3rd National Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and VLSI Design (NCSCV 11) 6th & 7th May

2011

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF HYBRIDNETWORK USING SMART DEVICES

Jeevananth.S, Rathna Kannan.K
Embedded System Technologies, Department of EEE, Anna University, Chennai-600025
jeev_ams@yahoo.com ckrkannan@yahoo.co.in

AbstractWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a novel and promising technology used in commercial applications to monitor data that would be difficult or expensive to monitor using wired sensors. However, pure WSNs are still insufficient for many industrial applications (such as Sub-station monitoring) where the reliability and high computational power of wired networks is needed. Hybrid networks can provide solutions to such applications, combining the advantages of both types of networks. This paper presents the evaluation of a hybrid network using PICSENSE wireless sensor network and traditional Ethernet to monitor the Electrical substation parameters like supply voltage, current, temperature, SF6 gas pressure. A Multi Channel Medium Access Control (MAC) has been implemented in PICSENSE wireless sensor network hardware platform. A measurement based dynamic channel allocation has been proposed in a dedicated control channel based multi channel medium access control protocol. The implementation has been done with three channels, a control channel and two data channels.

channel negotiation. Multi channel protocol performs better for one to one topology rather than in a star topology or the topologies in which multiple source nodes communicates with a single sink node. In general, in an ad hoc wireless sensor network, multi channel MAC protocol improves the throughput and latency performance as it allows concurrent transmissions in different orthogonal channels. II. A. ARCHITECTURE PICSENSE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK PLATFORM

The PICSENSE is a single hop wireless sensor network testbed in which sensor nodes send the sensor information to the Base station.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Wireless Sensor network is the network of tiny devices which has both sensing and communication capabilities. Nowadays many sensor network hardware platforms like PICSENSE, MICAZ, Telos, etc have the RF transceiver which is capable of communicating at different channels which can be dynamically selected from the firmware. The multi channel capability gives another degree of freedom for the medium access in wireless sensor networks. Still multi channel medium access control inherently has some issues which have to be dealt carefully, while doing the MAC design to improve the network performance. In the multi channel MAC design, there are three types of implementations. They are split phase, dedicated control channel and channel hopping. In literature, multi channel MAC has been proposed for system with multiple transceivers and single transceiver. To keep the cost and power consumption low, sensor nodes are equipped with single transceiver. The CS MCMAC is used for wireless nodes with single half duplex transceiver and it uses a dedicated control channel for the

Fig 1: Wireless Sensor Network

The core of the PICSENSE node is its microcontroller PIC18F4620. It has 64K flash, 4K RAM, 13 channel 10 bit Analog to Digital Converter to which the sensor output is connected. It has 1K EEPROM and Capture/Compare/PWM modules. Figure 2 and 3 shows the block diagram and picture of PICSENSE node respectively.

239

Organized by Department of ECE, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore

3rd National Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and VLSI Design (NCSCV 11) 6th & 7th May 2011 control. There are eight data channel and one control channel and the entire channel has equal capacity. All the channels are orthogonal and non-overlapping. As a single channel is dedicated for the control packet flow, it creates a bottleneck. It poses a constraint on the number of data channels that can be used in the multi channel MAC. The number of data channels that can be used in a dedicated control channel MAC is given by the following expression by neglecting the back off time.
Fig 2: Architectural Setup

PICSENSE node has an Analog Devices RF transceiver ADF7020-1. ADF7020-1 is a low power highly integrated FSK/GFSK/ASK/OOK/GOOK transceiver designed for operating in the low UHF and VHF band. The operating frequency for this transceiver can be set anywhere between 135MHz to 650MHz. By using the divide by two the operating frequency can be reduced to 80MHz. The transmitter output power is programmable in 63 steps from -16dBm to +13dBm. This is the feature which can be used by the researcher for implementing his/her power control algorithm.

Fig 3: PICSENSE Sensor node with Battery

B. MULTI CHANNEL MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS The proposed MC MAC uses a single dedicated control channel and eight data channels. The MC MAC has been designed by taking the following points into consideration. All the nodes are equipped with single half duplex transceiver, which has the capability to switch from one channel to another channel dynamically. The switching can be done via the software

Where TD DATA and ACK transfer period TR RTS packet transfer period Tc CTS packet transfer period M Maximum Number of data channels In the proposed Multi Channel MAC (MCMAC) protocol, channel measurement based dynamic channel allocation has been proposed. This protocol uses dedicated control channel for the transmission of RTS/CTS packets and two data channels for data transmission. The CS-MCMAC is a multi channel extension of CSMA/CA protocol with RTS/CTS. The Carrier Sense Multi Channel MAC (CS-MCMAC) is described as follows Initially all the nodes stay in the control channel The channel negotiation is done via RTS/CTS control packets When a packet arrives in a node, it sends RTS with its channel status. The channel status is an eight bit field in which 0 indicates free channel and 1 indicates busy channel. Before the transmission of RTS packet all the data channels are sensed to update the channel Status to alleviate the loss of channel information problem. When the node for which RTS has been transmitted, receives this packet, then it selects the first common free channel for both transmitter and receiver and intimate the selection through channel status field in CTS. After the transmission of CTS packet, transmitter node switches to the selected channel When the CTS packet is received by the intended node, it switches to selected data channel. The DATA and ACK are transmitted in the data channel.

