1. What is regional integration, site three examples around the world. Supp 224(en ba ) growing eco.

nterdependence that results than two or more more countries within a geographic region form and alliance aim that reducing barriers to trade and investment. NAFTA, EU, EFTA are examples. 2. What are the five types of regional integration, site examples for each. Regional org. Slaytlar , 7. Slayttaki tablo

3. Define the attributes of an economic union. As an economic union which attributes were completed by EU? Can we state EU is a political union? Attributes: To have common fiscal and monetary policy,identical tax rate, fix Exchange rate, free convertability of currency, free movement of capital. EU attributes: Market access. Tariffs and most nontariff barriers have been eliminated for trade in products and services, and rules of origin favor manufacturing that uses parts and other inputs produced in the EU. Common market. The EU removed barriers to the cross-national movement of production factors labor, capital, and technology. Trade rules. The member countries have largely eliminated customs procedures and regulations, which streamlines transportation and logistics within Europe.

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Standards harmonization. The EU is harmonizing technical standards, regulations, and enforcement procedures that relate to products, services, and com mercial activities. Common fiscal, monetary, taxation, and social welfare policies in the long run. The euro (common currency since 2002). No it is not a political union because pol.union require Perfect unification of all policies by a common organization- submersion of all separate national institutions What are some of the current challenges faced by EU? Relinquishing autonomy and combining resources across national borders are necessary- yet some EU members, e.g. Britain, are reluctant to surrender sovereignty over monetary and fiscal policies, and military defense. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been long-standing fixture of the EU. CAP is a system of agricultural subsidies and programs that guarantees a minimum price to EU farmers and ranchers Reality- CAP has increased food prices in Europe, consumes over 40 percent of the EU's annual budget, and complicates negotiations with the WTO. CAP imposes high import tariffs that unfairly affect exporters in developing economies. 2004- Entry into the EU of new member countries has increased the number of bloc farmers from 7 to 11 million and increased crop production by 10 20 percent. Ayr ca, Fakir lkelerden zengin lkelere ucuz i i gitmesi sonucu zengin lkelerde job loss oluyo. Polonyadaki herkes fransaya abuk subuk i ler yapmaya gidiyo ispanyada i sizlik oluyo. Who are the parties to NAFTA? What kind of a regional organization is it? How has NAFTA as a regional organization changed free trade? Canada, USA, Mexico. It is a free trade area ; they just drop the trade barriers they have not any agreement binding rel.ships with nonmember countries. How? Trade among the members has more than tripled and now exceeds $1 trillion per year. In the early 1980s, Mexico s tariffs averaged 100% and gradually disappeared under NAFTA. Member countries now trade more with each other than with former trading partners outside the NAFTA zone. Both Canada and Mexico now have some 80% of their trade with, and 60% of their FDI stocks in the United States. Besides EU and NAFTA what are some other regional organizations? Is Turkey a member of a regional organisation? MERCOSUR, EFTA, ASEAN. Yes, ECO( Pakistan, iran, turkey) economic corporation org. Why do nations pursue regional integration? Expand market size  Regional integration greatly increases the scale of the marketplace for firms inside the economic bloc.  Example- Belgium has a population of just 10 million; the EU gives Belgian firms easier access to a total market of roughly 490 million.  Consumers also gain access to a greater selection of products and services. Achieve scale economies and enhanced productivity  Expansion of market size within an economic bloc gives member country firms the opportunity to gain economies of scale in production and marketing.  Internationalization inside the bloc helps firms learn to compete more effectively outside the bloc as well.

Labor and other inputs are allocated more efficiently among the member countriesleading to lower prices for consumers. Attract direct investment from outside the bloc  Compared to investing in stand-alone countries, foreign firms prefer to invest in countries that are part of an economic bloc as they receive preferential treatment for exports to other member countries.  Examples- General Mills, Samsung, and Tata- have invested heavily in the EU to take advantage of Europe's economic integration.  By establishing operations in a single EU country, these firms gain free trade access to the entire EU market. Acquire stronger defensive and political posture  Provide member countries with a stronger defensive posture relative to other nations and world regions- this was one of the motives for the initial creation of the European Community (precursor to the EU). 8. List the factors that contribute to the success of regional integration. Economic similarity The more similar the economies of the member countries, the more likely the economic bloc will succeed. Significant wage rate differences means that workers in lower-wage countries will migrate to higher wage countries. Significant economic instability in one member can quickly spread and harm the economies of the other members. Compatibility of economic characteristics is so important that the EU requires its current and prospective members to meet strict membership conditions, ideally low inflation, low unemployment, reasonable wages, and stable economic conditions. Political similarity Similarity in political systems enhances prospects for a successful bloc. Countries that seek to integrate regionally should share similar aspirations and a willingness to surrender national autonomy for the broader goals of the proposed union. Example- Sweden has attempted to lower its corporate income tax rate and other taxes to improve the country s attractiveness as a place to do business in the larger EU marketplace. Similarity of culture and language Cultural and linguistic similarity among the countries in an economic bloc provides the basis for mutual understanding and cooperation. This partially explains the success of the MERCOSUR bloc in Latin America, whose members share many cultural and linguistic similarities. Geographic proximity Most economic blocs are formed by countries within the same geographic region, i.e. regional integration. Close geographic proximity of member countries facilitates transportation of products, labor, and other factors. Neighboring countries tend to be similar in terms of culture and language.


