study of a Sucti on Gas Producer

Baltliasar

Hoffman

907

621.43

ARMOUR
INSr.OFTECH.LIB, CHICAGO.

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AT 7 7 Balthasar Hoffman A study of a suction gas producer

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A STUDY OF A SUCTION GAS PRODUCER.

A THESIS

Presented By

BALTHASAR HOPF!iAN

To The

PRESIDENT AND FACULTY

For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

I^^

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Having Completed the Prescribed Cnurse of Study In

CHEMICAL ENGI2TEERING.

JLLINOISINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY PAUL V.GALVIN LIBRARY

35

WEST 3.3RD STREET

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INDEX
Introduction
Effect of Scrubber
"

"
"

Tending Furnace
No Load
\'fith.

8
10

"

Blast On

"
"

"
"

Temperature on Ingoing Air

12

Accumulation of Clinker

14
17
19

Amount of Carbon Left in Ash

Study of rraft Equalizer

Effect of Increased Load

Summary

21 ^^

19479

It

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A STUDY OF A SUCTION GAS PRODUCER

In making this study it was deeired to determine under

what conditions of operation the gas made in a suction gas producer

varies in power producing constituents, and in what manner the

percentage of these constituents varies.

It was not expected

that the conditions could be investigated fully, but it was

desired that at least, most of these conditions would be determined, BO that they could be fully studied at a future time.
The plant studied is owned and operated by the Cole

Manufacturing Company, at 32d Street and Western Avenue, Chicago,

and was installed by the Otto Gas Engine Works of Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania.
This study was made possible by the courtesy extended

by the Cole Manufacturing Company in permitting the work to be

carried on in their plant.

To the superintendent, Mr.

South,

and to the engineer, Mr. Coleman, this work is indebted for

their assistance in every way poc^sible.

To the Otto Gas

Engine Works, credit is due for the use of a four inch gate
valve.

A diagrammatic view of the plant is shown in blue

print form.

It consists of the generator,

the vaporizer,

scrubber, a small storage tank, and the engine.

The gas

producer is rated at ninety horse power, while the engine is

rated at sixty horse power.
The generator is a plate iron vessel, four feet six

inches at its greatest diameter, and seven feet high with a

nine inch fire brick lining.

The magazine and charging

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door are shown on the top of the generator In the blue print.
A grate is provided near the bottom, beneath which is the ash pit,

A door is provided at either side on a level with the This permits clean-

grate, and another just below the grate.

ing the grate from above and below.

In cleaning the grate while

in operation, it was customary to clean it from the bottom, but

in the morning and evening it was cleaned at the top.

The vaporizer consists of an iron shell through which
the hot gases must pass.

A baffle plate in the middle makes

the gas go first to the bottom of the vaporizer and then out at
the top on the other side.
On top of this shell is mounted an

iron vessel, to which are attached iron tubes which extend down
into the shell just described.

These tubes are full of water.

This

The vessel Itself, contains about two inches of water.

vessel also has a pipe marlred "Air Supply", which opens to the
air and another, connecting it with the ash pit of the generator.
The scrubber consists merely of an iron shell filled

with coke from the perforated plate near the bottom to the dotted
line near the top.

A pipe marked "Water Supply", is connected

The

to the city mains and supplies the scrubbing water.

cylindrical vessel betvroen the scrubber and the engine i? a

small storage and equalizing tank.
It was at the elbow leading

into this tank that a four inch pipe was connected in making the

study of a draft equalizer.

The engine has a fourteen by sixteen inch cylinder,

and is of the hit and miss type.

It makes 210 revolutions per

minute.

It is started by means of compressed air.

The apparatus used for gas analysis, consisted of a

complete set of the Moorehead burette and all its auxiliaries.

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and the necessary chemicals; a transfer pump; acid bottles fitted

with rubber stoppers, glass tubing, and rubber tubing so that a

sample of the gas could be pumped into the bottles and stored
there for sometime if necessary; a thermoTneter, and three

manometers.
The plan at the outset was to study the manner of

operation and determine the probable causes of variation of the

gas, and finally determine whether the gas actually does vary
as a result of these apparent causes

Whenever an event occurred which was to be studied, a

sample of the gas was taken and its composition compared with
that taken when conditions were normal.

Referring to the diagrammatic view, when the plant is

in operation, the only inlet for air is through the "Air Supply"

pipe, and the only outlet is through the engine.

The entire

draft is created by the suction of the engine and is perio(3ic.

TiVhen

the engine takes gas a suction is created and air enters

through the supply pipe. In the vaporizer it becomes somewhat

preheated and picks up some water vapor.

It then passes into

the ash pit and up through the grate into the fiael bed.
it unites with the hot coal causing combustion

Here

and producing

carbondioxide gas (CO2), at the same time generating heat.

This burning takes place in the fuel bed, extending from six
to ten Inches above the grate, and is known as the "zone of

combustion".

The heat here generated heats the bed for some

distance above to redness.

as the "zone of reduction".

Thip part of the fuel bed is known

In passing throiigh this red hot

bed of coal, most of the carbondioxide is reduced to carbonmonoxide, taking carbon from the hot coal.

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The hot gas from the generator passes on to the vaporizer.

In passing through the vaporizer it gives up most of its

heat to the water in the pipes, thus causing the water to vaporize and also to preheat the air going into the generator.

From
In passing

here, the gas passes into the "bottom of the scrubber.

upward through the scrubber it is met by a spray of water from

the''water supply", which cools the gas eind washes out particles

of ash and tar.

This water is drained off at the bottom

The gas then passes on to the engine.

through a water seal.

There is also some water in the ash pit which forms

a water seal. This water is heated by ash falling from the
The air which has picked
if?

grate, and by the grate itself.

up some moisture in the vaporizer,

and supplied with more moisture.

here further preheated,

The steam thus carried into

the fuel bed is decomposed, forming hydrogen and carbondioxide,

thus enri'chingthe gaa.

