Applied Hydraulics and Pneumatics: Required

PEC / DoME / MP / III Year- Mechanical Engineering / V SEM / ME2305- Applied Hydraulics And Pneumatics
APPLIED HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS INTRODUCTION: Practically every industrial process requires objects to be moved, manipulated, held, or subjected to some type of force. Three most commonly employed methods for producing the required forces/motions are Electro mechanical Motors, Solenoids, Levers, Cams Pneumatics Air Hydraulics Liquids Source of Words: Hydraulics - Hydra (Greek for Water) - aulos (Greek or Pipe) Pneumatic - Pneumn (Greek for wind or breadth) Syllabus Overview: Introduction to Fluid Power: Fluid power technology is a means to convert, transmit, control and apply fluid energy to perform useful work. Fluid can be either a liquid or a gas. Fluid power in general includes hydraulics (liquid like petroleum oil, synthetic oil, water) and pneumatics (Gas like air). Hydraulics / Oil Hydraulics: Employs pressurized liquid Operates @ 200 bar or even much higher Used in high load applications where accurate speed, control/positioning is required. Example: N.C Machine tool, Lifting machinery, Earth moving equipment, agriculture
machinery
Pneumatics: Employs compressed air Operates at 5 to 10 bar (pressure is very limited) System can produce only low or medium size forces but velocities obtained are usually high. (Because compressed air expands very quickly) Difficult to control the speed because of the compressibility of air. Example: Assembly line, Precision machining operations, Locators, Industrial
automation.
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IMPORTANCE of FPT: Today it would be difficult to identify a product that has not been affected by fluid power at some point along the route from raw material to final installation. HISTORY:
People have used the natural movement of both air & water. Ex. Using sails on ships. (2500BC) Wooden Valves to control water flow through bamboo trees. (Chinese @ 4000 BC) Built Masonry dam across Nile. (Egypt) Roman engineers produced power (3HP) using vertical wheels. (1st Century BC) Recent History: Three items are very essential to the existence and comfort of human
kind. 1. Transportation, 2. Movement of water, 3. Generation & transmission of power.
Contribution of Individuals & Evolution: 1650 Blaise Pascal; fundamental law of physics on which the fluid power systems are based. 1795 Joseph Bramahs; built first hydraulic press 1850 Full development of Bramahs water press 1906 Electrical systems are replaced by hydraulic system for elevating & controlling guns in the battle ship of U.S.S. Virginia 1926 Self contained package includes Reservoirs, pumps, controls & actuators. During past 50 years FPT rose to an important industry with the increasing emphasis on automation, quality control, safety, and more efficient energy systems. BASIC LAW Basic principle of fluid power was developed by Pascal. Pascal Law states that the pressure generated by exerting a force on a confined mass of liquid at rest acts undiminished in equal magnitude and in all directions normal to the inside wall of the fluid container. In simple Pascal Law states that the pressure generated at one point in a confined liquid acts equally in all directions. More Def.: Pressure exerted on a confined liquid at rest is transmitted equally in all directions, is the same at any point in a liquid, and acts at right angles to the surfaces of the container.
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Pascals law is valid irrespective of the shape of the vessel. Any change in the exerted pressure is seen almost instantly throughout the liquid. Fluid in a system can be as rigid as steel for the transmission of power. APPLICATION OF THE LAW: The force applied to piston1 is multiplied by ten times. Displacement is ten times lesser.
Hydrostatics vs Hydrokinetics: Types of Fluid Systems: Fluid Transport Systems Transport fluids from one place to another place to achieve some useful purpose. Fluid Power Systems Primarily designed to perform work.
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Fluid power Systems: : System Characteristics: Accuracy of actuator movement Liquid can be compressed only slightly. Hydraulic systems therefore can produce more accurate, easily controlled movement of cylinders and motors than pneumatic systems Compressibility produces a more Spongy operation in pneumatic systems; Not suitable where highly accurate movement is required. Operating Pressure Hydraulics: 200 bar or more Pneumatics: 5 to 10 bar; Extremely high pressure pneumatic systems normally are not used. Actuator Speed Pneumatic systems: When high speed movement is required Rapid response cylinder operation is also possible with pneumatic systems Accuracy is low. Component Weight Hydraulic systems operate at higher pressure requires the use of stronger materials & more massive designs to withstand the pressure. Pneumatic systems operate at much lower pressure can be manufactured using light weight materials and designs that minimize the amount of material. Cost Pneumatic systems are more expensive to operate than hydraulic systems. This cost can be directly associated with compression, conditioning & distribution of air.
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Advantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS):

