A Pamphlet on the Use of Participles in GMAT

Participles are tested often in GMAT these days especially at higher levels. For many average test makers, the use of participles is an enigma because of the similarities of the participles with progressive tenses, or perfect tense forms such as in verb+ ing forms or verb +ed forms, verb+en form, verb+t etc This leads to confusion in the minds of the test takers . Therefore, it is worthwhile to have an overview of the participles and their usage with particular reference to GMAT. Participles indicate an action differently from the way the verbs do. Sample participle forms are 1. present participle verb+ing: Listening , swimming, smiling, following etc

Examples: Listening to the melodious tunes of Lata Mangeshkar, Tom dozed off on the couch. Swimming across the turbulent river, the villager reached the other side of the river. Following the footsteps of Jack, Jill fell and rolled down 2. Past participle: verb+ ed; ( Most talked about film ) verb+en ( very often eaten fruit), verb+ t ( The verbal modules dealt with in GMAT are SC. RC and CR} and some other irregular forms such as found etc. Essentially past particles are built with the perfect tense of the verb.

How the tense is decided while using the participles?

It will be interesting to note that the use of present participle form may not set a sentence in the present tense, as you can see in the above examples, which are all in past tense, while the participles themselves are present participles. "Present participle", using the verb+ing forms are mistaken to represent present tense. The verb +ing forms take on the tense of the clause to which they belong. Look at the following sentences Staring straight into the eyes, the interviewer tried to explore the mind of the candidate. Barking loudly at the intruder, the dog woke up everybody in the colony.

Similarly a past principle form taking on the verb+ ed form or any such similar form, need not represent past tense. Look at the following sentences for some contrasting contexts. 1. Targeted several times for its affluence in the olden days, India finally succumbed to brutal onslaught of the Mediterranean raiders. Here the particle Targeted is used in the past tense, Targeted by many aspirants of MBA course, GMAT is bench mark test. Here targeted is used in the present tense form. Therefore what decides the tense of the main verb is not the form of the participle, but the contextual verb of the clause. Located at water borne crevices, otters are social mammals based on nuclear families Situated at the top of a series of seven hills in Andhra Pradesh, and visited by millions of pilgrims each year, Tirupati is an important milestone in the religious tourism of India. In the above examples, although the participles are expressed in the past form, the tense is actually a present tense
You my see therefore those participles by themselves have no tense at all.

Participial phrases are group of words containing a participle and some more words such as prepositions, or adverbs etc. The patricidal phrase acts as the adjective modifying an appropriate noun. A participle or a participial phrase can be used at the beginning of a sentence, in which case, it has to be set off with a comma and should be immediately followed by the noun it modifies. Example: Targeted several times for its affluence in the olden days, India finally Here, Targeted several times for its affluence in the olden days is the participial phrase that starts the sentence and India is the modified noun, See the comma that has been placed in between olden days and India. This is an important pointer of the participial acting as a modifier. Another example: Targeting India for its affluence in the olden days, the Mediterranean raiders finally won decisive victories as India gave in.

Participles can also occur in the middle of a sentence. Some of the orphans, gathered from the streets of Kolkatta and reared by Mother Theresa and her army of Sisters in their ashram, grew to be brilliant children and successful adults in their later day lives. Here the participle gathered and reared appear in the middle of the sentence and modify the preceding noun Some of the orphans. A participle can also appear at the end. Spain won the 2010 World Cup Soccer title in great style, finishing off with a grand victory over Netherlands. Here the participial phrase finishing off with a grand victory over Netherlands, appears at the end of the sentence and modifies the noun Spain. Essential principles of setting off the modifying participial phrases with comma or commas in the sentence

Rule 1. When the participial phrase begins a sentence set it off with a comma and places the modified noun immediately after the comma. Example Dropping out from his Bachelors course, Bill Gates embarked on a profitable electronic career. Rule 2, When the participle or participial phrase is placed in the middle of the sentence, set if off with a comma, if the participle is not essential. Example The orphans, procured from the streets of Kolkatta and nurtured by Mother Theresa, grew to be useful adults in their later lives Here the participial phrase is inessential to complete the meaning of the sentence that they grew to be useful adults. So we have set off the participial phrase within commas. Rule 3 if the participle is necessary to complete the meaning of the sentence, then use it without setting off with a comma.

