German verbs

German verbs
German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particle

German verbs may be classified as either weak, with a dental consonant inflection, or strong, showing a vowel gradation (ablaut). Both of these are regular systems. Most verbs of both types are regular, though various subgroups and anomalies do arise. The only completely irregular verb in the language is sein (to be). However, textbooks for foreign learners often class all strong verbs as irregular. There are fewer than 200 strong and irregular verbs, and there is a gradual tendency for strong verbs to become weak. As German is a Germanic language, the German verb can be understood historically as a development of the Germanic verb.

Simple infinitives
The infinitive consists of the root and the suffix -en. With verbs whose roots end in el or er, the e of the infinitive suffix is dropped. laufen ("to run") lcheln ("to smile") meistern ("to master")

German prefixes
This is a general view of the most important German prefixes. The example is "legen" (to lay)
Prefix abVerb Literally to lay down to abandon sth. to attach sth. to dock to apply to lay sth. out to overlay to add to point sth. out to inlay faraway, outlying NOTE: entlegen is an adjective and not a verb! Translation

legen to lay down

an-

legen to lay by/at

aufausbebeidareinent-

legen to lay up legen to lay out legen to lay sth. on sth. legen to lay at/by legen to lay there legen to lay in legen dis-lay

German verbs

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ergelegen to achieve-lay legen to be laid to kill/ to conclude successfully seated, situated, opportune NOTE: gelegen is an adjective and not a verb! to put down to put some more of sth. on to put down an object / to lay down an office / to lie down also: to go to sleep to think about sth.

hinnachnieder-

legen to lay there legen to lay after legen to lay down

berumunterver-

legen to lay over

legen to lay around/over again to allocate, also: to kill legen to lay under legen to put under to be shy [adjective] / to lose [verb] to edit (books, newspaper) to bring sth. before so. to put away to disprove to destroy to put on / to buy something new to pool sth.

vorwegwiderzerzu-

legen to lay previous to sth. legen to lay away legen to lay against legen to lay sth. in pieces legen to lay to sth.

zusammen- legen to lay together

Inseparable prefixes
There are some verbs which have a permanent prefix at their beginning. The most common permanent prefixes found in German are ver-, ge-, be-, er-, ent- (or emp-), and zer-. brauchen, "to need" verbrauchen, "to consume" or "to use up" raten, "to advise", "to guess" verraten, "to betray" fallen, "to fall" gefallen "to be pleasing" hren, "to hear" gehren zu "to belong to" brennen, "to burn" (intransitive) verbrennen, "to burn" (transitive), to burn completely beginnen, "to begin" (no form without the prefix) The meaning of the permanent prefixes does not have a real system; the alteration in meaning can be subtle or drastic. The prefixes ver-, be- and ge- have several different meanings, although ge- is uncommon and often the root verb is no longer in existence. be- often makes a transitive verb from an intransitive verb. Verbs with er- tend to relate to creative processes, verbs with ent- usually describe processes of removing (as well as emp-, an approximate equivalent to ent- except usually used for root verbs beginning with an f), and zer- is used for destructive actions. Ver- often describes some kind of extreme or excess of the root verb, although not in any systematic way: 'sprechen', for example means to 'speak', but 'versprechen', 'to promise' as in 'to give ones word' and 'fallen', meaning 'to fall' but 'verfallen', 'to decay' or 'to be ruined'.