(Compared with mechanical/electrical/electromechanical power transfer system)
An easy means of multiplying and controlling force and torque. Infinite & stepless variable speed control for both linear and rotary motion. Overloading the system simply stalls the actuator without damage to the components. (more easily achieved/controlled by using relief valves) Provides an easy means of accurately controlling the speed of machines and/or machine parts. Provides the ability to instantly stop and reverse linear and rotary actuator. Systems easily adapt to accommodate a range of machine sizes and designs. Systems readily adapt to external control methods, including mechanical, pneumatic, electrical and electronic systems. Constant force is possible in FPS (irrespective of work output moves a few millimeter or several meters per minute) As the medium of power transmission is fluid, it is not subjected to any breakage of parts as in mechanical transmission. The parts of hydraulic system are lubricated with the hydraulic liquid itself. Pneumatic systems provide clean operation with minimal fire & explosion hazard. (So useful for painting & mining) The FPS are more compact & simple than a mechanical drive because it eliminates the need for links like cams & gears. Because of the simplicity & compactness the cost is relatively low for the power transmitted. Large volumes of compressed air may be easily stored in pneumatic systems to provide energy for intermittent, heavy system demand.
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Disadvantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS):

(Compared with mechanical/electrical/electromechanical power transfer system)
Higher safety factors associated with high pressure oil and compressed air. (Hydraulic elements have to be machined to a high degree of precision which increases the manufacturing cost of the system) Susceptibility to dirty environments, which can cause extreme component wear without careful filtration. Fluid leakage and spills cause a slippery messy work environment around hydraulic equipment. Fire hazard with hydraulic systems using combustible oils. Special handling and disposal procedures for hydraulic oil required by environmental regulations. High cost of compressing and conditioning air for use in pneumatic systems. Reduced accuracy in actuator speed control in pneumatic systems caused by compressibility of air. Noise level of pneumatic systems when air is directly exhausted to the atmosphere from components.
Applications of Fluid Power System:

AGRICULTURE Tractors, Chemical Sprayers, Fertilizer spreaders AUTOMATION Automated Transfer Machines AUTOMOBILE Power steering, Power Brakes, Suspension Systems AVIATION Landing Wheels of Aero plane & Helicopter, aircraft trolleys BUILDING INDUSTRY Metering and mixing of concrete ingredients from hopper CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT - Earth Moving Equipments like excavators, , Dozers, Post hole diggers DEFENSE Missile Launch Systems, Navigation Controls Cont.
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Continuation.. ENTERTAINMENT - Amusement park entertainment rides like rollercoasters. FABRICATION INDUSTRY - Pneumatic Drills, Grinders, borers, Riveting Machine, Nut Runners FOOD and BEVERAGE Food processing equipment, wrapping, bottling FOUNDRY Moulding Machines, Tilting of Furnaces, Die Casting Machines GLASS INDUSTRY Vacuum suction cups for handling. JIGS and FIXTURES - Fluid power operated clamps. MACHINE TOOLS Automated Machine Tools, NC Machines, MATERIAL HANDLING Jacks, hoists, cranes, fork-lifts, conveyor systems. MEDICAL Breathing assistors, heart assist devices, cardiac compression machine, dental drills and human patient simulator. MOVIES Special effect equipment using fluid power animations MINING Rock drills, excavating equipment, ore conveyor loaders. PAPER and PACKAGING Edge trimming, stapling, pressing, bundle wrapping OIL INDUSTRY Off-shore oil rigs. PLASTIC INDUSTRY Automatic injection moulding machines, raw material feeding PRESS TOOLS Sheet Metal Bending, Punching, Stamping ROBOTS Fluid power operated Robots, Pneumatic Grippers SHIPS Stabilizing systems TEXTILES Process control, web tensioning devices. TRANSPORTATION Hydraulic elevators, winches, overhead trams UNDER SEA Submarines, undersea research vehicles. WELDING Full and semi-automatic welding machines WOOD WORKING Tree shearers, feeding, clamping and saw operation
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Functions of Fluid Power System:

