The Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible Newtonian uid are u = 0, 1 u + u u = p + 2 u + F. t Eulers equation for an incompressible inviscid uid is u 1 + u u = p + F.

+ F. t Bernoullis equation for an incompressible inviscid irrotational uid is 1 2 p + |u| + + = Q(t) t 2 where F = and u = . You may neglect the eect of gravity in questions unless otherwise stated.

1. Derive the boundary-layer equations for the steady two-dimensional incompressible ow of a viscous liquid along a plane impermeable surface. What is the appropriate form of the boundary conditions? A wedge points into an oncoming stream of uid. With one of the faces of the wedge aligned along the positive x-axis, there is an exterior ow past the face given by U(x) = Cx1/3 . By looking for a solution to the boundary layer equations in terms of the streamfunction, , which takes the form = Ax f (), where = By , x

show that the problem can be reduced to the ordinary dierential equation f + 2f f (f ) + 1 = 0, where A, B, and are constants that are to be determined. Do not try to solve this dierential equation. What are the boundary conditions satised by f ()?
2

Turn over . . .

2. The complex potential for the uniform ow past a circle of radius a centred at the origin and with circulation is w(z) = U ei z + a2 ei z i ln z, 2

where the far-eld ow is inclined at an angle to the x-axis. Verify that the mapping a2 =z+ z i maps the circle z = ae in the z-plane onto the straight line between = 2a and = 2a in the -plane. Hence write down the potential for the ow past a at plate with circulation in the -plane. Find the value of the circulation, , such that the singularity in the velocity at the trailing edge = 2a is removed. What would the corresponding lift on the at plate be? (Do not derive the lift formula.)

3. An incompressible viscous uid ows down a at slope with an angle to the horizontal under the force of gravity. What are the boundary conditions for the uid at the point of contact with the slope and at the free surface?
y

g x

Using orthogonal coordinates with the x-axis pointing down the slope and the y-axis perpendicular to the slope, nd a solution to the Navier-Stokes equation for a ow of depth d down the slope under the assumptions that the ow is steady and uniform in the x-direction, and that the acceleration due to gravity is g. If the total ow rate was doubled, nd the eect on the depth of the uid, assuming that the ow remained uniform. If, instead of having a free surface at y = d, there was another solid boundary, what would the ratio of the new ow rate to the original total ow rate be? You may assume that there is still no pressure gradient in the x-direction. Turn over . . .

4. The surface of an inviscid irrotational uid with gravity waves is given by y = (x, t) = cos (kx t) . Find the potential of the ow assuming the uid is innitely deep in the negative y-direction and that is small so terms proportional to 2 and smaller can be ignored. Show that, if surface tension is neglected, the wavenumber, k, and frequency, , of the waves are related by 2 = gk, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. If surface tension is taken into consideration then the pressure of the uid at the surface becomes 2 p = p0 T 2 x where T is a positive constant. Including the eect of gravity, show that the relation between the frequency and the wavenumber becomes 2 = gk + k3T .

Determine the group velocity of these waves, and show that for very short waves (large k) and very long waves (small k) the group velocity increases without bound. Deduce that the group velocity has a minimum value and nd the corresponding wavenumber k.

Turn over . . .

5. From the Navier-Stokes equations derive the vorticity equation for an incompressible ow + u = u + 2 . t A ow is given by u(x, y, z, t) = (u (x, y, t), Ay + v (x, y, t), Az) , where A is constant. Show that the vorticity of this ow is of the form = (0, 0, 3 (x, y, t)) where 3 satises 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 + u Ay + v = A3 + + . t x y y x2 y 2 Assume that the vorticity component 3 and the velocities u and v are small and so products of these quantities can be ignored. Show solutions exist where the vorticity takes the form 3 = f (y)et cos kx, with , and k constant, nding the ordinary dierential equation that f (y) must satisfy. For the special case + k 2 = A show that the general solution to this dierential equation is f (y) = B where B and C are constants.

e(Ay

2 /2)

dy + C,

You may quote the results 1 u ( u) = (u u) u u 2 (a b) = b a + a b a b b a

Internal Examiner: External Examiners:

Dr O.S. Kerr Professor J. Billingham Professor E. Corrigan