240

Organized by Department of ECE, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore

3rd National Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and VLSI Design (NCSCV 11) 6th & 7th May 2011 Control channel is used as the broadcast channel to support the broadcast which is required for the route discovery process of some routing protocols. III. A. Experimentation: The CS-MCMAC has been implemented in the PICSENSE wireless sensor nodes. The ADF7020-1 transceiver in the PICSENSE node can operate with channel of 250 KHz bandwidth. That is it can have the interfering channels which are separated by 250 KHz. But practically to do the simultaneous transmission at different channels, the channels should be orthogonal or non-overlapping. An experiment has been conducted to find the frequency interval at which the orthogonal channels are available. In this experiment, one wireless node has been used as the jammer, which continuously transmits the packets at a particular channel (say 415MHz). The transmitter and receiver is programmed to do the RF communication at (415MHz+n*250 KHz), where n =1, 2, 3, k for different iterations. Here k is the factor, at which the orthogonal channel for 415MHz can be identified. Figure 4 gives the packet reception ratio of a communicating pair of nodes for various frequency channels, when the jammer node continuously transmits at 415MHz.
TABLE I. EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS

IMPLEMENTATION

The figure 4 illustrates the channel assignment and data transfer

Fig 4: Unicast packet flow in CS-MCMAC

C.

Wired Network

The wired section of the network is comprised of the Stargate node and the pc nodes, interconnected via a Fast Ethernet switch. Communication is based on connection-based TCP/IP sockets. TCP/IP communication is based on a server-client model, where the server creates a socket, binds it to a port and listens for incoming connections on that socket. The client also creates a socket and attempts a connection though it. On the event of a connection attempt, the server accepts (or closes) the connection. Upon connection establishment, the client and server parts of the program can begin the data transactions via simple send and receive commands. When the transactions are done the socket is closed. The Stargate node waits for packets from the attached mote. When a packet arrives in the buffer, it acts as a client and opens a TCP connection to the next node. It then forwards the packet to it and keeps the connection open until the processed packet is received. The intermediate PC nodes listen for connections on the specified ports. When a connection attempt is made, they accept it, they receive the single data packet, add their time stamp in the appropriate location. Then the client part takes over opening a connection to the next node, and forwarding the packet. When done with sending, they wait for the processed packet, upon the receival of which they close the connection. They read the time stamp calculated in the ping phase and they substitute it with the time difference between the current and the read value. Then the packet is sent back to the previous node. The last node acts just as a server listening for connections and sending the packets it receives back to the node which established the connection.

The PRR is zero in the overlapping channels and from the observation it is clear that an orthogonal channel can be obtained at the frequency interval of 2.25MHz. The orthogonal property of the frequency channels are not only depends on the frequency interval, but also depends on the spatial distance between two pairs of nodes which will do communication at different channels. The orthogonal property or the non interference property of the frequency channels also depends on

241

Organized by Department of ECE, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore

3rd National Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and VLSI Design (NCSCV 11) 6th & 7th May 2011 the transmission power at which the communication happens. The Hardware setup is shown in the figure.5.

Fig 6: Embedded Web Server Fig 5: Experimental Setup

In this work, the orthogonal channels selected are 433.932MHz, 415MHz and 445MHz where 433.932MHz is used as control channel and the other two frequencies are used as data channels. The frequency of ADF7020-1can be changed by changing the integer N and fractional N values in Register0 of ADF70201.The expression to calculate the output frequency is given below.

Web Technology can link all kinds of different equipments and systems to achieve connections. So just using web browser through Ethernet and TCP/IP can access all kinds of information. It makes user interface more graphic and interactive. Accessing and processing data can both be finished by web server.

IV.

CONCLUSION

B.

EMBEDDED WEB SERVER

The embedded web server technology is the combination of embedded device and Internet technology, which provides a flexible remote device monitoring and management function based on Internet browser and it has become an advanced development trend of embedded technology. Through this embedded web server user can access their equipments remotely. The Web server is shown in figure.6. The web server IP address is given as 192.168.0.100 and the PC address as 192.168.0.1 where both IP address should be in same subnet for the connection to get established.

In this work, a dedicated control based multi channel MAC CSMCMAC has been used for wireless sensor networks and implemented in the PICSENSE Wireless sensor network hardware platform. The CS-MCMAC has three channels, one control channel and two data channels. Security is an important concern in network management. Therefore, an embedded web server generally has a security and/or configuration module. Security is accomplished by defining security realms on a server and username/password access to each realm. REFERENCES:
[1] M. Ramakrishnan, P. Vanaja Ranjan Multi Channel MAC Implementation for Wireless Sensor Networks 2009 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies. [2] Jingpu Shi, Theodoros Salonidis, Edward W. Knightly 2006. Starvation mitigation through multichannel coordination in CSMA multi-hop wireless networks. Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing, pp: 214 - 225. [3] Christian Trodhandl, and Wilfried Elmenreich, Remote Target Monitoring in Embedded Systems Lab Courses using a Sensor Network IEEE, 2006.

242

Organized by Department of ECE, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore

3rd National Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and VLSI Design (NCSCV 11) 6th & 7th May 2011
[4] Analog Devices 2005. ADF7020-1 Datasheet http://www.analog.com/static/importedfiles/data_sheets/ADF7020-1.pdf. [5] M.Ramakrishnan, P. Vanaja Ranjan (2009). PICSENSE -A Wireless Sensor Network Testbed. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 1(4), 59-63.

243

Organized by Department of ECE, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore