EXPLORATORY PROCEDURES OF OIL, WATER AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Direct methods
Surface geology (direct observation and interpretation) No doubt the importance of surface geology and exploratory procedure, as it was the first to be used for more than a century, to know the value of the fossils to determine the stratigraphic position of the rocks and recently, radiometric studies which set the chronological age of different types of rocks, especially igneous and metamorphic rocks. The contribution of geologists and researchers allowed widely known geology of Mexico, they have all made significant contributions, each focusing on different objectives, whether in search of fossils, oil, land, economic resources (minerals, limestone, clay, etc. .) there are still many areas to study and certainly we expect to discover great natural resources. These studies will accelerate the already counted photogrammetric base maps, where the sample observations in the field can directly dial photogrammetric at the rock type, and structural attitude to build later with laboratory studies, local plans and sections once integrated, can form high geological sheets, drawings and letters geographical scale. The surface geological interpretation can build structural contour maps, rhumb lines, structural and stratigraphic unconformities, which mark the folds, faults and surface structural data to interpret what could happen underground. Subsurface geology The aim is to understand the stratigraphy and structure obtained primarily by drilling oil wells or aconferos purposes, study of wells and boreholes to pass through the layer of weathering. By exploring the subsoil may be extrapolations or interpolations of the superficial surface geology outcrops that are not very distant, if they are of continental origin, or relatively remote distances, if the stratification is continuous and a few changes, such as marine in this case, may draw on seismological studies to ascertain the depth, attitude and thickness of rocks. The geology of the soil must be performed by specialized technicians, preferably with experience in surface geology and the study will be mainly rock fragments obtained from drilling data, to be identified with respect to color, composition, thickness and be possible to identify and specify the age of them. Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) has a very full body subsurface geologists, the product of the experience of more than 42 years in drilling wells more than

12000, both polling and development, so that the technique used by them is one of the most advanced. This method should be considered the following: a) Collect the geological history of the area to study, especially the type of formations and their stratigraphic and structural relationships, should familiarize themselves beforehand with the aim of the locations. b) Describe in detail the channel samples recovered, usually every 5 m, to study the physical characteristics of the rocks (color, hardness, lotlogia, etc.) and fossil content. To this effect should have with a hand, or with low magnification stereo microscope.

Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science of space and time, the chemical elements present in the earth's crust, its distribution, order and genetic type of deposit and the balance of its combinations of elements. The geochemistry encompasses large areas of research, most notably the mining and oil. The purpose of geochemical exploration, especially when it comes to mining is to detect outliers in the mineral content and trace chemical elements in rocks, sediments, water or vegetation. These outliers are due to primary or secondary migration of elements that exist in a material creates a geochemical cycle cycle called Hawkes and Webb (1966). In the lithosphere the geochemical cycle begins with the initial crystallization of magma, continues through the alteration and weathering of rocks and, subsequently, to transportation and deposition of material produced and continues later during diagenesis and litoficacin until metamorphism successively higher degree. Eventually in Figure 25.25 presents an oversimplified cycle with respect to what can really be in nature so that according to the above, two kinds of geochemical dispersion: Elementary and Secondary Education. Primary dispersal: Formed in the host rock during the mineralization and is constrained by factors such as temperature, pressure, fluid flow and relatively low content of free oxygen. This dispersion is reflected by the distribution of small amounts of metals in the wall of the host rock. The primary dispersion is closely related to the primary mobility and this depends on the mechanical conditions of the mobile phase, the physical properties of the primary material and mineralizing solutions, where great importance is the viscosity, pressure and temperature. Secondary spread: The most important of weathering, disintegration and leaching of primary mineral zones are redistributed depending on local

conditions such as climate, topography, type of host rock, and so on. This spread is based primarily on the mobility characteristic of the mineral, due to their chemical properties, structure and internal energy of the crystals in the different environment. The following parameters will be briefly taken into account in geochemical exploration (R. Rodrguez Salinas).