German verbs

Separable prefixes
Many verbs have a separable prefix that changes the meaning of the root verb, but that does not always remain attached to the root verb. German sentence structure normally places verbs in second position or final position. For separable prefix verbs, the prefix always appears in final position. If a particular sentence's structure places the entire verb in final position then the prefix and root verb appear together. If a sentence places the verb in second position then only the root verb will appear in second position. The separated prefix remains at the end of the sentence. anfangen ("to start") 1. Root verb in second position: Ich fange die Arbeit an. ("I start the work.") 2. Root verb in final position: Morgens trinke ich Schokolade, weil ich dann die Arbeit anfange. ("In the mornings I drink hot chocolate, because afterwards I begin the work.") A small number of verbs have a prefix that is separable in some uses and inseparable in others. umfahren 1. ("to crash into sth.") (stress on um) Ich fahre das Verkehrszeichen um. "I drive against the traffic sign, knocking it over (um) in the process." 2. ("to drive around") (stress on fah) Ich umfahre das Verkehrszeichen. "I drive around the traffic sign." If one of the two meanings is figurative, the inseparable version stands for this figurative meaning: bersetzen 1. Literal ("to ferry") Ich setze morgen auf die Insel ber "I'll ferry over to the island tomorrow." 2. Figurative ("to translate") Ich bersetze die Geschichte morgen. "I'll translate the story tomorrow."

Complex infinitives
Components and word order
Complex infinitives can be built, consisting of more than the original infinitive. They include objects, predicative nouns and adverbial information. These are packed before the original infinitive, if used isolated. (elliptical) NOT einen Vogel am Himmel pltzlich sehen BUT pltzlich einen Vogel am Himmel sehen ("suddenly see a bird in the sky") Pronoun objects are usually mentioned before nominal phrase objects; dative nominal objects before accusative nominal objects; and accusative pronoun objects before dative pronouns. Order may change upon emphasis on the object, the first being more important. This can be viewed as a table:

German verbs

Usual object order

Type Order Case Accusative Dative Dative Accusative

Pronoun 1 Pronoun 2 Nominal 3 Nominal 4

normal: Ich gebe meinem Vater das Geld ("I give my father the money") Ich gebe es ihm ("I give it to him") Ich gebe ihm das Geld ("I give him the money") Ich gebe es meinem Vater ("I give it to my father") unusual: Ich gebe das Geld meinem Vater ("I give the money to my father") Ich gebe das Geld ihm ("I give the money to him") very strange (but still correct): Ich gebe ihm es ("I give him it") Ich gebe meinem Vater es ("I give my father it") Native adverbs, like nicht, leider or gerne, are placed before the innermost verb (see Compound infinitives). Predicative nouns and predicative adjectives A predicative adjective can be the positive, comparative or superlative stem of an adjective, therefore it has the same form as the adverb. One might also use positional phrases or pronominal adverbs. rot sein ("be red") bekannt werden ("become well-known") im Rathaus sein ("be in the town hall") A predicative noun is a nominal phrase in the nominative case. Ein Arzt sein ("be a doctor") Note that, if the subject is singular, the predicative noun must not be plural. Der Schwarm ist eine Plage (singular/singular) ("the swarm is a pest") Die Bienen sind Insekten (plural/plural) ("the bees are insects") Die Bienen sind der Schwarm (plural/singular) ("the bees are the swarm") *Der Schwarm ist die Bienen (singular/plural) but instead Der Schwarm ist ein Haufen Bienen ("the swarm is a load of bees") or Die Bienen sind der Schwarm ("the bees are the swarm") (inversion) 3rd person pronouns are handled like any nominal phrase when used in a predicative way. 1st person or 2nd person pronouns are never used as predicative pronouns. Normally, one makes an inversion when using a definite pronoun as predicativum. Der bin ich. (*Ich bin der.)("I'm the one") Der bist du. (*Du bist der.)("You're the one")

German verbs Der ist es. (*Es ist der.)("He's the one") Adverbs One can use any kind of adverbial phrase or native adverb mentioned above. But beware of modal verbs, they change the meaning and phrase of the sentence.