Example The countries depending on the US for the export of their electronic merchandise were the worst hit in the recent recession. Here the participial can not be separated from the clause and is logically vital to complete the meaning of the clause. Hence we should not use a comma to separate the modifier. Rule4. When a participle is placed at the end of a sentence, and if the participle flows from the main sentence, then comma should not be used. . Taxpayer often find government procedures very confusing and taxing Here the present participles confusing and taxing flow from the main sentence and are y essential to complete the intended meaning. So comma is not required to be used between procedures and very Rule 5. If on the contrary, the participle is merely an adjunct adding extra meaning, then set off with comma Example; Spain won the 2010 World Cup Soccer for the first time in her history, finishing off with a goal at the fag end of the extra time Here the main sentence can still make complete sense without the help of the participial phrase modifier. Hence set it off with comma. Is it parallel to use present participle and past particle in the same sentence? Yes. You may use present as well as past participles in one and the same sentence and still the sentence is considered parallel in GMAT. Examples The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times determined by when the sun reached the observers meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times. Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.

Originating form time immemorial as a tool to relax the hardworking peasantry of the time and nurtured by countless number of generations simply by word of mouth, the folk music can even today move peoples hearts by its melody and simplicity. How does a present participle differ from a gerund? Basically a gerund is a noun in a verb+ ing form like a present participle. Example: Singing is a nice past time Swimming is a tiring exercise. A gerund is normally used in places where we are not able to use any other suitable noun form. Often a gerund will b preceded by a possessive adjective such as his walking, my skiing etc.

Some GMAT examples

1. A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way. A. regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted B. regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, granting C. regulating the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an

hour, required cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted D. regulating the use of bicycles, mandating a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, requiring of cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted E. regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted

2. The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads. A. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were B. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, C. of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been D. of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each E. of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms each had been 3. The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year. A. enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce B. enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produce C. enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce D. enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producing E. enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produce 4. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in

a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs. A. the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that B. mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when they C. mice's brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries' neurons that increase when they D. the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries' neurons when they E. brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that 5. First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a fourand-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye. A. found in the Philippines and that resembles B. found in the Philippines and that, resembling C. found in the Philippines and resembling D. that is found in the Philippines and it resembles E. that is found in the Philippines and that, resembling 6. Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend less time with each. (A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend (B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and spending (C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend (D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending (E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and spending 7. Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham,

who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on experiment as well as on philosophical arguments. A. al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on experiment as well as B. al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on experiment as well as C. al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., and who experimented extensively with light and vision, thereby laid the foundation for modern optics and also for the notion that science should be based on not only experiment but also D. al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., and had experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on not only experiment but also E. al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimenting extensively with light and vision and laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion of science being based on experiment as well as 8. Shrinking faster than any other nations, the projected decline of Japans population is 17 percent during the next half century. A. Shrinking faster than any other nations, the projected decline of Japans population is B. Shrinking faster than any other nation, Japans population has a projected decline of C. The population of Japan is shrinking faster than that of any other nation and is projected to decline by D. The Japanese population is shrinking faster than any other nation, and it has a projected decline at E. Japans population is shrinking faster than that of any other nation, with a projected decline at 9. From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull, come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.

A. From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the skull, come what scientists know about dinosaur brains. B. The knowledge of dinosaur brains that scientists have come from studies of the bony house of the brain, located in the back of the skull, that is, the cranium C. The knowledge that scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the bony house of the brain, which is located in the back of the skull and is called the cranium D. What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium, the bony house of the brain located in the back of the skull E. Located in the back of the skull is the cranium, the bony house of the brain, and it is from studies of this that scientists know what they know about dinosaur brains 10. In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers. A. In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers. B. Making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, in hopes of their restraining economic growth. C. In making borrowing for businesses and consumers more expensive, British policymakers, in hopes they will restrain economic growth, had raised interest rates. D. Hopefully restraining economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making more expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers. E. Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow. 11. Defying efforts by policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic at restraining it, the United States dollar, continuing its rise, reaching its highest level in six years against the German mark. A. at restraining it, the United States dollar, continuing its rise, reaching B. at restraining it, the rise of the United States dollar continued to reach

C. at restraining it, the United States dollar continued rising, and it reached D. to restrain it, the United States dollar continued its rise, reaching E. to restrain it, the United States dollar is continuing its rise, and to reach 12. Compared to those who do not, running three days a week saves an average of 14.1 percent on health-care costs each year in the United States. A. Compared to those who do not, running three days a week saves B. Compared with nonrunners, people who run three days a week save C. Compared to not running, those running for three days a week save D. When compared with those who do not, people running three days a week save E. When compared to nonrunners, running three days a week saves

13. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D, 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1.000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912). A. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is B. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is C. The Altar of Heaven, having been constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and D. The Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is E. The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar

of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is 14 Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). A. acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate B. acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating C. act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating D. they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over, even though it also accelerates E. they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate 15 The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and play dead. A. broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom, B. broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom,(wrong) C. broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and(right) D. broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and E. broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and

16 A historian attempting to predict in the 1870's, which nation would take over world leadership from the British probably would have guessed Bismarck's Prussia and been quite wrong. (A) have guessed Bismarck's Prussia and been (right) (B) have guessed that it would have been Bismarck's Prussia and he would be (C) have guessed Bismarck's Prussia and would be (D) guess Bismarck's Prussia and be (wrong) (E) guess that it would be Bismarck's Prussia and would have been 17 After moving to Switzerland in the 1890s, Albert Einstein attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, receiving in-depth training in quantitative analysis and developing a foundation for his future work in mathematical physics. a. attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, receiving in-depth training in quantitative analysis and developing (right) b. attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, receiving in-depth training in quantitative analysis and developed (wrong) c. attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, received in-depth training in quantitative analysis, and he developed d. attended the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, received in-depth training in quantitative analysis, developing e. attending the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, receiving in-depth training in quantitative analysis, and developing 18 Emily Dickinsons letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else. A. Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumbering B. Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ended shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumber C. Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and that ends shortly before Emilys death in 1886 and outnumbering D. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother, ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, and outnumbering E. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few

years before Susans marriage to Emilys brother and ending shortly before Emilys death in 1886, outnumber 19 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the states economy far more diversified than ten years ago. (A) high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the states economy far more diversified than (B) high-paying fields like electronics and banking, and making the states economy far more diversified than its economy (C) high-paying fields such as electronics and banking, to make the states economy far more diversified than (D) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the states economy far more diversified than it was (E) such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, and make the states economy far more diversified than it was 20 In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting that its water purification methods be disclosed to companies using an analogous purification process. prohibiting that its water purification methods be disclosed to companies prohibiting them from the disclosing of its water purification methods to any company(wrong cos them is wrongly referring to each employee) prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company(right) that would prohibit them from disclosure of its water purification methods to companies that would prohibit its water purification methods to be disclosed to a company ,21... Lincoln, discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, knew how to use a good story to generate good will. (A) Lincoln, discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, knew

(B) Discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, Lincoln knew (C) Lincoln, discovering the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned in young manhood before him, knew (D) In young manhood Lincoln discovered the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him(right) (E) Lincoln, discovered in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him, knew 22. The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observers meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times. (A) which was determined by when the sun reached the observers meridian and differing (B) which was determined by when the sun reached the observers meridian and which differed (C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observers meridian and differing (D) determined by when the sun reached the observers meridian and differed (E) determined by when the sun reached the observer's meridian and differing 23. Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries. (A) Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries. (B) Chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with many hundreds of monasteries.