FPS is made up of component groups containing parts designed to perform specific tasks. The work may involve simple or complex tasks, but the component groups perform specific system functions that are basic to all fluid power systems.
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A FLUID POWER SYSTEM
Energy Conversion: FPS does not generate energy. But transform it into a form that can be used to complete a task. Process begins with a prime mover pressurizing a fluid. End with an actuator to perform work. Fluid Distribution: Various types of lines are involved. Valves and other components also serve to assist in fluid distribution. Fluid Control: FPS requires the control & regulation of the fluid in the system. A number of components are used to control fluid flow rate, direction and pressure in a system. Work Performance: Using the energy stored in the pressurized fluid of the system is the primary function of a FPS. Fluid Conditioning: FPS performance & service life require a fluid that is clean & provides lubrication to system components. This involves 1. Storing fluid 2. Removing dirt & other contaminants 3. Maintaining proper system operating temperature
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Structure of Fluid Power System:

Physical appearance vary depends on type of fluid used, application, and power output. Basically Structure of FPS involves five component groups.
Power unit Actuators Conductors
Control valves Fluid Conditioning
The structure of fluid power systems: :
AHydraulic system.
BPneumatic system.
Power Unit: - deals with energy conversion function of the system. - Consist of a prime mover, pump & reservoir. - Also performs fluid maintenance. Actuators: - group of components performs the workdone by the system. -Converts the energy in the system fluid to linear or rotary motion. - Basic actuators are cylinders for linear motion, & motors for rotary motion. -Variety of cylinders & motors. Conductors: - Primary function; Fluid distribution. Consist of pipes, hoses and tubes. Intake of fluid; Distribution of fluid to and from control valves and actuators. Draining of liquids. Control valves: - Directional control valves; start/stop/change the direction. Pressure control valves; limits the maximum pressure of the system. Flow control valves; Control over fluid flow rate to control the rate of movement of an actuator Fluid Conditioning: - Maintaining and conditioning system fluid. Requires removal of dirt and moisture. Assuring proper operating temperature. Filters and heat exchangers are used. Same task can be performed by reservoir/conductors. Filter locations; in the intake line, in high pressure working lines, in the lines that return fluid from system actuators. Pneumatic systems additionally have separator (removes water droplets), lubricator (adds a fine mist of oil to the air for lubrication)
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Types of Fluid Power System

Based on Control System
Open loop system: - Does not use feed back. Performance is based on the characteristics of individual components. Not so accurate. Closed loop system: - Uses servo valves/digital electronics.
Based on the type of control

Fluid logic control: - Controlled by Hydraulic oil/air. Fluid logic devices provide various logical functions AND/NAND, OR/NOR, etc Two types; Moving part logic (MPL) and fluidics. Electrical control: - Controlled by electrical devices. Switches, relays, timers and solenoids (Four basic electric devices). help to control starting, stopping, sequencing, speed positioning, timing & reversing of actuating cylinders and fluid motors. Electric control & Fluid power works well together where remote control is essential. Electronic control: - Controlled by micro electronic devices. Electronic brain controls, Fluid power muscles for doing work. Most advanced type includes PLC/Microprocessors. - Change in the system operation will result in redoing hardware connections. Its overcomed by PEC. - Program can be modified or new program can be fed to meet the change of operations and number of such programs can be stored in these devices; Makes more flexible system.
Based on the type of fluid:

Hydraulic fluid power system Pneumatic fluid power system
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BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A basic hydraulic fluid power system
A basic pneumatic fluid power system
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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
A hydraulic system
A pneumatic system
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Comparison between Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electromechanical Power System:

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM Pressurized Liquid is used Energy stored Accumulator Hydraulic Valves are used Transmission Hydraulic Actuators in PNEUMATIC SYSTEM Compressed Air is used Energy stored in Tank ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEM Energy is transmitted through mechanical components Energy stored in Batteries
Pneumatic Valves are Variable Frequency drives used through Transmission through Transmission through Mechanical cylinders, Pneumatic cylinders, components like Gears, Cams Actuators Flow rate is 20-40 m/s Smooth and Precise motion Excellent with minimum loss
Flow rate is 2 to 6 m/s Very smooth and precise motion Large force can be generated (higher control forces and work under extreme operating conditions.) Medium Cost Hydraulic systems are generally more difficult to operate Most hydraulic applications generally use bigger components Dangerous and fire hazardous because of leakage
Less More Precision but smooth motion is not possible
Limited force can be Large force can be realized but achieved poor in efficiency
High cost
Low Cost
simpler and easier to Complicated in design and difficult handle to handle Smaller components compared to hydraulic Bigger components systems Noisy in operations Noise depends on the applications
Many types of tools Automotive brakes, control found in an automotive systems of large aircraft, Feeding mechanism, repair shop, Industrial automatic assembly lines Earth moving equipment, automation, Assembly N.C. Machine tool line
semi-
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Primary functions of hydraulic fluid:
Transmit fluid power efficiently Lubricate the moving parts