This reaction takes place in the zone

of combustion so that the carbondioxide is again reduced in

the upper zone. The decomposition of steam absorbs heat

and hence this reaction tends to reduce the temperature of the

generator.
For this reason there is a limit to the steam to
Tco much hydrogen is bad for the engine,
on account

be used,

of preignition and too rapid explosion.

is used,

If not enough steam

the fire becomes too hot and clinkers are fonaed.

Addition of steam softens these clinkers and makes them brittle.

The steam then cools the grate, cools the fire, thus preventing,

or at least moderating clinkers, furnishes hydrocren, and

furnishes oxygen for more carbon monoxide, but its use
is

limited on account of too much cooling, and on account of the

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effect of too much hydrogen on the engine.

The action of stearr on hot carbon also causes formation

of marsh gas.

At least a dozen tests were made for this gap, but

record is not never more than a trace could be found so that the Some illvuninants are present to the extent of a given at all.
trace only, and were similarly omitted.
Fuel was fed into the feeder at regular intervale.

ash and Through a hole in the cover on the feeder the coal and

clinker were poked down from the top.

cleaned at regular intervals.
effect on the gas.

The grate was also

These each seemed to have an

The following studies finally resulted:

Effect of scrubber. Effect of tending furnace. Effect of no load with blast on. Effect of temperature of ingoing air. Effect of accumulation of clinker. Amoun+ of carbon left in ash. Study of draft equalizer. Effect of increased load.

Referring to the "General Data", this is a tabulation

itself of the data in the order it was taken, and explains Under the col\jmn "Sample Taken B.S." and "A.S." generally.
respectively. refer to "Before Scrubber", and "After Scrubber", B.t.u. per In calculating the heat units per cubic foot, 340
cubic foot were used for both hydrogen and carbonmonoxide.
Two values are given at 62 F. and 32 F. The first is the

and temperature at which gas is usually taken into the engine,

given as the is practical, while the second is the one usually

standard.
The difference is one due to density.

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oi oirb ono ei sone-xattlb erlT

- 6 -

EFFECT OF SCRUBBER.
Object;
'degree.
-

All gases are soluble in water to a greater or less

OOo, 02, CO, Hp, Ng,

one cubic foot in one cubic foot of water. " ^.03 M n " 0.03 n " 0,019 " 0.015
ti i It

" '
ti
It

ntn
It
It

(
( ( (

ititn(
It

From Newth's Inorganic Ohemistrv.

A study was made of the change in the composition of

the gas in passing through the scrubber, and whether or not it

would be advlseable to use more water.

Method;-

A sample of the gas was taken Just before it entered

the scrubber, and as soon as it had passed through the dcrubber

another sample of it was taken.

The analysis of the two were

compared for any difference that might exist.

Data; See Table
;

Diecussion

From the above table it would appear as thoiigh it

would be possible to dissolve out all the carbondioxide by the

use of enough water, since this constituent is much more soluble
than the others.
Time, however, is also an element here.

The

time required for the gas to pass through the scrubber is very
short and hence solution is small, the rate of solution of CO

being the lowest.

According to the laws of gas pressure, each

constituent present in a mixture of gases is present at its own

respective pressure, i.e., in the case of analysis #1, COg forms
8.2 percent of the total volume of the gas and therefore is present
at 8,2 percent of atmospheric pressure, and hence one cubic foot

of water would dissolve only .082 x

cubic foot of COg at atmos-

pheric pressure.

Nitrogen is present to the extent of 57 percent,

and therefore, one cubic foot of water will dissolve 0.57 x.015

:-.noI

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- 7

cubic feet or 0.0086 cubic foot of nitrogen.

From the above,

it will be seen that there ought to be a loes in the percentage of

COg present.

Referring to Table

I,

analysis #1 and

=^2

of gas taken

at 10:15 and 10:20 A.M. reppectively,

there is a difference of

0.8 percent OOg in the gas, and this is a decrease in passing

through the scrubber.

There is a decrease of
5

Oxygen also decreased.

percent in hydrogen.

CO increased.

This is abnormal

for hydrogen and cannot be accounted for by absorption.

Sample

#2 stood in a bottle under pressure having rubber tube connections.

Hydrogen will pass through rubber, so that this may account for
some of the loss.
It will be noticed also by referring to the

general data, that the percentage of hydrogen varies more than the

percentage of the other constituents present.

These two facts

will at least faiirly well accoiant for the loss in hydrogen.

Analysis #19 and #20 show a similar condition, COg and hydrogen

decreasing and the balance increasing.

cases decrease.

The heat values in both

This is due to the loss in hydrogen and should

not be charged against the scrubber, but to the length of time

the sample stood before analysis.

Much difficulty was experienced in taking the sample

before scrubber, on account of the ash in the gas which clogged
the valves of the pump so that this work had to be abandoned

for others which could be carried out more satisfactorily.

Conclusions;

The data taken is not extensive.

It does

appear as though the gas is actually improved in heat giving

constituents and as though the quantity of water in the scrubber
should be as large as possible, with other conditions of the
plant.
The subject will bear further investigation and if such

V olrfjuo

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bns gOO ,nol*15rioo ^J3I^^Ila b woria 0?*

:fB9,-f

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- 8 -

an investigation ip made, it iP suggested that a siphon be used

Instead of a

pianp to

take out the gas and also that it be analyzed

as speedily as popsible.

EFFECT OF TENDING FURNACE.

Obleot jProf. MacFarland suggested a study of the effect on the

composition of the gas of cleanlnn: the grate, poking the fire from
the top of the furnace, and of filling the feeder.
It appearedthat

the gas was weakened by each of these events and this study was to

determine, if possible, what the effect is.

Method; The time of either event was noted, and as soon thereafter

as it was believed that the effect would be perceptible at the

engine, the sample of gas was taken.

These analysis were compared

with the analysis for the day, and results noted.

Data; -

Table II.

Discussion; -

Referring to the diagrammatic view of the plant.

It will be seen that in order to fill the feeder it is recessary

to open the top of the magazine.