9. Site examples for the benefits and drawbacks of regional integration.

Canada has restricted the ability of U.S. movie and TV producers to invest in the Canadian film market - Canada sees its film industry as a critical part of its national heritage and fears the dilution of its indigenous culture from an invasion of U.S. movie and TV entertainment programming. Following EU unification, Ford reassigned some decision-making power from country heads to its European headquarters in Dagenham, England. The company centralized product design responsibilities, brought together pan-European design teams in Dagenham, and transferred financial controls and reporting to headquarters in the U.S. Restructuring can prove difficult to managers, such as the head of Ford s subsidiary in Cologne, who resigned rather than lose power. following NAFTA, many U.S. companies entered Canada and gained valuable international experience that inspired them to launch ventures into Asia and Europe. Benefits: Expand market size: belgium=10 million. EU= 500 million Achieve scale of economy: low cost labor from poland to france Direct investment from outside the block: american firms invest in EU to take advantage of europe economic integration. Acquire stronger defensive and political posture: NAFTA provides job opportunities to mexican people

THE ROLE OF IOS IN TOURISM 1. How does the insistence upon state sovereignty, supremacy and independence hinder cooperation among states/international organizations regarding global issues? Each state declares the right to determine its own course of action, regardless of the effects upon the other states, and at the same time is increasingly dependent upon the actions of other states in vital areas of mutual concern such as trade, communications, economic development and world peace. 2. What are some of the paradoxes facing IOs? What are your suggestions for improvement? Paradox 1: The insistence upon state sovereignty, supremacy and independence in a shrinking, interdependent world. Paradox 2: Increasing nationalism in an increasingly global world. Paradox 3: The separation of international and domestic concerns. Suggestions: Improvment of NGO: they must act independently. More power to UN as an even-handed authoritative body. Improvment of multicultural diversity conscience by education and implications such as Exchange programs. 3. What can be the role of tourism in international relations? List and site examples for each role. Tourism is as much part of foreign policy as a commercial activity. It is a component of International Relations: - The encouragement of travel flows between nations may be evidence of a positive political relationship (ex: States inside European Union). Or the absence might indicate political tension. (ex: Turkey and Greece) - Travel flows between nations encourage economic interdependence (ex TurkeyGermany, Greece-UK).

- Tourism can serve as a force for peace. The greater contact between nations, the greater the international understanding. 4. What has changed in tourism activity after the monetary union/common currency was established in Europe? Increase of intra-European travel due to the ease of moving from one EU country to another without having to change currencies. This will facilitate the positioning of European tourism destinations as Destination Europe . At the same time, the EU consumer will be able to easily compare prices in different member countries directly. This may eventually strengthen competition and cause prices to fall. After the introduction of euro notes and coins, European tourists traveling within the Euro zon no e longer have the problem of left-over cash. The disappearance of foreign exchange commissions for persons traveling within the Eurozone will stimulate mobility. Savings made on transaction costs may lead to higher travel budgets. For third countries receiving European tourists it is expected that they will increasingly deal in euros rather than dollars. Tourist operators can also benefit from the elimination of a great part of foreign exchange risks due to the elimination of exchange rate fluctuations within the Euro zone. On the other hand, the travel agents will loose the revenue previously obtained from foreign exchange transactions. 5. Based upon the changes that we have learned in class what is expected to happen to tourism activity in Turkey after the country joins the EU? Unionization. Sociable working hours. Hoteliers and restaurant owners are obliged to obey standardization rules. More strict regulations on health and hygiene conditions in food premises, hotels. Diversification of employees. Inc. number of arrivals. Competitive advantage of price will be lost because of single currency EURO. Support acts for financial fund for tourism development will make contributions to Turkey. EU program for tourism development. 6. How significant is tourism activity for Europe? What are some of the challenges? Are these challenges also true for Turkey? List some of the efforts put forward by EU to increase tourism activity? Evaluate these efforts. lk k s m 1.8 million businesses in tourism sector (high percent SMEs) 5.2 % of the total workforce employed in tourism, mostly young people (over 20 million jobs including the sectors linked to it) 5 % EU GDP (10% including the sectors linked to it) Third largest socioeconomic activity in Europe. No 1 Tourist Destination, 370 million tourist arrivals in 2008 (40% of the world travel) France, Spain and Italy are the top tourism earners in the world after the US. European tourists are the largest group travelling to third countries. kinci k s m.

