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Relay
Principles
Protective
Relay
Principles
A n t h o n y F. S l e v a
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sleva, Anthony F.
Protective relay principles / Anthony F. Sleva.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8247-5372-6 (alk. paper)
1. Protective relays. I. Title.
TK2861.S49 2009
621.317--dc22
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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2008040966
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................... xiii
Author.................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments......................................................................................... xvii
1. Power System Components...................................................................... 1
1.1 Transmission Lines........................................................................... 1
1.2 Distribution Lines............................................................................. 5
1.3 Transformers.................................................................................... 10
1.4 Circuit Breakers............................................................................... 15
1.5 Buses................................................................................................. 16
1.6 Switchyards...................................................................................... 18
1.7 Fuses................................................................................................. 19
1.8 Substations....................................................................................... 22
1.9 Reclosers........................................................................................... 23
1.10 Generators........................................................................................ 24
2. Power System Subcomponents.............................................................. 27
2.1 Current Transformers..................................................................... 27
2.2 Voltage Transformers...................................................................... 31
2.3 Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformers.................................. 32
2.4 Protective Relays............................................................................. 34
2.5 Control Relays................................................................................. 34
2.6 Master Trip Relays.......................................................................... 35
2.7 Programmable Logic Controllers................................................. 35
2.8 Insulators.......................................................................................... 35
2.9 Bushings........................................................................................... 36
2.10 Cable Terminators........................................................................... 36
2.11 Disconnect Switches....................................................................... 36
2.12 Air Break Switches.......................................................................... 38
2.13 Motor-Operated Air Break Switches............................................ 38
2.14 Ground Switches............................................................................. 39
2.15 Surge Arrestors................................................................................ 39
2.16 Sectionalizers................................................................................... 40
2.17 Batteries............................................................................................ 40
3. Abnormal Power System Conditions................................................... 41
3.1 Short Circuits................................................................................... 41
3.1.1 Three-Phase Faults............................................................ 42
3.1.2 Phase-to-Phase Faults........................................................ 44
3.1.3 Double Phase-to-Ground Faults...................................... 44
3.1.4 Single Phase-to-Ground Faults........................................ 45
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2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Contents
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6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
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Contents
8.4
8.5
Contents
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11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
Contents
Contents
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Preface
This introductory book for protective relay applications is based on notes
prepared for courses presented for the Lehigh Valley Section of IEEE,
for the Center for Power System Study at Lehigh University, and for the
University of WisconsinMilwaukee School of Continuing Education.
With the introduction of microprocessor-based relays, many traditional
application considerations are somewhat hidden in the hundreds of pages
of documentation that accompany new relays. The purpose of this book
is to provide a reference that can be used to understand basic protective
relay setting considerations.
Short descriptions of key power system components have been included
to enable understanding of selected components. Sample calculations
have been provided to illustrate items that need to be considered when
developing settings for a wide variety of protective relay applications. My
goal was to develop a book that can be used by engineers and technicians
when selecting protective relaying schemes, specifying protective relay
setpoints, and reviewing protective relay actuations. This includes simple
overcurrent schemes, undervoltage and overvoltage schemes, underfrequency and overfrequency schemes, bus differential relaying, transformer
differential relaying, phase distance relay applications, and communication aided relaying.
During my professional career, I had the opportunity to work with
major investor-owned utilities in rural areas and in major metropolitan
areas, with rural electric agencies, with cooperative electric utilities, and
with railway systems, dredging operations, coal mines, and a wide variety of heavy power industrial systems. This book is an attempt to capture
salient protective relay considerations learned during a long and diverse
protective relaying career.
Anthony F. Sleva
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2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Author
Anthony F. Sleva holds a BSEE from Penn State University. He worked
for Pennsylvania Power & Light Company in the relay section of System
Operations, where he developed settings for protective relays used for
distribution line, transmission line, transformer, bus, motor, generator,
and capacitor protection. He subsequently worked in substation engineering, nuclear plant engineering, and drafting services at PP&L before
expanding his horizons and accepting employment with Altran Solutions
in Cranbury, New Jersey, where he worked as manager of electrical engineering and directed the development of studies, drawings, and specifications for clients throughout the northeastern and middle Atlantic United
States. Sleva is currently employed by Pike Electric, where he directs the
development of studies, drawings, and specifications for clients throughout the western United States.
Sleva has developed protective relay schemes and protective relay setpoints for high voltage, medium voltage, and low voltage systems and
equipment used in open air, enclosed, and underground applications.
He has developed specifications, procured, witnessed factory acceptance
tests, supervised installation, and approved field acceptance tests for a
wide variety of electrical components including circuit breakers, transformers, switchgear, air break switches, and substations in addition to
his extensive experience with protective relaying systems. In addition
to his work with investor-owned electric utilities, rural electric utilities,
and cooperative electric utilities, Sleva has provided engineering services for independent power generators, distributed generation providers,
dredging operations, mining operations, railway systems, and standby
generator vendors (emergency, standby, and peak shaving applications).
His experience also includes short-term assignments as a system operator in a power control center and as a substation repairman in distribution substations. He has extensive knowledge of power system operations,
power system security, and equipment performance characteristics.
Sleva is an ad hoc instructor at the University of WisconsinMilwaukee,
where he has been presenting courses in protective relaying applications,
understanding power systems, motor theory and applications, and substation design since 1996. He is a senior member of IEEE, a member of
IEEEs Power System Relay Committee, a former member of IEEEs Nuclear
Power Engineering Committee, and a licensed professional engineer.
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2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Acknowledgments
During everyones professional career, some individuals are so helpful,
that they leave an indelible mark. Id like to recognize the following people for what they gave to me:
Phoebe Tomko, high school math teacher (deceased), for convincing
my parents that enrolling in electrical engineering at Penn State
University was a good thing.
Professor C. B. Holt (deceased), for lighting the spark by introducing
me to symmetrical components.
Raymond J. Fernandez, PE, for taking the time to develop my protective
relaying skills and for providing the inspiration for my lifes work.
Thomas J. Domin, PE, for taking the time to develop my understanding of power system design and operations, for working
with me to develop effective communication skills, and for continuous mentoring.
Donald A. Reimert, for taking the time to discuss every difficult
problem Ive encountered and for providing practical insights to
obscure technical considerations.
Eileen Sleva, for sharing my life and my enthusiasm for electrical
power systems.
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2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC