1.

(a)

State the difference between an antigen and an antibody.

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(1)

(b)

Explain antibody production.

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(3)

(c)

State two other substances, apart from antibodies, transported by the blood.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

2.

State one example of an infectious disease caused by a member of each of the following groups:
virus, bacteria, fungus and protozoa.
(Total 4 marks)

3.

Outline the process of immunization.

(Total 6 marks)

4.

Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization against bacterial and viral infections.
(Total 8 marks)

5.

(a) Explain how the skin and mucous membranes prevent entry of pathogens into the
body.
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(3)

(b)

Explain why antibiotics are used to treat bacterial but not viral diseases.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

6.

Define the terms active, passive, natural and artificial immunity.

(Total 4 marks)

7.

Explain the role of antibody production with regard to vaccinations.

(Total 8 marks)

8.

Describe the cause, transmission and effect of one human bacterial disease.
(Total 6 marks)

9.

Which is not true of active immunity?

A.

It can be produced by exposure to a disease causing organism.

B.

It can be produced artificially.

C.

It can be produced by a virus.

D.

It can be transferred via the colostrum.

(1)

10.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events when the body is responding to
a bacterial infection?
I.

Antigen presentation by macrophages

II.

Activation of B-cells

III.

Activation of helper T-cells

A.

I, II, III

B.

I, III, II

C.

III, II, I

D.

II, III, I
(1)

11.

Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses?

A.

Antibiotics stimulate the immune system against bacteria but not viruses

B.

Viruses have a way of blocking antibiotics

C.

Viruses are too small to be affected by antibiotics

D.

Viruses do not have a metabolism

(1)

12.

Which curve shows the response of the immune system to a vaccine, followed by an infection?
A

L e v e l
a n t i b o

o f
d y

L e v e l
a n t i b o

i m

V
C

L e v e l
a n t i b o

o f
d y

13.

a c c i n

i m

e
I

o f
d y

T
I

a t i o

i m

L e v e l
a n t i b o

T
V

o f
d y

i m

V
I

I
=

I n

f e c t i o

(1)

What is required to form a blood clot?

I.

Platelets

II.

Clotting factors

III.

Antibodies

IV.

Fibrinogen

A.

I and II only

B.

I, II and III only

C.

I, II and IV only

D.

I, II, III and IV

(1)

14.

Which type of immunity usually results from vaccination?

A.

active, natural

B.

active, artificial

C.

passive, natural

D.

passive, artificial
(1)

15.

Which type of cell is responsible for secondary immune responses to a pathogen?

A.

Cytotoxic T-cells

B.

Phagocytes

C.

Macrophages

D.

Memory cells
(1)

16.

(a)

Define the term degenerate as it relates to the genetic code.

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(1)

(b)

Apart from international cooperation, outline two positive outcomes of the Human
Genome Project.
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(2)

(c)

State the catalytic activity of reverse transcriptase.

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(1)

(d)

State one use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and one use in treatment.
Diagnosis:
.................

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Treatment:
.................

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

17.

Discuss factors which affect the occurrence of coronary heart disease.

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(Total 7 marks)

18.

Describe how human skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens.
(Total 4 marks)

19.

Explain the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS.

(Total 8 marks)

20.

Which types of cells in the immune system destroy body cells that have been infected by
viruses?
A.

Activated B-cells

B.

Cytotoxic T-cells

C.

Phagocytic macrophages

D.

Plasma cells formed by clonal selection

(1)

21.

Describe the cause, transmission and effects of one named bacterial disease.
(Total 5 marks)

22.

Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.

(Total 8 marks)

23.

A blood clot contains a network of protein. What is the protein?

A.

Fibrin

B.

Fibrinogen

C.

Hemoglobin

D.

Thrombin
(1)

24.

In a nerve impulse, what happens at the site following the highest point of the action potential?
A.

Voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and Na+ is pumped in.

B.

Voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and Na+ diffuses out.

C.

Voltage-gated potassium ion channels open and K+ is pumped out.

D.

Voltage-gated potassium ion channels open and K+ diffuses out.

(1)

25.

Explain the oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin and how it is affected by the Bohr
shift.
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(Total 6 marks)

26.

Explain how and why the breathing rate varies with exercise.
(Total 9 marks)

27.

Explain why ventilation rate varies with exercise.

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(Total 6 marks)

28.

Explain the way the body acclimatizes to gas exchange at high altitudes.
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(Total 3 marks)

29.

Many processes in living organisms, including ventilation and gas exchange, involve moving
materials. State the differences between ventilation and gas exchange in humans.
(Total 4 marks)

30.

Describe the mechanism of ventilation in the human lung.

9

(Total 5 marks)

31.

Explain the Bohr shift of an oxygen dissociation curve during gas exchange.
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(Total 6 marks)

10

32.

Describe how carbon dioxide is carried by the blood.

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(Total 4 marks)

11