This means that air can enter

the top of the generator and that the amount of air adjnitted will

be inversely proportional to the resistance offered by the coal

in the magazine.

If the gases in the top of the producer are

hot enough to ignite, this means an increase in COg, a decrease

in CO, and a decrease in hydrogen.

If the gases are not hot

enough to ignite, then there should be an increase in oxygen and

nitrogen.

Poking should cause an increase in COg because the

top of the fuel column becomes cooled, due to the settling of the

coal and thus fails to so reduce the COg to CO as it should.

After sometime when the settled coal has had time to become
ignited, the gas ought to be better, both on account of the

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- 9 -

distillation of what volatile matter is present and on account

of the increase of the hot fuel
"bed.

In cleaning the grate it is neceeeary to open the

doors at the bottom.

This practically cuts off the circulation

of air through the vaporizer, and hence cuts off most of the supply of moisture, and ought to cause a reduction in the

hydrogen content.

Cleaning the grate also causes the fuel

column to settle and this as already shown above, should cause

an increase in OOg and a decrease in CO.

Conclusions;

Referring to Table TI, sample #6 is considered

The feeder was filled and the fire poked

normal for the day.

at 9:30 and the sample taken at 9:35 A.M.

There was less COg

in the sample taken five rainutea after these events than was

normal.

Oxygen, however, increased, showing the cooling effect

at the top of the furnace.

Hydrogen is higher, showing that

moisture was effected.

In sample #7, all events were contrary

to expectations except oxygen, which was higher.

On Aug. 15th

theory and practice agreed more cloeely.

as normal.

Sample #10 is taken

Poking was started at 11:00 and cleaning the

Pour minutes were consumed in taking sample
The analysis of

grate at 11:02.
#11,

starting at 11:01 and ending at 11:05.

this sample shows an increase in COg, increase in oxygen,

decrease in CO, and a decrease in hydrogen.

was also decreased.

The heat value

Sample #12, taken from 11:06 to 11:08

shows more COg, less oxygen, less GO, but more hydrogen, and a

greater heat value.

itself.

It will be seen that the hydrogen doubled

This is probably due to an accumulation of steam in the

vaporizer while the grate door was open and which became effect!^

'

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<=.!

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- 10 -

at once when the grate door was closed.

On August 17th sample #14 was taken as norma}.

Sample

#15 was taken four minutes after the second event.

Here expect-

ations were borne out except hydrogen, which increased probably

on accormt of the accumulation of steam in the vaporizer.
In

sample #16, taken four minutes after the second event, expect-

ations were all fulfilled.

The predictions then in general are borne out, namely,

that cleaning the grate, filling the feeder, and poking from
the top effect the gas for a short period of time, and that

that effect is a decided weakening of the gas,

EFFECT OF NO LOAD WITH BLAST ON.

Object;
- It

was necessary in this plant to throw off the load

for a short period of time, about fifteen minutes during the

noon hour so that certain bearings on the line shaft could be

oiled.
It was found that when the engine ran "light",

the

gas beca-ne so weak that the engine would not run on it even

with no load.

For that reason the fan was started, the air

from the vaporizer shut off and the blast from the fan admitted
to the generator.

The object was to determine the effect of

this blast on the gas.

Method; - On August 13th, a sample was taken while the air

pressure was being applied, so that

thi<^

sample is really a

mixture of the gas already being produced, and that affected

by the blast.
This sample was compared with the normal. On

August 14th a sample was taken just before the load was removed,
and another just before the load was again applied.
On

August 20th, a sample was taken just before the load was again
applied, and this compared with the normal sample.

3BoIo

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- 11 -

Data;

Table III,
-

Dlspu3Bion;

When the load la removed from the engine, the

number of explosions decreases and hence the number of intakes

of gas also decreases, so that the aaoTxnt of air dravm through
the generator decreases in proportion to the decrease in load.

The amount of heat generated in the zone of combustion of the

generator decreases while the radiating surface of the generator

and vaporizer remain constant.
The result is a cooling of the

reduction zone of the generator, and a coolina: of the vaporizer.

The first condition causes less reduction of COg to CO, while
the second causes less steam and hence less hydrogen.
By closing off the steam supply from the vaporizer and

then turning on the blast after opening the escape pipe at the
engine, the combustion in the generator was increased.

This

meant increased heat in the zone of reduction, and hence more

reduction of the CO2 to CO.
Cutting off the vaporizer meant

only the admission of the meager supply of steam generated in

the ash pit of the generator and hence little hydrogen.

Conclualons; -- Referring to Table III, imder date of August ISth,

the above predictions seemed to be realized. CO more than offset the decrease in hydrogen, The increase in
so that the

heat

value of the gas actually rose.

were taken Just before
auid

On August 14th, the samples

just after the change respectively,

CO increased slightly, but hydrogen dropped iiore than one-half.

The reduction in heating value is very marked.

the results as to hydrogen were anticipated.

On August 20th, At this time the

accTAmulatlon of clinker had advanced to an agrivating state,

so that much of the COg probably never passed through a hot

carbon bed.

There also was an excess of air which would have

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.r;-;

-((iri

Toel

&n^ rsei-a
oricJ-

?28s.f

gssx/ao fcnroee
\5.

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Qiit

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miseie

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6riJ'

U:

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3rf.+

no ^nlartv) nedi
efti

r-xifl

.besi?9'sonx aaw toJnexiej,

--J^nerf

ri

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J-fLBS^-

atoiff

brr

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to enos

^rii

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Boj-Btanss crasie to \Xqqxre logeem

.1
^

to

a.ot&n}.B-I)S
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*
.

to ilq

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.oosj;Iot.
r:o;r?;o'ib^ijri

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nx eaBSioeb

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eiom CO
(,

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J-:--.!;^

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^+c:
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.