Primary and Primary Dispersion Halos

It is clear that in igneous rocks is the largest distribution of individual mineral elements controlled by the conditions of temperature, pressure and deposit of the metal ions in the original magma. It is known that decreasing the temperature and pressure, the composition of waste fluids in the magma can come very close to that of aqueous solutions during the crystallization and magmatic differentiation, so that these solutions leave the magma chamber as gases and solutions, to condense, resulting in most hydrothermal deposits. However, some people think that hydrothermal fluids not necessarily pass through a gaseous phase, arguing that a gaseous phase is unable to transport large volumes of material making up a deposit. In many deposits is considered that there were two distinct phases of mineralization.The first, sterile metal, so only results in an alteration of the rock, the second, has minerals that have been observed in many hydrothermal deposits, which are characterized by a central mineralized zone, in which values of minerals can focus on rates of economic importance, as is the case of deposits of barite, fluorite and manganese or low percentage, in the case of lead and zinc deposits, and finally, the deposits contain very low concentrations (parts per million), as the case of gold and platinum. The primary halo can vary considerably in size and shape to the body of the deposit, so there are an infinite variety of ways due to movement of fluid from the magma differentiation and geological-structural conditions of the environment. Syngenetic Halos: Those that formed at the same time as the host rock, such halos formed in pegmatite and ultramafic segregations. Halos epigenetic or primary. Are formed after recrystallized rock and the result of the introduction of mineralizing solutions through fractures and faults.

Secondary dispersion
When considering the application of geochemical dispersion secondary to practical problems, it is necessary to determine which of the two types of basic movements that are considered more influential physicists or chemists. If the dispersion is physical, the problem is simplified to the extent that one need only consider the erosion, because they are subject to fewer unknowns than chemical processes. The mobility of the elements is a very complex issue, particularly in the secondary environment, but it is the basis of scattering halos used in regional geochemical surveys.

The mobility of elements in the secondary environment is controlled by two factors: the first is the absorption of heavy metals by iron and manganese, the second pH conditions in the secondary, which controls the mobility of elements in the aqueous phases. Also worthy of taking into account the physical factors are crucial in secondary spread, such as topography, hydrology, drainage and rainfall, affecting physical mobility.

Geochemical Cycle
If attention is fixed on the right side of the diagram in Figure 25.25 and is still moving clockwise d, sedimentary rocks are gradually metamorphosed that are subject to increased temperature, pressure and new materials from outside system. These materials may eventually be in a state of fluidity or in the process of recrystallization, and can differentiate into various bodies of igneous and hydrothermal layers. When erosion occurs again within the site's surface environment of rocks, the components are redistributed by meteoric agents, primarily in accordance with its solubility in water. This process deposits a new series of sedimentary rocks and closes the cycle. Figure 25.25 is a plot too simplified, but enough about what can really be this cycle.The sedimentary sands, silts, shales are exposed to weathering and erosion without remelting significant metamorphism or even further this major cycle includes several important smaller cycles, such as carbon from the air circulation within the plant life, animal and organic deposits. Geochemical cycling more covers both: the primary process of metamorphism (igneous differentiation) and the secondary process of weathering (erosion, transport and sedimentation). Horizontal division in Figure 25.25 indicates the border between these two sectors of the geochemical cycle.

Petroleum Geochemistry
Recently, geochemistry, for hydrocarbons, has been a rise in some countries, especially by providing the tools to evaluate future geologist to simplify their study areas, as follows: a) Determine the oil prospects. b) Establish the fundamental properties of the formations and quantify the characteristics of organic matter on the basis of stratigraphy and facies changes of the formations. c) Sort genetically different types of organic matter dispersed in rocks and determine their oil-generating properties.

d) Sort the extracted bituminoides (H, C, O, N and S) and determine their characteristics and distribution in different geological conditions. To achieve this, must be scheduled a convenient field sampling, including seeking of gases such as methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6), which form part of the hydrocarbons and whose emissions are quantified and mapped, joining the highest values to determine areas of interest oil. Both the mining and oil exploration geochemistry, one of the most serious problems is the surface and subsurface sampling, since the material obtained, especially if you have volatile materials must be isolated or conveniently packaged so that no contamination of securities, consequently, the maps and sections are quantified as representative as possible. The generation of PEMEX exploration geochemistry is also using both land and serving in the Navy, to try to locate hydrocarbon reservoirs based on this information.