 Economic and financial crisis in 2008/2009 have slowed down tourism. Europeans prefferred less distant destinations. Tourist activity in Europe fell 5.6% in 2009. Recovery is expected to be slower in Europe than other parts of the world.  Environmental Issues; Air traffic slowed as a result of volcanic ash clouds in April and May 2010  Increased global competition; emerging countries receiving more and more tourists. The share of Europe falling (72 % in 1962, 58 % in 2000 and 40% in 2008 measured in arrivals)  Changing demographic trends; the need to adapt to the needs and expectations of an aging population. This group has more purchasing power and leaisure time but facing issues like reduced mobility.  Climate Change; Scarcity of water resources, Pressure on biodiversity, risks to cultural heritage posed by mass tourism Yes. Trkiye de Avrupa birli inr girmek istiyor hem de geographic olarak ayn yerdeyiz.

A number of actions relating to tourism are supported through EU programmes, including in the fields of education, vocational training, youth, culture, consumers and regional policy 1. Structural Funds: European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in support of social and economic development 2. European Social Fund's (ESF) intervention. The ESF co-finances projects targeting educational programmes and training 3. 'Leonardo da Vinci' programme (part of the new "Integrated Lifelong Learning Programme") in the form of a mobility programme for apprentices and young persons in initial vocational training, the Commission launched, in 2005. 4. The new European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) 5. The European Fisheries Fund (EFF) introduces as a new priority theme for the period 2007 2013 "the sustainable development of fisheries areas". One of the areas to which fishermen may redirect their activities is eco-tourism. Small-scale fisheries and tourism infrastructure will also be supported through the EF.

6. The 'Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme supports the competitiveness of EU enterprises and especially SMEs. 7. Research supported under the 7th EU Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration activities may result in benefits for the tourism sector as for example, research on information and communication technologies, satellite applications, cultural heritage and land use. EDEN "European Destinations of Excellence" preparatory action (2006-) : to draw attention to the value, diversity and shared characteristics of European tourist destinations, and to promote destinations where the economic growth objective is pursued in such a way as to ensure the social, cultural and environmental sustainability of tourism.

Tourism Sustainability Group (TSG) includes experts from industry associations, destinations and civil society. It provides input to the process for the sustainability of European tourism. The group has has formulated its proposals and recommendations in the form of a report in February 2007 Agenda for a Sustainable and competitive European tourism (2007) : European Commission: EC Has adopted the agenda in 2007, it builds the framework for the implementation of supportive European policies and actions in the tourism domain which exert an impact on tourism and on its sustainability. Some other activities of EU: Social Tourism Calypso (2009-) access to tourism for underprivileged European Capital of Culture Cities (1985-) European Tourism Days (2008-), European Tourism Forum( 2002-) meets annualy Tourism Destination Portal (http://www.visiteurope.com/home.aspx) 7. Explain the rising importance of NGOs in international relations. Site examples. What are the strengths and weknesses of NGOs. List some NGOs working in tourism. Evaluate their effectiveness. Recently, NGOs have started to acquire more importance due to:  1. Growth of citizen organizations at all levels of society. There is a move towards a greater democratization and development. This in turn leads to the greater participation of citizens in the economy and political environment. An increasing number of organizations are created by these empowered citizens.  2. The need for action on global problems. There is a growing realization that national governments by themselves can not cope with the increasing number of global problems. This has resulted on a move towards global governance . 3. Breakthroughs in communication technologies have caused the immediate and direct contact of individuals and their organizations anywhere in the world. Examples are greenpeace, AKUT, IATA, Food Safety Organization. Strenghts and weakness
      

strong grassroots links field-based development expertise the ability to innovate and adapt process-oriented approach to development participatory methodologies and tools long-term commitment and emphasis on sustainability cost-effectiveness weak  limited financial and management expertise  limited institutional capacity

       

low levels of self-sustainability isolation/lack of inter-organizational communication and/or coordination small scale interventions lack of understanding of the broader social or economic context NGOs in Tourism International Business Leaders Forum End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Ecumenical Coalition of Churches for Tourism Tourism Concern Equitable Tourism Options

8. How can tourism help alleviate poverty. List some IOs that work in the area and site examples from their work. 43-49 aras 9. How do safety and security issues effect tourism? What is done by IOs to overcome these issues? Evaluate the effectiveness of these organizations in improving tourist safety. What is done in Turkey, what are your suggestions? They are very important issues for tourist demand. From a tourist respect the issues in mind are first terrorism and wars, then earthquake, diseases, food safety, and harassment issues. As IOs WHO, WTO and UN has many initiatives for development of safety and security issues. As an example UN works with Interpol in order to find extreme Terrorist groups and they publicize wanted lists. WHO provides information for safety issues such as bird flue. In Turkey, Tourism Police has has been created in order to solve language problems between tourists and authorities and solve harassment issues by innovative practical ways like police on bicycles and MOBESE systems. Suggestions: An increase in the toughest fines and penalties required by the law The number of the Mobile Electronic System Integration, or MOBESE More support to the municipal forces by the state officials. The security officers, the police and the gendarmerie should help us more on this issue.(Marmaris Mayor) Regardless of stars, safety and security in hotel should be a must Regular training programs about tourism safety and security for tourism personnel. Municipality teams should be created against safety and security issues like food safety team. Security and safety teams shouldn t leap to eyes of tourists