'^qqonb nQ^oibisi issd ^^IJrf'TxIa besi^siony. 00

'TBr

iexi^uA nO
sffx
;

yxev -2 axriB"
fJ-nj::

sxili-aerf

ni nolioubei
od'

riT
erfi

r:.rrfi

d-A

.lisiaqlo
"js

-^^xsw

iiegcxbAirf
"bBri

an a^I^rsei

,3ije.t3
.tori

g^xd-avf-t;^,;
rij^xft

oi bfiOiUSVbB

taTfnxIo to

i-ridjaliLrfi'jjooB

.'jq

levQfT T^IcfBdoiq vCO erii to rfojxm

jib

ctfiriJ-

oa

ovx-..

doirfw

'T^Je

to aeeoxo

bbw osIb sterfr

.bed nccTiBo

- 12 -

caused a burning of the hot CO in the top of the generator.

There is no question about the reduction of hydrogen in this
oase.
The amount of CO will increase unless a condition

similar to that on August 20th, sets in.

the gas usually declines considerably.

The heat value of

The gas remains rich

enough to keep the engine running.

EFFECT OF TE^IPERATURE OF INGOING AIR.

Ob.jectt - Referring to the early part of this study as shown

in the general data,

it will be noticed that the percentage of

"^uch.

hydrogen fluctuated very

At that

tiire

the temperature

of the air was c^^anging by jumps of ten to fifteen degrees

from day to day.
In trying to account for these fluctuations

in the hydrogen values, it appeared that the temperature of the

ingoing air determined, at least partly, the percentage of hydrogen

present by its ability to carry moisture into the fuel bed.

It was desired to record the temperature of the air entering

the ash pit of the generator.

Method;
at "A",

A hole was drilled through the movable plate shown

in the diagrammatic view of the plant,

and a rubber

cork inserted,

A thermometer was inserted through this cork

so that the bulb of the thermometer was situated near the center

of the pipe.

From this thermometer the temperatures were

The temperatures of the

recorded as indicated in the data.

outside air were not recorded, but these temperatures varied

about the same amount as those recorded.
A curve was plotted

using temperature as abscissae and percentage of hydrogen as

ordinates.

siA'j

lugoifcTjif

*3:o

riciioub&r:

eit-t

+/;'--cfjB

ncWseup en
:*rttroirrj3

ei

9-f-?flT

ncrt.-'.aoo eficfnu e^sBe'inri.L

^lo

I.Clw
,rt:Jr
.

CO

'^c

f.rtT

.eefio

suIjbv

o^iseri

offT

.nl

sJ-Qf?

if;i;r>uA

fatii

ct t&Isnle

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xrf ^

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ttn

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:..
.

'^so'T'^'-

-ff+

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J-<?BgJ[

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liR

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sri.t

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:^.C:

:fl-T

ffsa

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rt^irotd.1-

bellt'xb ajsw

rf

- ;oo'^j-eM

^^'-

''^ro'til:?

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'ie+<?rnrr.TSrt>.+

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3rl.-'-

-.--'

-fft
:'
'

T^d-*p cirT:eft+

nff*.+

rrnt^
'

.eqlq

eitJ

lo

T:c

Bc
=!

.rfab
+Tj<f

=iri

3b beb-iOQo-.:
8blB.ti.ro
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SB
txivorrs

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.cejBrffiTO

J-fraoTe^
.r9?.c^)y,H

- 14 -

ia not great, but it does indicate that the higher temperatures

of the ingoing air will cause the generating of more hydrogen.

Subsequent commercial work of the writer in vhich the temperature

of ingoing air was noted, confirms the above conclusions, EFFECT OF ACCUMULATION OF CLINKER,
Object; In this plant the fire was raked out of the generator
tv'o

at the end of every

weeks.

It was stated that the gas

became weak on acco-unt of the clinker which accumulated on the

walls of the generator.
It was determined to analyze one or

more samples of the gas each day, in order to determine just

what effect this clinker had on the gas from day to day, during
one of these two week periods.

Method; -

One or more samples were taken each day at a time one sa,nple If more than^was taken on any when conditions were normal.

day for this purpose, then the mean value of those analysis

was taken as the sample for that day.

These were tabulated.

Curves were plotted, using percentage of COg and CO as ordinates and time as abscissae.
During the following week a sample
This second

was taken every second day and treated as before.

series was taken merely as a sort of check on the first series.

After the fire had been raked out on August 25th, the walls of
the generator were examined to ascertain approximately,
(for the

walls were hot), the form and thickness of the

Data; Table V.

clin'-^ter.

The thickness of the clinker at the thickest point

as shown in the diagrammatic view, was between four and five

inches and extended completely around the walls of the generator.

Its general vertical form along the walls of the generator is

shown by the dotted line marked "clinker line" in

t..e

generator

.\r

^? ^C KriTAJTJMTTOrA

'ilC

njITH'S

afi-g

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"err.!:!

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y<^

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-15in the diagrammatic view.

Nearly all of this clinker was very

hard.

In some instances small portions of the fire brick

were broken off with pieces of clinker.

Discussion:
-

The accumulation of clinker in this form is

bad because it affects the heating value of the gas, and

because in knocking down this clinker portions of the fire

brick lining are also broken off.

Of the constituents in
VThen

producer gas, carbon monoxide is the most valuable.

air enters the bottom of the generator into the zone of

combustion carbondioxide is formed there.

If this carbon

dioxide passes through a bed of hot carbon it will be

reduced to carbon monoxide according to the equation

COg
-f

C = 2 C

The extra carbon being furnished by the red hot coal in the

zone of reduction.

If,

though, some of this carbondioxide

does not pass through a bed of hot coal it will appear in

the resulting gas as carbondioxide.

Referring to the diagrammatic view, it will be

seen that there is a space extending a few inches above the

grate which is free from clinker.

This is because the

engineer can easily reach all this space from the grate doors

with a hook poker.

with bumin<j; coal.

During operation, this space is fill'd

As air enters the grate and passes into

this zone, carbondioxide is formed, just beneath the clinker

as well as in the middle of the generator.

The clinker is

porous and offers about the same resistance as the hot coal
in the inside of the

dinger ring offers

to the passage of the

gases.