Compound infinitives
Compound infinitives can be constructed by the usage of modal verbs or auxiliary verbs. One places a new infinitive behind the main infinitive. Then this outer infinitive will be conjugated instead of the old inner infinitive. Sometimes one must turn the old infinitive into a passive participle. Passive infinitive There are two types of passive forms: static passive and dynamic passive. They differ by their auxiliary words. The static passive uses sein, the dynamic passive is formed with werden (which has a slightly different conjugation from its siblings). In both cases, the old infinitive is turned into its passive participle form. sehen gesehen sein gesehen werden ("see be seen") pltzlich am Himmel gesehen sein/werden ("suddenly be seen in the sky") in der Schule sein in der Schule gewesen sein ("be in the school have been in the school") dem Lehrer gefallen dem Lehrer gefallen haben ("please the teacher have pleased the teacher") Note that a complex infinitive cannot be turned into passive form, with an accusative object, for obvious reasons. This restriction does not hold for dative objects. mir den Schlssel geben ("to give me the key") NOT mir den Schlssel gegeben werden mir gegeben werden ("have been given to me") The only exceptions are verbs with two accusative objects. In older forms of German, one of these accusative objects was a dative object. This dative object is removed, whereas the real accusative object stays. Die Schler die Vokabeln abfragen ("test the students on their vocab") NOT Die Schler abgefragt werden Die Vokabeln abfragen ("the vocab be tested") Perfect infinitives The perfect infinitive is constructed by turning the old infinitive into the passive participle form and attaching the auxiliary verbs haben or sein after the verb. sehen gesehen haben (transitive) ("see" "saw/have seen") einen Vogel sehen einen Vogel gesehen haben (transitive) ("see a bird " "saw/have seen a bird") laufen gelaufen sein (intransitive) ("walk walked/have walked") einen schnellen Schritt laufen einen schnellen Schritt gelaufen sein/haben ("walk at a fast pace" "walked/have walked at a fast pace")

Note that the perfect infinitive of an intransitive verb is created the same way as the static passive infinitive of a transitive verb. One can also build perfect infinitives of passive infinitives, both static and dynamic. Since the passive is intransitive, having no accusative object, one must use the auxiliary sein: sehen ("to see") gesehen worden sein ("to have been seen")

German verbs gesehen geworden sein ("to have been being seen") sein is used as an auxiliary verb, when the verb is: intransitive, indicates a movement from one place to another, or describes the alteration of a state haben is used, when actually any other case, but could be described more specifically Future infinitives The future infinitive is more theoretical, because this infinite is only used in finite form. One keeps the old infinitive and appends the verb werden, which in the present tense means 'to become'. nach Italien fahren nach Italien fahren werden ("to drive to Italy" "to be about to drive to Italy") The future infinitive can also be built by a perfect infinitive, which is used in the future perfect. den Baum gefllt haben den Baum gefllt haben werden "to have felled the tree" "to be about to have felled the tree") Infinitives with modal verbs Modal verbs are verbs that modify other verbs, and as such, are never found alone. Examples may include the following: "may", "must", "should", "want", or "can". Such verbs are utilized by placing the modal infinitive behind the old (passive or perfect) infinitive, without changing any other word. Some modal verbs in German are: knnen, drfen, mssen, brauchen, wollen, mgen, lassen. dorthin fahren knnen ("to be able to drive there") nach Rom fahren lassen ("let someone drive to Rome") Accusativus cum infinitivo Similar to Latin, there is an aci-construction possible. To construct it, one places a certain infinitive behind the last infinitive, then adds an accusative object before the inner complex infinitive. This can be done in two ways: Simple ACI Subject Verb Object Infinitive: "Ich sehe dich stolzieren" I see you strutting Complex ACI Subject Verb Object Compound infinitive: "Ich lasse dich ein Haus bauen" I let you build a house

The Infinitive with zu

The infinitive with zu has nothing to do with the gerundive, although it is created in a similar way. One simply puts the word zu before the infinitive, perhaps before the permanent prefix, but after the separable prefix. zu lesen ("to read") Ich lerne zu lesen ("I learn to read") zu verlassen ("to leave") Ich habe beschlossen, dich zu verlassen ("I've decided to leave you") wegzuwerfen ("to throw away") Ich habe beschlossen, das Buch wegzuwerfen ("I've decided to throw away the book") The infinitive with zu extended with um expresses purpose (in order to...). The subject of the main clause and the verb in the infinitive must be identical.