(C) Hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, are dotting the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia. (correct) (D) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago. (E) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.(officially correct) 24. In 1850 Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, arguing in a treatise for women to have equal political and legal rights and for changes in the married womens property laws. arguing in a treatise for women to have equal political and legal rights arguing in a treatise for equal political and legal rights for women a treatise that advocates womens equal political and legal rights a treatise advocating womens equal political and legal rights a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women(correct) 25. Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mohica developed their own elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources. (A) based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting (B) based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of (new answer) (C) and basing it on the cultivation of crops like corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and the exploiting of

(D) and they based it on their cultivation of crops such as corn and beans, the harvest of fish and seafood, and exploiting (E) and they based it on their cultivating such crops like corn and beans, their harvest of fish and shellfish, and they exploited 26. Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction. A) appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, B) appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, (appear to is the right idiomequipped to is the right idiom) C) appear as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths,(new answer) D) appeared as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, E) appeared to have been equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, (wrong idiom) 27 Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced x-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology. (A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced x-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton induced x-ray emission (C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced x-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (new answer)

(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced x-ray emission, which has the ability(problem) to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it, (E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced x-ray emission, 28. Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes. (A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough (B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequent movements (C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and move so infrequently (D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently (E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps fifteen hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough 29 Initiated five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, Project SETI a$100 million Investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. (A) Initiated five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, Project SETI pledged a$100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, (B) Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence was pledged by Project SETI, (C) Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, Project SETI pledged a$100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.(new answer) (D) Pledging a$100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, the initiation of Project SETI five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, (E) Pledging a$100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, the initiation of Project SETI took place,

30. Written in Austria in 1762, the composer of Symphony No. 5 was a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his contribution to classical music while court musician for the Esterhazy family .A) the composer of Symphony No. 5 was a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his B) Franz Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 5, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his C) Symphony No. 5 was composed by a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his D) Symphony No. 5's composer was a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, whom many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his E) Symphony No. 5 was composed by a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, whom many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his 31. Those who come to church with a predisposition to religious belief will be happy in an auditorium or even a store front and there is no doubt that religion is sometimes better served by adapted spaces of this kind instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it, (A) adapted spaces of this kind Instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it. . (B) adapted spaces like these rather than some of the buildings actually designed for them (C) these adapted spaces instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it (D) such adapted spaces rather than by some designed for them (E) such adapted spaces than by some of the buildings actually designed for It(new answer) 32. In A.D, 391, resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria, later generations lost all but the Iliad and Odyssey among Greek epics most of the poetry of Pindar and Sappho and dozens of plays by Aeschylus and Euripides, (A) resulting from the destruction of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria(new answer) (B) the destroying of the largest library of the ancient world at Alexandria resulted and (C) because of the result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world (D) as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the ancient world(correct) (E) Alexandria's largest library of the ancient world was destroyed and the result was

33 . The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness. A. The fact(wrongthat is correct) of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably (new answer) B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar(subject) highlights(verb) an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably(correct) C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar; it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternaltwin pairs, namely considerable variation D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar; it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably 34 First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-anda-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye. A. found in the Philippines and that resembles B. found in the Philippines and that, resembling C. found in the Philippines and resembling D. that is found in the Philippines and it resembles E. that is found in the Philippines and that, resembling 35 Geologists once thought that the molten rock known as lava was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, sporadically erupting through volcanoes, but they now know that it is continuously created by the heat of the radioactivity deep inside the planet. 1. was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, sporadically erupting (new answer) 2.had been an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days and sporadically erupted 3. was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, which sporadically erupted 4would be an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days that sporadically erupted