The carbondioxide then formed under this clinker ring

will pass through the clinker and never reach the hot coal

-T'^iv

sBvr "re^'-fl'-i

f^lrfJ-

lo

IIjb

vI^eeTl

.we.^v oijB^rra^sal()

'^tii

ni.

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to

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nl

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S!

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;

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*=ri.t

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eoflqs

r.filS

,rrol:tei3'Tc
erf*
ar[:^rre'

yi:*'rjj(I

.lejToq >'Oori rfilw

eosoaq bn eiet:^
ariJr^J-i/

lis bA

,Ibco

"filirfucf rijj;w
,s^iros
rjb

nejfrrlXo

nsc^

*Bjjf,

^'^grrrolt

pX 9>lxoIfjnocfio

BxriJ

el le^fnflr)

^rfT

.-toia'i.^nog rft

to IfrMm

eff.t

nf

I few

cc

n+ '^o OT'.jsflBBj
!?r;lT

firft

oi

^-xuV^-

S-iiT;

lejtnllo

erfcf

Ic afiiont
=)riT

erf.'

nl

'Te:SrflIo

.'?lrfj-

^ohfii;
r^o/J9i

berrrct

rrerfi

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orft

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tori

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levgn

hni:

Te:inlIo

ri'i.ucirid-

aaaq Iliw

- 16 -

in the zone of reduction which is confined to the

i-i.ner

part

of the generator.

From this, it also follows, that if this

clinker ring increases in thickness then the percentage of COg

remaining unreduced will increase and correspondingly of course,

the percentage of carbon monoxide will decrease.
It does not appear as though the hydrogen could be

similarly affected.

The steam is decomposed upon entering

the fuel bed at the bottom according to the equation

2 HgO 4 C = COg + ? Hg

If the quantity of steam furnished remains constant, there

should not be any change from this source.
The carbondioxide

thus formed is reduced or fails to be reduced in exactly the same manner as the carbon dioxide formed by combustion.

Con clusions;

Referring to the curves for the effect of the

accumulation of clinker, rings indicate points on the curves

for the two week series of analysis, while the short lines
are points on the curves for the six day series.
The curves for carbondioxide shows a constant increase

with time.

The decrease in carbonmonoxide is slightly less

the latter half of the period.

The sum of the two increaRes

very slightly with the

tl-'e.

For the second series In ?rhich

there are only three points on each curve, the curves are

drawn from point to point instead of taking the mean value

as in the first series.

They do, however, follow the same

general direction as the first set.

Referring to Table V, it will be seen that the hydrogen

remained fairly constant.

are
lovr,

l>Jiring

the first few days the values

but that could not have been due to the clinker, since

the hydrogen is practically constant after the third day.

c-.tff*

?.l

t-,rfi

^evollol oeIb

d-1

^s,^rfd

"^o-i'"^

:+.e'^ro:?^

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eri+

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sff.-^

if^lw -^rdT^-njKXa y^ev

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^nlifBt

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ft'Sirfd-

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tr?ioq crcrrt nWB-ib

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.J-ee d-oi.f'j

.niolteB J-aTjft orfd

atft
??b

ae

ncijoe^tjtb

iBtanss

-ibvff erft

*-erft

rreoR 'f ir."'-

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^r^TietoJ?

^oai?

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c.t

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j-f.n

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leJ-tB :fnJ3*anco Y^^-soi^o^tq at fr80^bY^^

17 -

The effect of

acctunulatirip-,

clinker is then to raise the

carbondioxlde constituent and lower the carbonmonoxlde value.

It does not effect the hydrogen.

In subsequent worl? of the writer in which similar

conditions prevailed, the results were identical with the above.

AMOUNT OF CARBON LEFT IN ASH.

Object ;- It was decided to determine the amount of fixed carbon
left in the ash and its relation to the original amount of fixed

carbon in the coal used.

Method; In cleaning the grate, while the producer was in

operation, the engineer raked the grate from underneath leaving

the ash fall into the water in the ash pit.

This was cleaned

out each morning and a sample taken.

Every morning and evening

in cleaning the grate the ash and clinker were raked off the top

of the grate until clean hot coal appeared.

This ash was

raked onto the cement floor, allowed to accumulate for several

days, and then screened.

The screenings were again used,

A sample of the ash thrown away was taken.

A sample of the

clinker taien from the producer on the last day was also analyzed.
To get the mean fixed carbon lBft,the riean of all
t,h3

^aaples

was made
was taken.

An analysis of the coal^^and its calorific value

determined.
The percent of the original fixed carbon left in the

ash was found as follows:

100 - 37.58 = 6 2.42 = percent of ash in ash. 62,4!? 4" 8.9 = 7 = number of pounds of coal represented by one pound of ash taken from producer, 7 X .8496 = 5.9472 = number of pounces of fixed carbon put into producer for each poixnd of ash taken from producer. But each pound of ash taken from the producer contains .?758 pounds of fixed carbon. Therefore, .3758 * 5.o<72 = .063 = 6,3^ = percent of original carbon in coal left in the ash.

^J^:.

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arid-

1:o

slqrrjBR
't;
-

f'esylx

no

xooii?:

.iq

exfJ-

/r'oi'it

neatest

sLo

:.-

-of"

!:','>

-,::

bncTot g.ew

ffsjB

.:!."^^

.~fi

.rf3B

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cJ-.-.-eOTieq

"JI^.T?*

r^.v?^ - 001

- 18 -

DATA.
Date
TOiere Taken

Percent Carbon
37.92
44.00 40.20

August 13th
14th
15th
16 th

Ash Pit
IT

No Sample.
38.20

17 th
18 th)
)

22.44
45.36

19 th) 20 th

21st

36.72 42.40
39.08

22d
23d

24th
A\agust 13th to l7th incl.

39.24
Grate,
"

48.76

20th to 24th

"

38.01
39
.

Clinker from sides of producer at end of run

24

Mean value

37.58

A L

._

Mcisttire

---------

1.03

Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon Ash
-

^.01

84.96
8.90

---

Calorific Value

-----

12,970 B.t.u. per poujnd.

0'".