German verbs Ich habe ein Meer berquert, um dich zu treffen "I have crossed an ocean to meet you."

Conjugation
There are three persons, two numbers and four moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to consider in conjugation. There are six tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German: weak and strong. Some grammars use the term mixed verbs to refer to weak verbs with irregularities. For a historical perspective on German verbs, see Germanic weak verb and Germanic strong verb. Below, the weak verb kaufen 'to buy' and the strong verb singen "to sing" are conjugated.
Weak verbs Present ich kaufe du er kaufst kauft Past kaufte Strong verbs Present singe Past sang sangst sang sangen sangt sangen

kauftest singst kaufte singt

wir kaufen ihr kauft sie kaufen

kauften singen kauftet singt

kauften singen

Conditional endings (except for sein "to be") All tenses and verbs: -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en sein "to be" is irregular in the conditional mood Present conditional: sei, seist, sei, seien, sei(e)t, seien Past conditional: wre, wrst, wre, wren, wr(e)t, wren The (e)s are inserted when the stem of the verb ends in: -chn -d, -dn, -fn, -gn, -t, -tm The second person singular ending is -t for verbs whose stems end in: -s, -, -x, -z Examples beten "to pray": weak transitive verb Past Participle: gebetet Present: bete, betest, betet, beten, betet, beten Past: betete, betetest, betete, beteten, betetet, beteten singen "to sing": strong transitive verb Past Participle: gesungen Present: singe, singst, singt, singen, singt, singen Past: sang, sangst, sang, sangen, sangt, sangen Some strong verbs change their stem vowel in the second and third person singular of the indicative mood of the present tense. lesen "to read": strong transitive verb Past Participle: gelesen Present: lese, liest, liest, lesen, lest, lesen Past: las, last, las, lasen, last, lasen

German verbs The other tenses are described in the Sentences section, because they include construction of sentences.

Auxiliary verbs
werden "to become" (strong)
Present ich du er wir ihr sie werde wirst wird werden werdet werden Past wurde wurdest wurde wurden wurdet wurden

Past participle: geworden haben "to have" (mixed) Compare the Middle English conjugation:
Present ich du er wir ihr sie habe hast hat haben habt haben Past hatte hattest hatte hatten hattet hatten I thou he we you they Present have hast hath have have have Past had hadst had had had had

Past participle: gehabt sein "to be" (strong)

Present ich du er wir ihr sie bin bist ist sind seid sind Past war warst war waren wart waren

Past participle: gewesen

German verbs

Modal verbs
mssen "to be required; must" sollen "to be supposed to; should" wollen "to want (with resolve)" mgen "to like" knnen "to be able; can; to be possible" drfen "to be allowed; may"

Modal verbs are inflected irregularly. In the present tense, they use the endings of the strong verbs. In the past tense, they use the endings of the weak verbs. In addition, most modal verbs have a change of vowel in the singular.
mssen Present Past ich muss du er musst muss musste sollen Present Past soll sollte wollen Present Past will wollte mgen Present Past mag mochte knnen Present Past kann konnte drfen Present Past darf durfte durftest durfte durften durftet durften

musstest sollst musste soll

solltest willst sollte will

wolltest magst wolltest mag wollten mgen wolltet mgt

mochtest kannst mochte kann

konntest darfst konnte darf

wir mssen mussten sollen ihr msst musstet sollt

sollten wollen solltet wollt

mochten knnen mochtet knnt

konnten drfen konntet drft

sie mssen mussten sollen

sollten wollen

wollten mgen

mochten knnen

konnten drfen

When a modal verb is in use, the main verb is moved to the end of the sentence. For example: Ich kann das Auto fahren. ("I can drive the car.") Ich soll die Karten kaufen. ("I'm supposed to buy the cards.") Er muss der Mutter danken. ("He must thank the mother.") Note: danken is a dative verb which is why die Mutter becomes der Mutter. For further information, please read the section about Dative verbs.