Absorb, carry and transfer the heat generated within the system (Dissipate heat).
Be compatible with hydraulic components. (Seals clearance between mating parts) Remain stable against a wide range of possible physical and chemical changes, both during storage and while in use.
To remove impurities and abrasion

FLUIDS: States of matter:
A substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point (see phase change), boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms from within the gas.
A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid. A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas or atomic gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). The state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by relatively low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, the ability to diffuse readily, and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container.
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Liquids & Gases
Relative spacing between molecules Mass, volume & shape Compressibility Bulk modulus
= v
p v
- Ve sign indicates pressure increases, volume decreases
Physical Characteristics: Weight versus mass: All objects are pulled towards the center of the earth by a force of attraction. This force is called the weight of the object & is proportional to the objects mass as defined by F = w = mg . Density: Mass per unit volume. Instrument: Hydrometer. Hydraulic oils used in industries: 800 900kg/m3. Specific Weight: Weight per unit volume.- Calculated by multiplying density of oil by acceleration due to gravity Specific Gravity: Ratio of densities of oil and water. Specific Gravity =
Density of Oil Density of Water
- Has no unit. Important in those cases where the overall system weight must be kept minimum. Viscosity: It is a measure of the fluids internal resistance offered to flow/shear. Viscosity varies with temperature and pressure.
If the viscosity is too high (heavy weight oils), the following results can be expected: 1. Higher pressure drop due to friction 3. Sluggish operation 5. Lower mechanical efficiency 6. Starvation of the pump inlet, causing cavitation. If the viscosity is too low (light weight oils), the following results can be expected: 1. Less film strength, and thus more wear on moving parts 2. More leakage 4. Less precision control and slower responses 3.More pressure loss 5.Lower overall efficiency.
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2. Excessive heat generation 4.More power consumption
3. Lower volumetric efficiencies in pumps and motors
Absolute/Dynamic Viscosity ( ) =
Shear stress Ns ; Rate of shear m 2
Dynamic Viscosity m 2 Kinematic viscosity ( ) = ; Density of Oil Sec
Measurement of viscosity Problems
Properties of hydraulic fluids:

Good Lubricity: - system contains many surfaces which are in close contact and which move in relation to each other. The hydraulic fluid must separate and lubricate such surfaces. - Protection against wear good lubricating characteristics. Stable Viscosity Characteristics: - very important fluid property. Viscosity may be considered as the resistance of the fluid to flow or as a measure of internal friction. Viscosity varies with temperature and pressure. Fluids having large changes of viscosity with temperature are commonly referred as low viscosity index fluids and those having small changes of viscosity with temperature are known as high viscosity index fluids. Viscosity is also important with regard to the ability of fluid to lubricate. Stable chemically and physically: Fluid characteristics should remain unchanged during an extended useful life and during storage. The fluid in a working hydraulic system is subjected to violent usage large pressure fluctuation, shock, turbulence, aeration, cavitation, water and particulate contamination, high shear rates, and large temperature variations. - The temperatures to which the fluid will be exposed is an important criterion in the selection of a hydraulic fluid. System Compatibility: -Hydraulic fluid should be inert to those materials used in or near the hydraulic equipment. If the fluid in anyway attacks, destroys, dissolves or changes parts of the hydraulic system, the system may lose its functional efficiency and may start malfunctioning. -Changes in the hydraulic fluid itself caused by interaction with the system material can also cause system malfunction. -Replacement of one hydraulic fluid with another involves the consideration of compatibility.
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Good Heat Dissipation: An important requirement of the fluid is to carry heat away from the working parts. Pressure drops, mechanical friction, fluid friction, leakages, all generate heat. The fluid must carry the generated heat away and readily dissipate it to the atmosphere or coolers. Therefore high thermal conductivity and high specific heat values are desirable in the fluid chosen. High Bulk modulus: - Oil is taken as incompressible. - in practice all materials are compressible and so is oil. - The bulk modulus is a measure of the degree of compressibility of the fluid and is the reciprocal of compressibility. -The higher the bulk modulus, the lesser the material will be compressed with increasing pressure. Adequate Low- temperature properties: This is an important consideration for hydraulic systems which must operate in outdoors, in low temperature environments or at high altitudes. Low-temperature properties may be described by the pour point or viscosity-temperature characteristics of the fluid. Flash point: The flash point of hydraulic oil is defined as the temperature at which flashes will be generated when the oil is brought into contact with any heated matter, e.g., a heated stick. The fire pint is actually the ignition point of the oil. Low Foaming tendency: The ability of a fluid to release air or other gases without the formation of foam is an important characteristic of a hydraulic fluid. Excessive foaming results in loss of fluid if the volume of the hydraulic system is exceeded. Compression of air-oil mixture by pump or actuators will increase its temperature which in turn may cause fluid deterioration by thermal breakdown or oxidation. Fire Resistant: - Optional property in a good usable hydraulic fluid. - Petroleum derivatives, and consequently they burn vigorously once they pass the fire point. For critical applications, artificial or synthetic hydraulic fluids are used which have high fire resistances. -Various grades of fluids with high water content are also available now a days.
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Prevent Rust Formation: - Moisture may be present to some extent. - Moisture and oxygen cause rusting of iron parts in the hydraulic system. Rust particles can cause abrasive wear of system components and also act as catalyst to increase the rate of oxidation of the fluid. Fluids with rust inhibitors help to minimize rust formation. Low in Volatility: - should have a low volatility, i.e. low vapour pressure or high boiling point characteristic. High vapour pressure may cause high back pressures or vapour-lock resulting in lack of adequate flow. The vapour pressure of a fluid varies with temperature and hence the operating temperature range of the system is important in determining the suitability of the fluid. Good Demulsibility: - Moisture or water may enter a hydraulic system through contamination or condensation. This water may either dissolve in the fluid or form two layers. Dissolved water may produce corrosion, rusting or sludge in the fluid. Fluids with emulsifiers easily separate the water from its main body. Generally used or contaminated fluids are more likely to emulsify with water than new fluids. The resistance of a hydraulic fluid to emulsification, or how well a hydraulic fluid resists mixing with water. Low Coefficient of Expansion: - A low coefficient of expansion is usually desirable in a hydraulic fluid to minimize the total volume of the system required at the operating temperature. Low Specific Gravity: - Specific gravity of fluid is of importance only in those cases where the overall system weight must be kept to a minimum. High specific weight means more weight for a given volume of fluid. Heavy fluids can also cause pump cavitation and malfunction. This aspect is important especially in the aircraft industry. Non-toxic, Easy to Handle and Available: - These characteristics refer to the interaction of the fluid with people who repair, handle, use or pay for the hydraulic system or hydraulic fluid. Obviously, it is desirable that the fluid be as simple to handle and as available and cheap as possible.
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Various hydraulic fluids (General types of fluids):

WATER: - Should be treated with chemicals before being used in a FPS. - This treatment removes undesirable Contaminants. Advantage: In expensive, readily available, and Fire resistant. Disadvantage: No lubricity, corrosive, Temperature limitations. PETROLEUM OILS: - Most common among the hydraulic fluids. Characteristic of petroleum based hydraulic oils are controlled by the type of crude oil used. - Napthenic Low viscosity index; Unsuitable where temperature vary. - Aromatic High presence of benzene; more compatible with moderate temperature variation. Paraffinic Oil High viscosity index; suitable where the temperature varies greatly. Advantage: Excellent lubricity, Reasonable cost, Non corrosive Disadvantage: Tendency to oxidize rapidly; not fire resistant. WATER GLYCOLS: - Solutions of water and glycol. - They contain 35 to 55 % of water. Advantage: Good fire resistance, Inexpensive, compatible with most pipe compounds and seals. Disadvantage: Not good for high bearing loads, poor corrosion resistance. WATER OIL EMULSION: - Contain 40% water. The rest is oil, emulsifiers and other additives. The water is dispersed in microscopic droplets surrounded by a film of oil. Advantage: Good fire resistance, Inexpensive, compatible with most seals. Disadvantage: Sometimes difficult to maintain. PHOSPHATE ESTERS: - These are organic alcohols attached to a phosphorous atom. They have high thermal stability. They serve as an excellent detergent and prevent building-up of sludge. Advantage: Excellent fire resistance, Good lubricity, Non corrosive. Disadvantage: Not compatible with many plastics and elastomers, Fairly expensive. SILICONES: - Dimethyl polysiloxanes. Have excellent thermal stability. Advantage: Non-corrosive. Non toxic, Less volatile.
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Basic principles of Hydraulics:

Liquids & gases Ability of fluids to transmit forces in all directions Fluid characteristics Bernoullis equation Continuity equation Toricellis theorem
LAMINAR and TURBULENT FLOW:
Normally we assume a constant velocity over the cross section of a pipe. However when a fluid flows through a pipe, the layer of fluid at the wall has zero velocity. This is due to velocity which causes fluid particles to cling to the wall. Layers of fluid at the progressively greater distances from the pipe surfaces have higher velocities with the maximum velocity occurring at the pipe center line.
LAMINAR FLOW:
Characterized by the fluid flowing in smooth layers. Stream line flow because all the particles of fluid are moving in parallel paths. No Collision of particles. Friction is caused by the sliding of one layer or particle of fluid over another in a smooth continuous fashion.
TURBULENT FLOW:
If the velocity of flow reaches a high enough value, the flow ceases to be laminar and becomes turbulent. Movement of a particle becomes random & fluctuates up & down in a direction perpendicular as well as parallel to the mean flow direction. This mixing action generates turbulence due to colliding fluid particles. This causes considerably more resistance to flow and thus greater energy losses than that produced by laminar flow.
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REYNOLDS NUMBER:
Experiments by Osbern Reynolds 1833. If the flow in the pipe was laminar, the dye jet flowed smoothly. However, when turbulent flow occurred in the pipe, the dye jet would mix with the main fluid. The nature of the flow depends on the dimensionless parameter.
Re =
VD VD = v
Re < 2000 - Laminar flow Re > 4000 - Turbulent flow Between 2000 to 4000 Critical zone between Laminar & Turbulent. Hydraulic Systems should normally designed to operate in the laminar flow region.
Head Loss due to Friction

The fluid has potential energy due to its pressure, its elevation & Kinetic energy resulting from its movement. But energy losses resulting from friction of the fluid. The energy loss due to friction in a hydraulic system results in a loss of potential energy. The head loss (HL ) in a system actually consists of two components. 1. Losses in pipes 2. Losses in valves & fittings. Head loss in pipes can be found by using Darcys equation
2 L V H L = f D g
L - Length of pipe V Velocity of Flow f - Friction Factor g Acceleration due to gravity HL Head Loss D Inner Diameter
The pressure drop due to friction

P = Weight Density( ) x Head Loss(H L )
64 Re
Friction Factor for Laminar Flow depends on Reynolods No.
f =
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For Turbulent flow friction factor depends on Reynolds No. & the roughness of the pipe.
Relative Roughness =
Absolute Roughness( ) Inner Diameter(D)
Losses in Valves & fittings:

Pressure drops are also due to valves, expansions, contractions, bends, elblows, tees & Pipe fittings. The losses in valves & fittings in hydraulic systems are frequently computed in terms of equivalent length of hydraulic tube.
Le =
KD f
K = Factor for Valve / Fitting K Factor 10.0 12.5 0.19 0.90 4.50 24.00 Valve /Fitting Check Valve Poppet Type Ball type Return Bend Standard Tee Standard Elbow 45o Elbow K Factor 3.00 4.00 2.20 1.80 0.90 0.42
Valve /Fitting Globe Valve Full open Half open Gate Valve Full open open Half open open
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Applied Hydraulics and Pneumatics: Required

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PEC / DoME / MP / III Year- Mechanical Engineering / V SEM / ME2305- Applied Hydraulics And Pneumatics

Advantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS):

Disadvantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS):

Applications of Fluid Power System:

Functions of Fluid Power System:

Structure of Fluid Power System:

Power unit Actuators Conductors

Control valves Fluid Conditioning

The structure of fluid power systems: :

Types of Fluid Power System

Based on the type of control

Based on the type of fluid:

BASIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A basic hydraulic fluid power system

A basic pneumatic fluid power system

Comparison between Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electromechanical Power System:

Less More Precision but smooth motion is not possible

Primary functions of hydraulic fluid:

Transmit fluid power efficiently Lubricate the moving parts

To remove impurities and abrasion

Liquids & Gases

- Ve sign indicates pressure increases, volume decreases

2. Excessive heat generation 4.More power consumption

3. Lower volumetric efficiencies in pumps and motors

Shear stress Ns ; Rate of shear m 2

Dynamic Viscosity m 2 Kinematic viscosity ( ) = ; Density of Oil Sec

Measurement of viscosity Problems

Properties of hydraulic fluids:

Various hydraulic fluids (General types of fluids):

Basic principles of Hydraulics:

LAMINAR and TURBULENT FLOW:

Head Loss due to Friction

The pressure drop due to friction

Friction Factor for Laminar Flow depends on Reynolods No.

Absolute Roughness( ) Inner Diameter(D)

Losses in Valves & fittings:

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