"

rfj ":i

"!.

'^'^
:

-^X

to

b\-'--

j:

.-.orrnc-a 1:o

aoblR noil leTTnllO

A,

30.^

--------------

^^rfjsloM

6G.^3

- xtodtoO

fjaxi'^I

- 19 -

Percent of original Fixed Carbon Left in Coal

B.t.u. left In Ash (Calculated)

6.^5

Sl6

Percent of Original Heat Energ-y Left In Ash - -

7.06

The amount of fixed carbon in the coal at first seems

excesBive, but when calculated in terns of +he original coal, it

is not excessive.

The engineer stated that the average amovmt of coal

used was 2600 pounds per week including stand-by losses.

The plant delivers a-pproximately, 25 horse power for six

days of ten hours each week.

This rould be equivalent to

1.73 poiuids of coal per horse power

per hour.

With coal

at $4,00 per ton this would be equivalent to .346 cents per

horse power per hour,

STUDY OF A DRAFT EQUALIZER.
Object; - Reference to the general table will show that the

greatest manometer reading is 6 inches, and was at

that at B was 5 inches, and that at A was 2 inches.

C,

while
These
The draft

were

maxiimiin

readings and were only instantsmeous.

suid

varied from zero to a maximum

case.

back to zero again in each

The engine made 210 revolutions per minute and therefore

used less

than,

one^-ueventh of a second in taking a charge of gas.

If the engine were carrying full load it would make 105 explosions

per minute so that the draft would exist one-fourth of the time
in the producer and that it would come in 105 installments of

one-aeventh of a second each.

Prof, MacFarland suggested a

method by which this draft might be equalized so as to get

a more nearly continuous draft.

This study was not intended

to perfect the Idea, but m.erely to get data to demonstrate

-.

_
n"^

(?)9iBlyof0)

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- 20 -

whether or not the Idea wae a good one, and if bo, ?long what
lines to continue trials.

Description:

- Referring: to the

diagrammatic view of the plant,

a connection was made at the elbow of the pipe leading into the

small storage tank between the scrubber and the engine.

four inch pipe was used and was led into theequalizer as
shown in the equalizer diagram.
valve.
The valve hcwn was a gate

The equalizer consisted of a vrooden tank about ten

inches deep and made by puttying up a shipping box.

about 'seven inches of water were put into the tank.

Then
The four

inch pipe extended about six inches above the surface of the

water and opened upward.

Over this was placed the top of a

ohorrr.

sterilizer, eleven inches in diameter, es

in the diagram..

The bottom of this cover rested on four bricks,

thus leaving

the entire bottom open.

Method;- The gate valve was opened and the effect on the
manometers observed.
depths of water.
Several trials were mad using different

No record was made of the manometer readings,

but it was observed that the manometer at B varied up to four

inches only, instead of five, v/hile the variation at A was

one-half inch less than before.

It was also observed that the

action was less violent with the equalizer than without it,
and that the draft lasted a longer period of time when the

equalizer was used.

Discussion;-

Most producers do not use equalizers.

Manufacturers

who install them claim that a continuous or nearly continuous

draft is preferable to a periodic one, and that the gas is

better.
so greato

Leaks ought to be less frequent since the draft is not

!^

^on 10

-loriierivT

"

tnjalq

?)f{+

"

;-io.L

[JTJr^eJ

..'rfxi-^na

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5:i.6

isffcfinoa
''If'.?

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rfoe7/.t^cf :^nj3,t

CIbe'?)

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bol

38."

'^''x-

h98i; S3"r

9qlg

fforfJ-

Tuot

^.-iJ:v.L--j

^rTf'

"^

':',

f 100*!:

no feeiasi i?voo

elrf.j-

"^o /rrooj-ocf

er'T

T:oJ"'^rtr'^r"r,r

erfi

1:o

bs."!

ni,;;-

b-^co"

^
.

-^fUqeo

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1..

ro.r.:tJT-xBV

^-dS
8J3.7

oJMvv 9vt1 lo
' :

bJB0?'^:ni:

^ylnc

"srior^l
.'

r-^ev^ioacfo

osJij

"^f^rf-

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'-J9''

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.<i

baJ-.:i:.I

r^is^fi
--^jj

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3JBW :9sl.CB;.r>;j

'-

'

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tnoo

-^Iii^

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^<-

X9.tj-OCf

- 21 -

when
In this equalizer/^ the engine takes gas in its forward

partial stroke it creates a^vaouum, or rather a pressure less than that

of the atmosphere outside.

This is co'imunicated to the entire

system and since the only opening to the outside air is through
the vaporizer the air must pass through the fuel bed of the

generator where it neets much resistance.

offers some resistance.

The scrubber also

Now, with the equsAi-rer connected,

this partial vacuum was communicated to the chamber between

the equalieer cover and the surface of the water.

With the
lesF,

pressure on the surface of the water on the inside

that on the water on the outside, the water
v;as

than

forced into
A part of the

the chamber \intil equilibrium was established.

draft was thus taken up by the equalizer.

When the piston

reached the end of its stroke and no more partial vacuum was

being created, the water gradually passed out at the bottom

thus again creating that part of the draft it had absorbed.
The plan seemed to be a good one, but the water

rushed out of the equalizer too fast.

to make its action slower.

Some scheme was needed

A bottom having a number of openings

controlled by valves was suggested.

Owing to the lack of time

The

and means it was necessary to discontinue the work.

matter was subsequently taken up by Mr. Singer and Dunmore

of the Mechanical Department, and completed satisfactorily.

EFFECTS OF INCREASED LOAD.

Ob.ject;

Reference to several trade catalogues and engineering

magazines brought out the fact that the average composition of

suction producer gas is considerably higher in combustible
constituents than that which was being foiand here.
The actual

load carried by the plant was much less than the rated load,

- IS -

-A."

'

rr^i'

ot betBotnismrro nt ciriT

.3f)l3.t)Lro

e-'

tJ

"io

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'i

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le-fd'frxoe

grfP

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-orf.

^.tef*^

i'.t

-^'i^rfw

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,i)eioonr-;oo T.^'^'il-ii/pe

riLfw

,^oK

.eonjetaisa-i swcs bio^?'

^>!+

'iJl"
^

.13:^J3'.7

9xft
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'xe^.'^^^o^q no-fJ-ojja
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9rft

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J-oeln-

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- 22 -

gave which was nicely illustrated by the fact that the engine
as it an average of 41 explonione per minute instead of 105,

would at full load.

Considerable dlecusslon was provoked

load. about the plant as to the advantages of an increased

greater load for It was finally decided to try the effect of a

a short period.

Method:- The method used for increasing the load was very
crude, but it was the best that we had at that
tirae

and place,

A piece of plained scantling about eight feet long was placed ijmder one of the fly wheels of the engine.
One end of this scantling

rested on the floor while the other end rested on a wooden wedge.
By driving +his wedge back or forth the friction on the wheel

could

"he

adjusted.

The increase in load itself could

only be detennined by the num.ber of ex-nlosions in the engine

per minute.

This was crude regulation at best, but nothing

At 10:45 A.M.

better could be obtained.

the engineer

poked the fire and cleaned the grate so that the furnace would be
in good order when all was in readiness for the test.

A sample of the gas was taken iust before the load

was increaped so that any change could be noted.

The number

of explosions was counted at 10:57 A.M.,

and the loads then

increased lAntil at 11:10 the number of explosions was 64,

The load
T'-as

kept as nearly constant as was possible by the

The number and time of the explosions were

means employed.

noted at irregular intervals.

11:!?P.

The run was continued until

Three samples of the ras were taken.

The actual load was deteri^lred by referring to a curve

developed as a resiilt of a test on this engine by Prof. MacFarland

and published on page 677,

M2

Engineer (U.S.) Oct.

1*^,

-1905.

:;...:

..-o.-.

o^rt^

'^

jQ

.nlane

erfcf

Jo pfs^rfw ^ri

sxfi

l-o

ano

.+-

-Tff-

-^."

^^_^

jpj^

.^^^ isbTo

'-"--

->

--

'

"civoo

^JBW

snc

ff ofrrxo

to

r ^

- 23 -

DATA.
Horoe

TABLEV.

V 3 J R

.
,

}_

OS
T
''

*;o

OS:Xr

----.v

,:r4

OS

P^:II

oi

^;^oi;fto^q

s lo agJ^aefi

erf*

tl

.fijsol

lls/f Liadi aaaJt

tol

srft
'^s:^':

11- '^fifion QowbsT;

v^3ri
.tBriJ^

c.t

rijpjjona

93^J3f 5n
-

.rt5i;o?-3

J-c/t

scf

Hi:??

grjsl
Tro

is

tjn;

-irf^

tl

,gOO
-Bfft

r^ .!;.-.:

nrl:?-

JTtt;oooJB

no t^lZarr-

ecT

IlhT enos noi^oixfeeT

orft

CrxG
=>;'

l.t

ivcT!

.?^ofil'n/?? ^IriJ-

gaf-:tje ^b,ct

c*

b^:^i3^efIeg
"io

i'ssrf

lo

'

:J-ou';

'

oirsl

b^iitui si --^g oOD

ed"

fmsoms
>

ii.yj-i80

'-"

.ol'-rtr.-

^Af

"^o

93d-neoT:eq rftdJ-ioo b

^^^.iJ

..Mor

'

artcf

LlsM
/''ijxo
:

'';i .ifft

ftaojj-fjo'iinl

ai ^00 to omulov Ts+s^Tg

^Iaef5bcre ^.f
^r.

J^.t

-:

t^f-

.noJ^iotrft'^T
.i'^.*:

Jo o^alpteoieq
oS-*^

silt

ni ggaoiosh a

c^pwn.

ifTr

elrrrrijBa

bos

3lgi^ae u^awj-ad" bonaqqerf

bstijifi'iors.t

tjarfv.

'':""

;9'viorf
f)BrI

^3 oi 3>
'^JB^

DEio'i'i

^IlBnijBtg
Ijs.

'^.'^.o^.i'irArxe

'i--'

aiom

bTlffJ--o-iO

rrT-:

,OT.:ll bns

erC

,.r :0I

j..;

^^'>f/f)sI

q.cw ?5^

01:11

j-.^

......^

ofijs-i

arft

nl beoirhQi

- 24 -

percentage of CO.
In the vaporizer a similar condition exists.

The rate

of passage of air

carrj'^ir.g

away eteam is suddenly increased

"by

while the heat imparted to It

the hot gases does not increase

in the same ratio, much of the heat of the hot gases "being

taken up in warming the upper zone of the generator.

This

means a decrease In the supply of steam and hence less hydrogen.

After a short time, however, the generator became

heated to what might be termed the normal temperature for that

load and the reduction of COg increases as well as the pro-

duction of hydrogen.
in OO2

In sample #36 there is a slip-ht increase

and a corresponding decrease in CO.

Hydrogen is higher.
It may be

The change is only two-tenths of one percent.

due to the increased cooling effect of the increase in steam

to produce the increase in hydrogen shown.

The heat values

increase.
The relation between changes of the gases is shown

in the form of curves in blue print.

Time is shown as

abscissa and percent gas as ordinates.

for heat values.

Acurve is shown

The ordinates should be multiplied by ten to

get the respective B.t.u. per ctibic foot.

Attention is called

to the decrease in the combustible constituents at first and

then to their gradual increase.

The same can be said for

the heat curve while for the COg curve, the reverse is true.

.00
..c;
:

*?:'

'-'"

^'eoieq

-ifTI'

...