Dative verbs
Some verbs are dative verbs. When used, these verbs change the case of the direct object to dative. Many have in common that they change the direct object. Dative verbs include (but are not limited to): antworten danken folgen geben gefallen glauben gratulieren helfen passen

German verbs

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Reflexive verbs
Some verbs require the use of a reflexive pronoun. These verbs are known as reflexive verbs. In English, these are often slightly modified versions of non-reflexive verbs, such as "to sit oneself down".

Imperative conjugation
There is an imperative for second person singular and second person plural, as well as for first person plural and second person formal. The endings for second person singular informal are: -(e), -el or -le, and -er(e). The endings for second person plural informal are: -(e)t, -elt, and -ert. Fahren (wir/Sie)! Fahr(e)! Fahrt! The imperative of first person plural and second person formal is identical to to the infinitive. This subtopic is strongly related to the construction of German sentences.

Verbal nouns and verbal adjectives

This section details the construction of verbal nouns and verbal adjectives from the main infinitive. The processes are the same both for simple and complex infinitives. For complex infinitives, adverbial phrases and object phrases are ignored, they do not affect this process; except something else is mentioned.

Past participle
There are some irregularities when creating the past participle form. Weak verbs form their past participles with ge- plus the third person singular form of the verb. fragen (er fragt) gefragt passen (es passt) gepasst antworten (er antwortet) geantwortet hren (er hrt) gehrt fhlen (er fhlt) gefhlt

Verbs with inseparable prefixes, or foreign words ending in -ieren or -eien do not have ge- added to the verb. probieren (er probiert) probiert prophezeien (er prophezeit) prophezeit For irregular verbs, the infinitive ending -en remains. gelaufen gegeben gegangen geworfen

The separable prefix remains in place. weggetragen umverteilt NOTE Ich habe den Baum umgefahren (I drove over - crashed into - the tree) NOTE Ich habe den Baum umfahren (I drove around the tree) The past participles of modal and auxiliary verbs have the same form as their infinitives. But if these verbs are used alone, without an infinitive, they have a regular participle. Ich habe den Chef besuchen drfen (Chef = boss) (I was allowed to see the boss)

German verbs Ich habe zum Chef gedurft (unusual) (I was allowed in to the boss)

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Present participle
To create the basic form of a present participle, you attach the suffix -d to the infinitive of the verb. laufen laufend ("walk" "walking") tpfern tpfernd ("make pottery" "making pottery") lcheln lchelnd ("smile" "smiling") verraten verratend ("betray" "betraying") aufbauen aufbauend ("establish" "establishing")

Future participle or gerundive

A gerundive-like construction is fairly complicated to use. The basic form is created by putting the word zu before the infinitive. This is also the adverb. zu suchen ("to be looked for") Der Schlssel ist zu suchen ("the key needs to be looked for") zu verzeichnen ("to be recorded") Ein Trend ist zu verzeichnen ("A trend is to be recorded") The adjective is more complicated. Instead of the infinitive, one uses the present participle, and then declines it corresponding to gender, number, case and article of the nominal phrase. Der zu suchende Schlssel ("the key to be looked for") Ein zu lftendes Geheimnis ("a secret to be revealed")

Agent nouns
Agent nouns (e.g. photographer from photograph in English) are constructed by taking the infinitive, removing the ending and replacing it by -er, -ler or -er(er). If the person is a woman, the endings have an extra -in on them. Please note that in the feminine form a second syllable er is omitted, if the infinitive ends on ern or eren. infinitive: fahren "to drive" agent noun, masculine: Der Fahrer "the (male) driver" agent noun, feminine: Die Fahrerin "the (female) driver" infinitive: tischlern "to join (carpentry)" agent noun, masculine: Der Tischler "the (male) joiner" agent noun, feminine: Die Tischlerin "the (female) joiner" infinitive: verweigern "to refuse" agent noun, masculine: Der Verweigerer "the (male) refuser" agent noun, feminine: Die Verweigerin "the (female) refuser" This form is hard to build for complex infinitives, therefore it is unusual: infinitive: weggehen "to go away" does not usually become der Weggeher or die Weggeherin, but instead Derjenige, der weggeht ("the one going away") or even schnell zum Flughafen fahren um die Maschine noch zu erwischen ("to quickly drive to the airport to just catch the flight")

