Introduction

Operational amplifiers (op-amps for short) are incredibly useful devices that can be used to construct a multitude of electronic circuits. The op amp is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled voltage source. It can also be used in making a voltage- or current-controlled current source. An op amp can sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate it. The ability of the op amp to perform these mathematical operations is the reason it is called an operational amplifier. It is also the reason for the widespread use of op amps in analog design. An operational amplifier is designed so that it performs some mathematical operations when external components, such as resistors and capacitors, are connected to its terminals. Thus, an op amp is an active circuit element designed to perform mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation, and integration. The op amp is an electronic device consisting of a complex arrangement of resistors, transistors, capacitors, and diodes. RC and RL circuit are two types of first-order circuit. When analyzing RC and RL circuits, one must always keep in mind that the capacitor is an open circuit to steady-state dc conditions while the inductor is a short circuit to steady-state dc conditions. RC and RL are called source-free circuits because they energy is initially store in the capacitive and inductive elements. The energy causes the current flow in the circuit and gradually dissipated in the resistors. Although source-free circuit mean free of independent sources, but they may have dependent sources. The second way to excite first order circuit is by dependent sources. Time domain is a term used to describe the analysis of mathematical functions, or physical signals, with respect to time. In the time domain, the signal or function's value is known for all real numbers, for the case of continuous time, or at various separate instants in the case of discrete time. An oscilloscope is a tool commonly used to visualize real-world signals in the time domain. Speaking nontechnically, a time domain graph shows how a signal changes over time, whereas a frequency domain graph shows how much of the signal lies within each given frequency band over a range of frequencies.

Objective
The purpose of these experiments is familiar with the pspice software. Besides, I can also need to simulate the output of the circuit by using the pspice software. Circuit that I can learn to construct in pspice software in this experiment is simulating the AC sweep simulation of filter with idea Op-amp, RC and RL circuits, and last how to construct a circuit with open switch. Moreover, I can analysis the RC and RL circuit by using the pspice software. Last, I also able understand the usage of time domain analysis.

Problems Faced

*Error-Node N00127 is floating *Error-Node N00259 is floating *Error-Node N00157 is floating

Experiment Methodology
When I was finish construct the circuit in question 3, there s a error show that node N00127 is floating, so on N00259 and N00157. Then I found out the error, that was a wire does not connect properly and there was no ground connected in the circuit, show it show the node of the component is floating.

Discussion
1. For the first question, there was a active filter circuit with an ideal Op-am. From the graph that i construct, we can see that the Vdb(out) from +10 which at 0Hz decrease until -30 which at 10kHz. While in the V(C2:2), we also can see there have a slightly changes when the initial frequency start from 0Hz till 4Hz, after that the graph remain unchanged in the same frequency which in 0.

2. For question 2, the circuit with a real op-amp is shown below. The U741 opamp have selected to build the filter. The simulation results are been shown. As one would expect the differences between the filter with the real and ideal op-amps are minimal in this frequency range. The Vdb(out) is exactly same in experiment 1 but in V(C2:2) in remain unchanged start from the graph which slightly different with question 1.

3. In question 3, from the RC circuit we can find that, 3 resistor and 1 capacitor was built in the circuit but there are have no any source was build in this circuit. So, the current flowing in the resistor and the voltage across the resistor and capacitor in the RC circuit graph show remain 0. This is because the pspice detected no source was built in the circuit. And for the graph part there is needed to edit the simulation profile, choose the analysis type from the drop down menu and select Time Domain(Transient) to enable the graph.

4. For question 4, there have a open switch symbol that we can find in the libraries under EVAL named Sw_tOpen. The question wanted to find v(t) for t > 0, so as question 3 we need we need to edit the simulation profile, select the Time Domain(Transient) to show the time graph. We can find the intial energy from the graph which is 15V in 0s and it decrease till 13.5V in 0.5us then remain the unchanged. 5. For question 5, RL circuit was analysed, we can see that there have 2 resistors, 1 inductor and 1 dependent source. The dependent source in the pictures in the question was quite different from the pictures, we can find it under the

ANALOG libraries, the component named G. It has 4 holes, the 2 holes is connect to the component and another 2 is connect to the source that we need to dependent. From the graph that we construct in the pspice, we can analysis the current flowing in the resistor and the voltage across the resistor and inductor of RL circuit, we can see the graph increase unevenly from the frequency of 100Hz when the voltage flowing in resistors is 5.71V and for current flowing in resistor is 1.43A. Both graph remain the highest point and remain unchanged in 2.0KHz.

Conclusion
In conclusion, I have learn to familiar with the pspice software. Besides, I know how to construct software with different filter circuit and components. I also know how to simulate the time varying circuits using various types of voltage sources by using PSpice software. Moreover, gain more knowledge on Time Domain (Transient) Analysis. A Time Domain (Transient) analysis is specified in the Simulation Settings window. Otherwise, the simulation wont work probably. Last but not least, I have learn to analyse different types of the filter circuit from the graph.