Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DHCP
Simplifies problems associated with manual addressing Automates Assigning DHCP of Ips Tracking Ips Reassigning IPs DHCP
History of DHCP
Came about as a result of challenges relating to configuring TCP/IP on large Networks Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Designed for diskless workstations with no means of permanently storing TCP/IP settings Broadcast the MAC address to discover the corresponding IP address
History of DHCP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Opposite of RARP Broadcast an IP address to discover the corresponding MAC address. Medium Access Control (MAC) address- an address unique to a piece of hardware
Disadvantages of RARP
Failed to provide much-needed settings to the client, such as: subnet mask Default gateway Gave way to the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) BOOTP enables a TCP/IP workstation to retrieve settings for all the configuration parameters it needs to run, including an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and Domain Name System (DNS) server addresses
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BOOTP
Using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), a workstation can download an executable boot file from a BOOTP server Disadvantage is that an administrator must specify settings for each workstation on the BOOTP server
Dynamic host configuration DHCP automates the host configuration process for key configuration parameters. This eliminates the need to manually configure individual hosts when TCP/IP is first deployed or when IP infrastructure changes are required
Seamless IP host configuration Use of DHCP ensures that without user intervention DHCP clients get accurate and timely IP configuration parameters, such as the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, IP address of the DNS server, etc. Because the configuration is automatic, troubleshooting of misconfigurations such as mistyped numbers is eliminated
Flexibility Easy to change IP configurations when the infrastructure changes Scalability DHCP scales from small to large networks Can service networks with 10 clients as well as networks with thousands of clients
NY-DCNY-DC-01
DHCP Server
Scope 1
Network Routers
Leasing 192.168.80.2/20 192.168.80.1 to 192.168.29.1 to 192.168.92.254 (80%) WRK-LON-003 WRK192.168.80.1 -LONWide Area
Scope 2 192.168.29.1 to 192.168.31.254 (20%)
Hubs
WRK-LONWRK-LON-001 WRK-LONneeds WRK-LON-003 an IP needs an IP address address
Workstations
192.168.16.3 192.168.29.1
Terms
DHCP client- receive its configuration information from a DHCP server Communicates with DHCP server to obtain IP addresses and TCP/IP configuration information as defined by the administrator DHCP Leases Defines the duration for which a DHCP server loans an IP to a DHCP client (1 minute to 999 days, or unlimited) Default lease duration is 8 days
DHCPOFFER- Sent by DHCP servers to a DHCP client in response to DHCPDISCOVER along with offered parameters
DHCPREQUEST- Sent by DHCP client as a broadcast message to signal its acceptance or rejection of offered address and parameters
DHCPDECLINE- Sent by the DHCP client to a DHCP server to decline an offered IP if the IP is already in use. Lease process must be restarted.
DHCPACK- Sent by a DHCP server to a DHCP client to confirm an IP address and provide the client with configuration requested parameters.
DHCPRELEASE- Sent by a DHCP client to a DHCP server that provided the lease to relinquish an IP and cancel the remaining lease.
DHCPINFORM- Sent from a DHCP client to a DHCP server to ask for additional local configuration parameters; the client already has a configured IP. Also used to detect unauthorized DHCP servers
Authorization Process
At initialization the DHCP server contacts Active Directory to determine whether the server is on the authorized list. If server is authorized, DHCP service starts If server is not on the list, the DHCP Server service logs an error in the event log, does not start, and will not respond to client requests
When a DHCP server that is not a member of a domain (work group) initializes the following happens: The server broadcasts a DHCPINFORM message on the network Other servers receiving this message respond with a DHCPACK message and provides the name of the directory domain it is part of
If a workgroup DHCP server detects another member DHCP server of a domain on the network, the workgroup DHCP server assumes itself to be unauthorized on that network and shuts itself down If the workgroup DHCP server detects the presence of another workgroup server, it ignores it, this means multiple workgroup servers can be active at the same time as long as there is no directory service
DHCP Scope
Scope determines which IP addresses are allocated to clients. You can configure as many scopes as needed for your network environment Scope must be defined and activated before DHCP clients can use the DHCP server for dynamic TCP/IP configuration An administrator can configure one or more scopes on one or more 2003 servers, but scope information is not communicated from server to server Be careful not to have servers assigning the same IPs to multiple clients, or assigning IPs that are statically assigned to IP hosts
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Not the same as IP broadcast, which must be readable by all network computers, while multicast addressing points to a specific group of computers, using the concept of group membership to identify those who are to receive the message
DHCP Reservations
Used for DHCP-enabled hosts that need to have static IP addresses on your network, such as: Email servers, Application servers, File and Print servers Enable permanent address lease assignment Must be created within a scope Excluded addresses are not available for client reservation
The reserved IP should be set aside for the device that has the MAC (physical) address associated with that reserved IP. Therefore you must know the MAC address for each device needing to be reserved MAC address can be determined by typing: ipconfig /all at the command line
Using Superscopes
A superscope is an administrative grouping of scopes used to support multinets, or multiple logical subnets (subdivisions of an IP network) Multinetting commonly occurs when the number of hosts grows beyond the capacity of the original address space Separate scopes are grouped into superscopes increasing address capacity
Clients from specific scope A specific vendor class To a single reserved client