-RESEARCH BASIC ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Did you know that electromagnetic waves can not only be described by their wavelength, but also by their energy and frequency? All three of these things are related to each other mathematically. This means that it is correct to talk about the energy of an X-ray or the wavelength of a microwave or the frequency of a radio wave. The electromagnetic spectrum includes, from longest wavelength to shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.

ULF ELF VF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Wavelength 100,000 km to 10,000 km 10,000 km to 1,000 km 1,000 km to 100 km 100 km to 10 km 10 km to 1 km 1 km to 100 Meters 100 to 10 Meters 10 to 1 Meter 1 Meter to 10 cm 10 cm to 1 cm 1 cm to 100 mm

Frequency 3 - 30 Hz 30 to 300 Hz 300 Hz to 3 kHz 3-30 kHz 30-300 kHz 300 - 3000 kHz 3 - 30 MHz 30 - 300 MHz 300 MHz - 3 GHz 3 - 30 GHz 30 -300 GHz

Frequency is 60 Hz, as their sources are any alternating current, especially strong near high voltage transmission lines . AM frequency given by stations: 550 1600 kHz (= 1.6 MHz) RADIOWAVE FM frequency given by stations: 88 108 MHz S AM = amplitude modulated , FM = frequency modulated TV stations use higher Fr waves to get better resolution = TV WAVES reception. 54 806 MHz , many channels ELF WAVES

CELLULAR PHONE WAVES: frequency 880 MHz =0.88 GHz , 'cell ' is the area covered by the antenna of( receiving or sending) company - therefore 'hand-off'.

MICROWAVE S

MICROWAVE OVEN heat water ( in food ) ; 2.45 GHz = 2,450 MHz RADAR: used ( in conjunction with the Doppler Effect ) in speed traps by police, in missiles to find airplanes, tanks, etc.; used by airports to guide airplanes, most 1 100 GHz ( G = giga ) Just below visible red, also called heat radiation . With special INFRARED cameras used to find heat losses from houses; by army to detect heat radiation from engines, people. RED, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET - no white or black !!! VISIBLE White is the sensation for our brain when primary colors ( red, LIGHT blue and green) fall onto the retina at the same time . Black is the absence of any light . ALPHA- UV is energetic enough to cuase chemical reaction ULTRAVIOLE BETA UV causes damage to cell structure (tanning) and can T cause genetic damage to cell DNA => possible cancer . SOFT - X rays = lower Fr range; used for taking x-ray pictures. X-RAYS HARD - X - rays = higher Fr range; used in cancer treatments to kill cancer cells.

Frequency range overlaps with hard X-rays. Gamma rays originate though in the nucleus of atoms, not by electron jumps between energy levels as frequencies higher than infraded do . GAMMA RAYS

COSMIC RAYS

Very high frequency, comes from sun, outer space = universe to us.