6% at 1 and 2 h, respectively, during GTT in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. In STZ-diabetic rats, a fall of 13.0% in FBG and an improvement in glucose tolerance by 37.2 and 60.6% at 1 and 2 h, respectively, was observed during GTT. The dose of 350 mg/kg bw of ethanolic extract in 10-day treatment of a group of STZ-diabetic rats produced 73.3% fall in FBG level and no sugar was observed in fasting urine. Treatment of severely-diabetic rabbits for 15 days with a dose of 350 mg/kg of extract reduce FBG by 52.7% and urinesugar by 75%. It brought about fall in the level of total cholesterol (TC) by 49.3% with increase of 30.3% inhigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) and decrease of 71.9 and 28.7% in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) andtriglycerides (TG) levels, respectively. 3. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Caryophyllene oxide from Annona squamosa L. bark M.J. Chavana, P.S. Wakteb and D.B. Shindeb, , Abstract Caryophyllene oxide was isolated from an unsaponified petroleum ether extract of the bark of Annona squamosa and studied for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Caryophyllene oxide at the doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body wt. and unsaponified petroleum ether extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body wt. showed significant central as well as peripheral analgesic, along with anti-inflammatory, activity. These activities of caryophyllene oxide were comparable with the standard drug used in the respective experiments.

Uses: Plant Part Uses Preparation

1. Leaves 2. Bark 3. Roots

Anti-inflammatory Anti-diarrhea Laxative