German verbs does not become: Der Schnell-zum-Flughafen-um-die-Maschine-noch-zu-erwischen-Fahrer ("the quickly-driving-to-the-airport-to-catch-the-flight-driver")

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Gerund
The normal gerund noun is generally the same word as the infinitive. The gerund does not have a plural, and its gender is neuter. arbeiten Das Arbeiten ("to work" "working") NOTE Die Arbeiten is not the feminine plural of the gerund Arbeiten, it is the plural of Die Arbeit. There is another kind of gerund that (sometimes) implies disapproval of the action. The ending of this form is -erei ( -lerei or erei ). It does not have a plural, and its gender is feminine. arbeiten Die Arbeiterei ("to work" "this silly working") laufen Die Lauferei ("to run" "this silly running") The above form means a loose, vague abstractum of the verb's meaning. It is also often used to designate a whole trade, discipline or industry: die Meierei (once) "a milk-processing enterprise" Cf. also Hitlerei, Fleischerei (butcher's establishment) which do not spring from verbs. Similar to the form presented above, one may place the prefix ge- (after the separable prefix), if the verb doesn't have a permanent prefix, and then attach the ending -e ( -el, -er ). This noun indicates the same disapproval as the other one. It is a singularetantum, too, and it is neuter. fahren Das Gefahre ("to drive" "silly driving") laufen Das Gelaufe ("running" "silly running") These forms are very hard to build for complex infinitives; therefore they are very unusual. When they occur, all object phrases and adverbial phrases are put before the gerund noun. gesehen werden Das Gesehen-Werden ("to be seen" "being seen")

Tenses
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers, two moods and two tenses. The subjunctive mood is quite complicated to build; even many native speakers have problems with that matter. English native speakers should note that these tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mdchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". A sentence like Das Mdchen ist zur Schule gehend is still theoretically correct, but nobody speaks this way (by the way, Das Mdchen ist gehend zur Schule is completely wrong). One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial German, there does exist a progressive form, but it is only used with intransitive verbs, for example, am Essen sein meaning "to be eating". Present (Prsens) It is the present-conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for present progressive, as well as for historical past. It is also very common to use it with a future meaning. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car") Preterite (Prteritum) It is the past-conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly for written German and formal speech.

German verbs Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car") Perfect (Perfekt) It is the present-conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. The most important tense in spoken German to explain what happened in the past. Note that to express things like I have been waiting for 3 hours now, present tense is used: Ich warte jetzt schon seit 3 Stunden hier (literally, I wait now already since 3 hours here). Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car") Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) It is the past-conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of the perfect form of the Preterite. Used to describe what had already happened in the past. Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car") Future (Futur I) It is the present-conjugated form of the future infinitive. Mainly for describing the future, but also for assumptions. This tense is used in spoken and written German, but Germans prefer the Prsens with future meaning instead. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car") Future perfect (Futur II) It is the present-conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. Used to refer to things that will have happened, that is be past, in the future. This tense is not really common German. Usually, perfect is used instead. Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car") In the third person singular and plural conjugations future perfect can also be used to express an assumption and refers to something that is assumed to have happened in the past. Er wird das Auto gekauft haben ("He'll (surely) have bought the car") Sie werden das Auto gekauft haben ("They'll (surely) have bought the car")

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Reference
Stern, Guy; and Bleiler, Everett F. Essential German Grammar, Dover Publ., 1961.

External links
German verb conjugation [1]

References
[1] http:/ / www. die-konjugation. de/

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

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