.,

...?:

tlhnoo

"XiiliEiis

a issx'rr.^'Gv

--.rC:'

..i

j?uaiorri

tea

ac^ojb

aesrg
>torf

^off

eri:^

x*^

ti oJ
^jtfJ-

bei-i.qrr.l

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nifii

gXxffw.-

-- forT ef)?i53
:j;ffT

erf*
:?rf;l-

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"^c

+-.erf

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erfj-

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-ciq
scjsiT'Ti.?:

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riew
r;

-^jb

aesfieioni: (5OO 'io noiioi/bet

9rf:f

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35% arrrmaa nl

.ne^cTbYrf ^o ^oiJou^

-:

^e fl

,.trfenT9q
:'".l
erf:*
|';

eno lo ariJ-no^-owi x^^-o si agnBffo

erfT

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*3^^e ^ntlooo

ftof^^s'i-.'ii

arti

oi ojjb

.-"TrorfG

::

sesfig etfi

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ae:^nfio rfd'^wtac' nold"B/eT

,

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.+rri'Tq

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rtJ:

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nclon9.'-JA

odT

'^lijoffa

L^eJonlbTo srfT
'leq
.jj-.:f,a

.r^Btrfsv
-rlJ-e.n-B9T

i^sr^ci

id's

bsll^o

.'i.f:

.not

olrSuso

r.di^

^eg

tol bt&e on oeo

.'.mJ-^1

eiies

eifT

,3a'=)ioni:

IJ3lrbiB^3 ilsrf*

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erid'

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ovxtr? Jaerf

- 25 -

Conclusions;

The first tendency of an increaped load,

especially a suddenly increased one, is to reduce the heating

constituents of the gas.

The increased load will, in a few

minutes, increase the strength of the gas due to the additional

heat generated.
The duration and suddenness of load change of the

above test was not great.

The writer has since had part

"be

in a test (for which the data cannot

given here) in v/hich

Several
The

the increase was sudden from one third to full load.

ether teste were

niade,

not so great in suddenness.

result in each instance was similar to that here obtained,

SUMMARY
Effect of Scrubber.
-

The scrubber was found to absorb COg to

a greater extent than it did the other constituents.

An

extended study of its effects i^ith varying quantities of water

on the composition of the gas and on the percent of ash and

dust left in the gas should be made.

Effect of Tending Furnace ;- The effect of tending the furnace

is injurious for a short time, but usually improves the gas after
a few minutes.

No two manufacturers build their gas producers

alike, and no two engineers will tend the same producer exactly
alike, so that the field for investigation here is extensive.

iBC'.r

i^ tbba adf

eijb

g-ag

erft l-o

rfd-?ir!e'i.:tn

fid'

e^issionl
,

^ae.tjjnim
'

^sisio'erf?

'^

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b^ol Ic

'^^srtnebb!--)
oril'

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esri ":'=>tliw

.J-^^-ra

J-c^

riav;

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evocfjii

r.-.-

TT-aj;..

.beol tl.c^

Oo.

Mlrfl
r.;_

srro ivoi"^

ne&bcfe aaw efi^xoni:

^-^f^Bfrr

'^ri:^

eriT

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J-js'^ig

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eiew

aJ-'^-eJ-

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cd-

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lo

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v.

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- 26 -

Effect of No Load With Blast On;was to increase CO

eind

'llie

effect in thin producer

decrease hydrogen.

Most producers

would be similarly affected.

Some, owing to their construction,

The object of the "blast is

would produce different results.

to keep the zone of reduction hot when the engine is not using

enough gas to do this.

Hydrogen falls off hecause the steam

is cut off from the generator.

Effect of Temperature of Ingoing Air:

Air of a high temperature

passing through a vaporizer takes up nore moisture than cold

air, and hence causes more hydrogen to be formed.

A curve

shows an increase of hydrogen with an increase in temperature

of ingoing air.

Some producers preheat the ingoing air

ar-

high as four and five h\indred degrees.

for more investigation.

This is a good field

Effect of Accumftlation of Clinker :- The effect is nicely

illustrated by the curve? shown in blue print form.
Work

of this kind on different producers and producers operating

Tjnder different ccnditlons is adviseable.

The effect of steam

on the quantity and quality of the clinker should be noted.

The temperature in various parts of the generator should also

be noted.
Amo\int of Carbon Left in Ash;

This is interesting from the

froin

standpoint of economy.

Much carbon remains in the ash

suction producers,

A study along this line with a view

of determining the most economical method of firing is suggested.

- 3n ^30'j&oicr
r^irf-"

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.oeJon
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rIciB
sri.t

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d'+iv:
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o.tv
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ii

enll
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nnliTijoneigb

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.r>9^

- 27 -

Study of

Di- aft

E q ualiz er;

This study was intended rterely to

It

determine whether or not a certain idea was priecticable.

was found to be practical and was subsequently completed
Some makers claim that a draft equalizer is not beneficial
to the gas.

This could be determined by a series of tests

similar to those here made.

Effect of Incre ased Load ;- In this case the increase of load

was injurious for
a

few minutes, but finally increased the

This is true in general.
In practice

value of the ras.

the load on an engine is of ton suddenly increased from a light

load to full load.

In such cases there is danger of stopping

the engine on account of temporarily weakening the gas.

There

is an extensive field for investigation in this direction.

In conclusion, this work is indebted to

Helon Brooks MacFarle-nd, AsBociate Professor of Mechanics,

Armour Institute of Technology, for many suggestions and murh
valuable information.
To Benjamin Ball Freud, Assistant

Professor of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Armour Institute

of Technology, this work is indebted as director.

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DiAGRA/^ATIC VI^W

OF PLANT STUDIED

SNhrEHSUPPLS

ELEVATION OF DRAFT EaVALlZER

\/&AT

VALVE

TABLE I
3.TU.PBR

PERCENT COMPOSITION

cubic foot

STANDARD
PRESSURE.

c/1

^1^

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TABLE n
Effect
oj^

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TIME OF

PERCENT COMPOSITION

B.T.U.PBR cubic foot

STANDARD
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(calculated)

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Effect of accumulation of ciinke)

DATE

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Curves

for increased load

GENERAL
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BT.UPER EXPLOSIONS MANOMETER TEMPRATu P:RCNTCOMPOSlT/Of( CUBICFOOT PERMINUTE READI/VCS c." A'.BAr^r
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