5. was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, having sporadically erupted 36. Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Great er Antilles islands. sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on 37. Diabetes, together with its serious complication, ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer. (A) ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpassed only, (B) rank as the nations third leading cause of death, only surpassed; (C) has the rank of the nations third leading cause of death, only surpassed (D) are the nations third leading causes of death, surpassed only (E) have been ranked as the nations third leading causes of death, only surpassed 38. Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, creating a special nongovernmental organization to take charge of computer security planning. (A) creating a special nongovernmental organization to take (B) creating a special nongovernmental organization that takes (C) creating a special nongovernmental organization for taking (D) and create a special nongovernmental organization for

taking (E) and create a special nongovernmental organization to take(new answer) (to take.(infinitive) indicates a purpose) 39. Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and root like tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest. (A) extending (new answer) (B) extends (C) extended (D) it extended (E) is extending 40. Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader. (A) Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader. (B) Published in Harlem, two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, were the owner and editor of the Messenger. (C) Published in Harlem, the Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen. (D) The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and published in Harlem. (E) The owner and editor being two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, the Messenger was published in Harlem.

41. Spanning more than fifty years, Friedrich Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.

(A) Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as (B) Mullers career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as (C) Mullers career began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being (D) Muller had begun his career with the unpromising apprenticeship of being (E) the career of Muller has begun with an unpromising apprenticeship of 42. Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women's apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a threemonth liquidation sale in all of its stores, (A) Its many problems had been the recent(new answer) (B) Its many problems has been the recently (C) Its many problems is the recently (D) Their many problems is the recent (E) their many problems had been the recent 43. Organized in 1966 by the Fish and Wildlife Service the Breeding Bird Survey uses annual roadside counts along established routes for monitoring of population changes of as many as or of more than 250 bird species including 180 songbirds (A) for monitoring of population changes of as many as, or of (B) to monitor population changes of as many, or (C) to monitor changes in the populations of(new answer) (D) that monitors population changes of (E) that monitors changes in populations of as many as or 44. Although partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer from what remained of the inscription that the priest Zonainos was buried in the crypt. (A) Although partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer (B) Although partially destroyed, the archaeologists had inferred (C) Although it had been partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer (D) Partially destroyed though it had been, the archaeologists had been able to infer (E) Destroyed partially, the archaeologists were able to infer

45. Confused by the many strata and substrata of ancient civilizations overlying one another, Schliemanns excavations of the fabled city of Ilium, the ancient Troy, were temporarily called to a halt.

(A) Schliemanns excavations of the fabled city of Ilium, the ancient Troy, were temporarily called to a halt (B) Schliemanns excavations of the fabled city of Ilium, the ancient Troy, temporarily halted (C) Schliemann temporarily halted his excavations of the fabled city of Ilium, the ancient Troy(correct) (D) excavations of the fabled city of Ilium, the ancient Troy, were temporarily halted by Schliemann (E) excavations of the fabled city of Ilium, and of the ancient Troy, were temporarily halted by Schliemann 46. Eaten in the Mediterranean countries, northern Europeans viewed the tomato with suspicion, for they assumed it had poisonous properties because of its relationship to deadly nightshade. (A) northern Europeans viewed the tomato with suspicion, for they (B) northern Europeans were suspicious of the tomato, and they (C) the tomato was viewed with suspicion by northern Europeans, who (D) the tomato was suspicious to northern Europeans, and it was (E) the tomato was viewed with suspicion by northern Europeans, it being

47. Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes. (A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough (B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequent movements (C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and move so infrequently (D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently (E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps fifteen hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough 48. Seeking to spur science education, elementary and secondary schools will receive $25 million over the next ten years from the National Science Foundation to promote science. (A) elementary and secondary schools will receive $25 million over the next ten years from the National Science Foundation to promote science (B) $25 million will be spent by the National Science Foundation over the next ten years to promote science in elementary and secondary schools

(C) over the next ten years $25 million will be spent on elementary and secondary schools by the National Science Foundation for promoting science (D) the National Science Foundation is to spend $25 million over the next ten years for promoting science in elementary and secondary schools (E) the National Science Foundation will spend $25 million over the next ten years to promote science in elementary and secondary schools