Double Integration Method

The double integration method is a powerful tool in solving deflection and slope of a beam at any point because we will be able to get the equation of the elastic curve. The first integration y' yields the slope of the elastic curve and the second integration y gives the deflection of the beam at any distance x. The resulting solution must contain two constants of integration since EI y" = M is of second order. These two constants must be evaluated from known conditions concerning the slope deflection at certain points of the beam. For instance, in the case of a simply supported beam with rigid supports, at x = 0 and x = L, the deflection y = 0, and in locating the point of maximum deflection, we simply set the slope of the elastic curve y' to zero.

Area-Moment Method
Theorem I The change in slope between tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two points A and B is equal to the product of and

the area of the moment diagrams between those two points (figure 1(a)).

Theorem II The deviation of any point B relative to a tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any other point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal to the product of and the moment of area about B of that part of the

moment diagram between points A and B (figure 1(b)).

Conjugate Beam Method

Successive differentiation of deflection equation discloses the following: = Deflection = Slope

= Moment = M

= Shear = V =

= Load = From the above, we can see that treating diagram as a

fictitious loading, computing the shear and moment at any point caused by this loading gives slopes and deflections in the beam at corresponding points. This technique is known as the Conjugate Beam Method and sometimes as the method of elastic weights. 1. The actual slope = the fictitious shear and 2. The actual deflection = the fictitious moment.
This method is especially useful for simply supported beams. For other beams, such as cantilevers or overhanging beams, artificial constraints must be applied.

Virtual Work Method

The virtual work, or unit-load, method may be used to obtain the displacement of a single point in a beam. The principle may be defined as follows: if a structure in equilibrium under a system of applied forces is subjected to a system of displacements compatible with the external restraints and the geometry of the structure, the total work done by the applied forces during these external displacements equals the work done by the internal forces, corresponding to the applied forces, during the internal deformations, corresponding to the external displacements. The expression virtual work signifies that the work done is the product of a real loading system and imaginary displacements or an imaginary loading system and real displacements.

Castiglianos Theorem

Italian engineer Alberto Castigliano (1847 1884) developed a method of determining deflection of structures by strain energy method. His Theorem of the Derivatives of Internal Work of Deformation extended its application to the calculation of relative rotations and displacements between points in the structure and to the study of beams in flexure. Energy of structure is its capacity of doing work and strain energy is the internal energy in the structure because of its deformation. By the principle of conservation of energy,

where denotes the strain energy and represents the work done by internal forces. The expression of strain energy depends therefore on the internal forces that can develop in the member due to applied external forces.

Moment Distribution Method

Moment distribution is a great method for quickly computing end moments on continuous beams. Over the years, several variations of the method have been presented. These methods take advantage of various observations made about the process. While this method can be applied to a variety of indeterminate structures, the discussion here is limited to continuous beams that may or may not be continuous with supporting columns.

Slope-Deflection Equation

The slope and deflection at any section in the real beam are given by the shear and bending moment at the corresponding section in the conjugate beam, and the elastic curve of the real beam is given by the bending moment diagram of the conjugate beam. The end slope and end deflection of the real beam are given by the end reaction and end moment of the conjugate beam. The maximum deflection in the real beam occurs at the position of zero shear in the conjugate beam.

Portal Method

The portal method is an approximate analysis used for analysing building frames subjected to lateral loading such as the one shown in figure 1(a). This method is more appropriate for low rise (say height is less than width) building frames. In the analysis, the following assumptions are made: 1. An inflection point is located at mid-height of each column. 2. An inflection point is located at the centre of each beam, and 3. The horizontal shear is divided among all the columns on the basis that each interior column takes twice as much as exterior column.

Cantilever Method

Assumptions:

1. A point of inflection occurs at the midspan of each girder.

2. A point of inflection occurs at the midspan of each column.

3. The axial force in each column is directly proportional to its distance from the center of gravity of all columns on that level.

Technological university of the Philippines College of engineering Civil engineering department

Theory of structure II

Submitted by:

Jhon mauris s. De jesus

06-205-057

Submitted to:

Engr. Lucia Ortega

instructor

05-16-2011